Lambda-cyhalothrin Research Articles

Co-Metabolism Kinetics of Bioremediation of Lambda Cyhalothrin, Chlorpyrifos and Malathion Contaminated Loam Soil Using Bio-Slurry Microbes

The indiscriminate use of insecticide in agricultural soils causes significant soil and water pollution and poses a serious threat to the global community. Degradation of these pollutants is therefore vital in pollution control. Microbial fuel cells have been employed in bio-remediation of organic pollutants due to its environmental friendliness and low cost. The occurrence of pesticides in soil has become a highly significant environmental problem, which has been increased by the vast use of pesticides worldwide and the absence of remediation technologies that have been tested at full-scale.
 In this study, bioremediation experiments were conducted at ambient temperature of 28-32 0C and pH 5.6-8.9 to investigate the effectiveness of the process in the clean-up of pesticide contaminated loam soils. The loam soil was assessed for macro and micro properties prior to the experiments in control procedures. A H-shaped double chamber microbial fuel cell was fabricated where the anodic chamber was loaded with 750 mL loam soil inoculated with 750 mL bio-slurry doped with 10 mL of 10 ppm lambda cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and malathion pesticide solutions. The cathodic chamber was loaded with 1500 mL distilled water. The setup was incubated for a 90 days’ retention time where voltage and current were recorded daily using a multi-meter. The degradation level was assessed using a GC-MS after sample extraction using standard QuEChERs method.
 The voltage generated from the pesticide doped loam soil showed an upward trend from day 0 to day 15 in lambda cyhalothrin and malathion and from day 0 to day 20 in chlorpyrifos and pesticide mixture after which constant readings were observed for three days with downward trends thereafter. The maximum generated voltage was 0.537 V, 0.571 V, 0.572 V and 0.509 V in chlorpyrifos, lambda cyhalothrin, malathion and pesticide mix (MCL) respectively. The bioremediation levels for chlorpyrifos and malathion were 65.80 % and 71.32 %, respectively while no detectable, lambda cyhalothrin was observed after day 60 of the study. This study concludes that bioremediation of lambda cyhalothrin, chlorpyrifos and malathion in Limuru loam soil can be achieved using microbial fuel cells.

Efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole in Combination with Lambdacyhalothrin (Ampligo 150 ZC) Against the Leaf Folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Guenee) in Rice Field

Rice is a cereal grain and a member of the grass family (Poaceae). One of the challenges faced by rice farmers is the infestation of pests, including the leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis). A field experiment was conducted to assess the bio-efficacy of Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC against the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis during the kharif season of 2020 and rabi season of 2021. The treatments included Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC at rates of 150, 200, and 250 ml per ha, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 150 ml per ha, Lambda cyhalothrin 4.9 CS at 250 ml per ha, and Fipronil 5 SC at 1500 ml per ha. Analysis of pooled data revealed that all treatments were effective in controlling leaf folder damage, leading to a significant increase in yield. Among the tested chemicals, Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC at 250 and 200 ml per ha exhibited the highest reduction in leaf folder population, followed by Chlorantraniliprole 9.3 + Lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 ZC at 150 ml per ha and Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC at 150 ml per ha.

Field Efficacy of Insecticides against Conopomorpha sinensis Bradley (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae): A Major Pest of Litchi and its Management in Bihar, India

Litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) is a subtropical fruit; family Sapindaceae. Litchi offers a good potentiality for its cultivation in Bihar both nutritionally and economically. India is the second largest global producer of litchi, next only to China. Litchi fruit borer (Conopomorpha sinensis Bradely, 1986 Lepidoptera: Gracillaridae), litchi mite, leaf cutting weevils, litchi looper, and leaf roller are major pests which attack litchi plant, during different seasons. They cause damage to the litchi plant throughout the year but their seasonal abundance not only damage the plant, but also the fruits. Among these pests, C. sinensis is the prominent one remaining active throughout the year but it’s the peak period was from July to November (as shoot borer) and from March to May (as fruit borer).  30-70% of the dropped. The results revealed that the lowest number of fruits infestation was recorded with Lambda Cyhalothrin 5 EC @ 0.003% followed by the treatment with Spinosad which gave better result 25 % infestation was. Therefore, an attempt has been made to study management options for litchi fruit and shoot borer C. sinensis by using new control measures.

Compatibility Studies on Selective Insecticides, Fungicides and Water-Soluble Fertilizer Mixtures in Soybean

In present context, there is a demand for combination spray of insecticides and fungicides to manage both insect pests and diseases simultaneously in a crop season. However, tank mixing of incompatible combinations can reduce the effectiveness of the chemicals, cause phytotoxicity or development of insecticide resistance in pests. Hence, a laboratory experiment was conducted at Agricultural Research Station (UAS, Dharwad), Sankeshwar, Karnataka to study the physical, chemical and phytotoxic compatibility of selective insecticides, fungicides and water-soluble fertilizer mixtures at their recommended dose in soybean by jar compatibility method. Out of eighteen different combinations tested emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.3 g l-1) in combination with propiconazole 25 EC (1 ml l-1) and 19:19:19 (N:P:K @ 5 g l-1), as well as lambda cyhalothrin 4.6 + chlorantraniliprole 9.3 ZC (0.4 ml l-1) in combination with propiconazole 25 EC (1 ml l-1) and 19:19:19 (5 g l-1) exhibited sedimentation levels of 1 ml l-1 which was less than the limits of 2 ml 100 ml-1 as specified in 1973 by Indian Standard Institute. The pH of agrochemicals both alone and combinations in all solutions test ranged from 6.02 to 8.39 and none of the solutions found extremely acidic nor alkaline. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed in combination treatments at 5 and 10 days after spraying. All test combinations were physically, chemically and biologically compatible hence, tank mixing of these chemicals can be recommended in soybean for managing of insect pest and diseases.

EFFECTS OF Azadirachta indica, Parkia biglobosa AND SYNTHETIC INSECTICIDES ON Sesamia calamistis (HAMPSON) ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF MAIZE (Zea Mays L.) IN MAKURDI

Zea mays, plays a crucial role in the dietary habits of numerous individuals residing in Nigeria. Several factors, including the presence of Sesamia calmistis and the effects of synthetic insecticides on beneficial insects and hazards to humans, contribute to the limitation of maize output. The study evaluated the effect of Azadirachta indica and Parkia biglobosa extracts on the control of S. calamistis and this experiment was carried out in two planting seasons of 2021 and 2022. The experiment was carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm, Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi. Three treatments; A. indica, P. biglobosa, Karate 5 EC (Lambda cyhalothrin 5 EC) and control were used. From the study, A. indica extract had a significant effect at p<0.05 on the insect population resulting in a significant increase in the yield parameters which includes the number 100 seed weight of the plant, yield in both 2021 and 2022 planting season with the mean value of 5298.21 and 5428.98 kg/ha respectively. The use of A. indica extract was observed to be effective in the control of insect population and leading to maximum productivity of maize low infestation by observing the maize plant with borers tunnels to be lower in A. indica extracts and Karate 5 EC plots with the mean value of 3.00 and 3.00 in 2021 planting season respectively at p<0.05. The percentage of dead hearts at 60 days after treatment in 2021 and 2022 cropping seasons was significant at p<0.05%, with the control plot having the highest...

Bioremediation of lambda cyhalothrin by Bacillus inaquosorum and Bacillus spizizenii isolated from surface of Thompson seedless grape berry

Bioremediation of lambda cyhalothrin by Bacillus inaquosorum and Bacillus spizizenii isolated from surface of Thompson seedless grape berry

Effect of biosal®, deltamethrin and lambda-cyhalothrin on the activity of GOT, GPT and total protein contents in two fodder pests Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi.

The assessment of the comparative effect of biosal (phytopesticide), deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin (pyrethroids) were made against two fodder pests, Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi by filter paper impregnation method. The activity of total protein contents, GPT (glutamic-pyruvic transaminase) and GOT (glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase) were affected in Hermolaus modestus and Hermolaus ocimumi against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda cyhalothrin. The activity of total protein contents in H. modestus was 31.053%, 4.607%, and 24.575%, against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The activity of total protein contents was observed as 24.202%, 15.25%, and 56.036% against deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin, and biosal, respectively in H. ocimumi. The activity of GOT was observed as 98.675% for biosal 33.95% for deltamethrin and 83.619% for lambda-cyhalothrin in H. modestus. The GOT activity was estimated in H. ocimumi as 78.831%, 47.645%, and 71.287% against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively. The efficacy of GPT enzyme against biosal, deltamethrin, and lambda-cyhalothrin was calculated as 89.26%, 73.07%, and 47.58%, respectively in H. modestus. The H. ocimumi showed GPT activity as 77.58% for biosal, 68.84% for deltamethrin, and 52.67% for lambda-cyhalothrin, respectively.

Efficacy of insecticides against cashew leaf miner, Acrocercops syngramma Meyrick (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae)

Experiments were conducted to know the efficacy of different insecticides (Cyantraniliprole 10.26 % OD @ 1.8 ml L-1, Dinotefuran 20 % SG @ 0.3 g L-1, Chlorfenapyr 10 % SC @ 1.5 ml L-1, midacloprid 17.8 % SL @ 0.3 ml L-1, Thiamethoxam 25 % WG @ 0.3 g L-1, Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5 % EC @1 ml L-1) against cashew leaf miner, Acrocercops syngramma Meyrick under field condition and under nursery condition Among the different insecticides evaluated, under field condition, Lambda cyhalothrin was found to be statistically superior over all other treatments recording 83.39 per cent reduction over control. Imidacloprid was found least effective against leaf miner (46.41% reduction of over control). Under nursery condition, Lambda cyhalothrin recorded 79.13 per cent reduction whereas Imidacloprid recorded only 20.31 per cent.

Lambda-cyhalothrin'nin Oreochromis niloticus’un Solungaç Fosfolipid (PL) Alt Sınıfı Üzerine Etkisi

Fatty acids have a crucial role in providing energy and performing essential functions in living organisms. Moreover, these substances exhibit the most significant alterations in their structure based on ecotoxicological parameters when viewed from a biochemical perspective. These bioactive chemicals are present in the cellular architecture. The study of these fatty acids, crucial for maintaining the integrity and permeability of cell membranes, holds great significance for all living organisms. Consequently, doing fatty acid analysis specifically at the phospholipid level holds significant importance.
 The impact of lambda cyhalothrin on the fatty acid content of several phospholipid subclasses (phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS) in the gill tissue of O. niloticus (Perciformes: Cichlidae) was assessed using gas chromatography. The alterations in the fatty acid composition was analyzed 21 days after exposure.
 Following the complete extraction of lipids from gill tissue, the tissue was subsequently separated into different subclasses of phospholipids using thin layer chromatography. The samples were subjected to methylation and then evaluated using Gas Chromatography to determine the percentage of the fatty acid. After doing the analysis, a grand total of 16 fatty acids were identified. The research revealed that the primary fatty acids were 16:0 and 18:0 of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated 18:1n-9, and polyunsaturated 18:2n-6, 20:4n-6, and 22:6n-6. Upon analyzing the distribution of fatty acids, it was observed that PC, PE, and PI included 16:0, PE contained 18:1, PE and PS contained C18:2n-6 and 20:4n-6, and significant alterations in C22:6n-3 were detected in PE. Our investigation revealed that the n-3/n-6 ratio of fish in the PE subclass was the lowest when compared to PC, PI, and PS.

STUDY ON BIOLOGY OF MANGO MEALYBUG AND THEIR CHEMICAL CONTROL IN LABORATORY

The experiment was conducted at Entomology laboratory of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University campus Dhaka during the period from September, 2021 to June, 2022 to study the biology and chemical control of mango mealybug Drosicha mangiferae (Green). Seven chemical insecticides treatments viz. T1 = Nitro 505 EC (Chlorpyrifos + Cypermethrin) @1ml/L of water, T2 = Karate 2.5 EC(Lambda Cyhalothrin) @ 1ml/L of water, T3 = Imitaf 20 SL (Imidacloprid) @0.5ml/L of water, T4 = Ripcord 10 EC (Cypermethrin) @1ml/L of water, T5 = Voliam Flexi 300 SC (Chlorantraniliprole + Thiamethoxam) @ 0.5 ml/L of water, T6 = Fame 70 WDG (Imidacloprid 60% + Acetamiprid 10%) @1gm/L of water, T7 = Capture 75 WDG (Imidacloprid 70%+Emamectin benzoate 5%) @0.5gm/L of water and T0= Untreated control were tested on mealybug. In laboratory, completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications was used. The color of the first, second and third instar nymphs are recorded as yellowish, grey brown with black and greenish respectively with their mean lengths and breadth 0.67±0.09 mm and 0.41±0.05 mm; 0.92±0.04 mm and 0.55±0.05 mm; 1.06±0.13 mm and 0.69±0.04 mm respectively. The crimsoncoloured adult male are 1.38±0.10 mm and 0.78±0.03 mm in length and width respectively. Adult female bugs are white colour, elliptical shape and body is covered with numerous minute hairs. Female bugs are 2.18±0.28 mm and 1.35±0.15 in length and width respectively. The longevity of first, second and third instar nymph are 49.33±2.52, 23.00±1.73 and 13.00±2.00 days where the longevity of adult male and female are 3.33±1.15 and 14.00±1.36 days respectively. Karate 2.5 EC (Lambda Cyhalothrin) was the most effective insecticide against mango mealybug which reduced maximum population of mango mealybug (93.67% after 12, 24, 36, 72 hours of spray followed by Voliam Flexi 300 SC (Chlorantraniliprole + Thiamethoxam) 93.25% after 12, 24, 36, 72 hours of spray.

Chemical Control of Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera Frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under Field Conditions

Maize holds significance as a primary staple crop and is ranked third in global production. Many factors affect the yield of this crop, but the most important problem is insect pests. Fall armyworm (FAW) is a very destructive pest of maize. This study was conducted to check the effect of some synthetic insecticides (monomehypo, lambda cyhalothrin, emamectin benzoate, chlorpyrifos and carbofuran) against FAW in the maize field. The study was organized using a randomized complete block design, and it included three replicates. The insecticidal sprays were applied twice, and the data regarding FAW mortality were recorded after 3, 7 and 10 days. The maximum mortality was recorded as 75% with monomohypo after 10 days of the first application, while the minimum mortality (49%) was observed due to emamectin benzoate application after first spray with same time intervals. The other insecticides showed 68%, 65% and 58% FAW mortality due to chlorpyrifos, lambda cyhalothrin, and carbofuran applications, respectively. It concludes that monomehypo was the best insecticide against FAW in maize crop.

Evaluation of Insecticides and Botanical Oils Against Cotton Whitefly Bemisia Tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

The research study was conducted to compare the efficacy of insecticides viz. imidacloprid, acetamiprid, lambda-cyhalothrin‎ and botanical oils viz. neem oil, castor oil and linseed oil against Bemisia tabaci‎ (Gennadius, 1889) under laboratory conditions. By following Completely Randomized Design, bioassay was performed by leaf dip method with three replications and mortality data were collected after 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours of treatment. The study revealed that both botanical and synthetic pesticides had significant effects on whitefly nymphal mortality. However, the most effective pesticides for whitefly up to 96 hours were imidacloprid and neem oil, while lambda cyhalothrin and linseed oil remained least effective, and the others showed 50-60% mortality throughout the experiment.

Efficacy of Certain Insecticides and Neem Products against Shoot and Fruit Borer [Earias vittella (Fabricius)] of okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]

A field trial was conducted at the research plot at Central Research Farm (CRF), Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, during the Rabi Season of 2022-2023 where eight treatments were replicated thrice in Randomized Block Design (RBD) Eight treatments i.e., Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5% EC @ 0.3ml/lit, Emamectin benzoate 5% SG @0.5ml/lit ,Spinosad 45%SC@1.3 ml/lit, Chlorantraniliprole 18.5%SC @0.5 ml/lit, Imidacloprid 17.80%SL @0.5ml/lit,  Azadirachtin 1% EC @ 10ml/lit, NSKE 5% @ 50 ml/lit and untreated Control. The data on the percent infestation of the shoot and fruit borer on okra third, seven and fourth day after spray reveal that all the insecticides and neem products were significantly superior over control. Among all the different treatments lowest shoot and fruit infestation of okra was recorded in Chlorantraniliprole (10.21% ,9.98%) followed by Emamectin benzoate 5%SG (11.45%, 12.29%), Spinosad 45%SC (13.86%, 14.11%), Imidacloprid 17.80% SL (16.94,15.87%), Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5%EC (17.83, 16.03%), Azadirachtin 1% EC (19.25%, 17.04%) and NSKE 5% (20.35%, 18.75%), control (24.84%, 25.98%). The yields among the treatment were significant. The yield and benefit cost ratio was recorded  in Chlorantraniliprole 18.5SC (195.5 q/ha) (1:9.3) followed by Emamectin benzoate 5% SG  (149.2q/ha), (1:8.2), Spinosad 45 % SC (140.2q/ha), (1:8.11), Imidacloprid 17.80SL (136.3q/ha), (1:7.9), Lambda cychalothrin 2.5 EC (133.2q/ha), (1:7.6), Azadirachtin 1% (96.3q/ha) (1:5.5) and NSKE 5% (92.4q/ha) (1:5.2)  as compared to, control (72.2q/ha), (1:4.2).

Field Efficacy of Insecticides and Botanicals for Management of Spotted Stem Borer (Chilo partellus) on Maize (Zea mays L.)

The field investigation was conducted during the Kharif 2021 and 2022 at the Central Research Farm (CRF) of Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India. The experiment was organized in a Randomized Block Design, comprising twelve treatments, each replicated thrice. The treatments included Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (0.5 ml/l), Lambda cyhalothrin 2.5% EC (10 ml/l), Thiamethoxam 25 WG (10 gm/kg), Profenophos 50 EC (3ml/l), Cypermethrin 10 EC (4 ml/l), Neem oil 3% (30 ml/l), Verticillium lecani 1.15 WP (15 ml/l), Spinosad 45 SC (0.3 ml/l), Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (0.40 gm/kg), Indoxacarb 15.8 EC (1.5 ml/l), NSKE 5% (50 ml/l), and control plot. The results showed that the lowest population of stem borer was identified with Emamectin benzoate 5 SG (2.24), (0.82) and (3.61), (2.33) followed by Chlorantraniliprole 18.5 SC (2.41), (1.01) and (3.82), (2.46) during the Kharif seasons of both 2021 and 2022. Neem oil 3%, NSKE 5% were found to be least effective over the other treatments and is significantly superior over the control.

Efficacy of various compatible insecticides for management of Sesame phyllody

A field experiment was conducted during 2018 at research area of AICRP on Sesame and Niger for the effective management of phyllody in sesame. The experiment comprising eight treatments ( T1- Seed treatment with Imidacloprid 17.8 SL@ 5ml/kg seed; T2- T1+ Spray of Imidacloprid 17.8% SL @ 0.25ml/l; T3- T1 + Spray of Acetamaiprid @ 0.3g/l; T4- T1 + Spray of Thiocloprid @ 1ml/l; T5- T1 + Spray of Thiomethaxam @ 0.25 g/l; T6- T1+ Spray of Lambda cyhalothrin@ 1ml/l; T7- T1 + Spray of Azadirachtin @ 0.03%;T8- Control was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Among the eight treatments tested a positive and significant response was found with the seed treatment of imidacloprid 17.8 SL @ 5 ml/kg + spray of Acetamaiprid 20% SP @0.3 g/L recorded the least disease incidence (7.05 per cent) and maximum seed yield (5.21 q/ha). The results on benefit cost ratio revealed that highest benefit cost ratio was recorded in treatment T3 (4.39). All the treatments are superior over the control.

The Lethal and Sublethal Effects of Lambda-Cyhalothrin and Emamectin Benzoate on the Soybean Pest Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius).

Riptortus pedestris (Fabricius, 1775) (Hemiptera: Alydidae) is a major soybean pest in East Asia that can cause soybean staygreen syndrome. To date, no insecticides have been registered for the control of R. pedestris in China, and these insects are primarily controlled in the field through the application of broad-spectrum insecticides including lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) and emamectin benzoate (EMB). Here, the lethal and sublethal effects of LCT and EMB on R. pedestris were comprehensively evaluated. LCT and EMB were both found to exhibit high levels of toxicity and concentration-dependent repellent effects for R. pedestris. The exposure of third instar nymphs from the F0 generation to LC30 concentrations of LCT and EMB resulted in a significant increase in the duration of nymph development and adult pre-oviposition period (APOP), together with reductions in fifth instar nymph and adult body weight, longevity, oviposition days, fecundity, vitellarium length, lateral oviduct diameter, and vitellogenin (Vg) gene expression as compared to control treatment. Strikingly, these suppressive effects were transmitted to the F1 generation, which similarly experienced the prolongation of preadult development and the preoviposition period (TPOP). Relative to control-treated populations, the F1 generation for these insecticide-treated groups also exhibited significant decreases in population parameter values. Overall, these data offer new insight into the impact that LCT and EMB treatment can have on R. pedestris, providing a valuable foundation for the application of these pesticides in the context of integrated pest management strategies aimed at soybean crop preservation.

A common mechanism of detoxification for lambda-cyhalothrin and abamectin in Cydia pomonella

BackgroundThe primary method utilized by orchard owners to combat Cydia pomonella is the application of various chemical insecticides. However, this has resulted in the development of resistance. The resistance mechanisms to insecticides from different chemical classes are diverse but interconnected. Therefore, it is crucial to comprehend the commonalities in these mechanisms to effectively develop strategies for managing resistance.Materials and methodsTo determine whether target-site insensitivity to LCT and AM plays a role in resistance, the sequences of voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) and glutamate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) containing the mutation domains were detected. To validate whether similar mechanisms were involved in the detoxification process of lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) and abamectin (AM) at sublethal doses (specifically LD10 and LD30), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and carboxylesterases (CarE) activities were evaluated after insecticides exposure; synergistic experiments were conducted using piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM), and triphenyl phosphate (TPP) as inhibitors of P450, GST, and CarE respectively. RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) was performed to compare the expression levels of detoxification-related genes between susceptible (SS) and resistant strains.ResultsThe best known target-site mutations caused by LCT and AM, including L1014F in VGSC and V263I, A309V, I321T, and G326E in GluCl were not occurred. We observed that PBO had a strong synergistic effect on LCT and AM, while DEM on LCT. The activities of detoxification enzymes increased after insecticide exposures, indicating that the detoxification of LCT was primarily carried out by P450 and CarE enzymes, while P450 and GST enzymes played a major role in the detoxification of AM. A total of 72 P450 genes and 75 CarE genes were identified in the C. pomonella transcriptome, with 43 of these genes (including 11 P450, 3 GST, 10 CarE, 11 ABC transporters, and 8 UDP-glycosyl transferases) being over-expressed in response to both insecticides Interestingly, ABC transporters were predominantly induced by AM treatment, while GST showed higher induction levels with LCT treatment. Furthermore, LCT-resistant strains of C. pomonella exhibited higher levels of induction of detoxification-related genes compared to susceptible strains.ConclusionThe up-regulation of these detoxification genes is a common metabolic mechanism employed by C. pomonella to counteract the effects of insecticides, although the extent of gene expression change varies depending on the specific insecticide.

The Effect of the Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) Program on Reducing Parasite Incidence in the Working Area of the Sea Silau Health Center, Asahan District

Malaria is a severe, life-threatening infectious disease transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. In Asahan Regency, four areas are endemic for malaria, with Silau Laut District having an API rate of 4.8‰ (Annual Parasite Incidence per 1000 at-risk individuals annually). Indoor residual spraying (IRS) with Lambda Cyhalothrin (Icon 100 CS) is used to eradicate mosquito vectors by applying insecticide to walls and ceilings, interrupting transmission. Research aimed to assess IRS effectiveness in reducing malaria incidence in Silau Laut District found a strong positive correlation (0.826 and 0.912) between RDT and microscopic examination results before and after IRS. However, correlations between education and malaria control using IRS and changes in knowledge and attitudes were weak (0.490 and 0.438). Paired T-tests revealed differences in RDT examination results (p = 0.044) and knowledge and attitude levels (p = 0.000) before and after IRS education. No significant difference was observed in microscopic examination results (p = 0.159). Recommendations include intensified efforts in malaria prevention and control, including active case finding, mosquito nest elimination, continued IRS, mesh installation, insecticide-treated bed net use, health education, and regular bioassay testing every 1-2 months for 3-6 months in Silau Laut District.

Temporal Assessment of Crop Protection Agents in Water Bodies of Haryana Districts

Background: The study was conducted to quantify the presence of crop protection agents in 233 water samples collected from water bodies situated in cities of Panipat, Karnal, Rohtak, Sonipat and Hisar districts of Haryana, India. Water samples were collected during different seasons the year for the period from 2014-2018. Methods: The samples were processed by liquid- liquid partitioning method and quantified by Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. The water samples were screened for 55 pesticides. Result: Estimation of the residues revealed that 23.5 and 6.6% of pesticides were detected in 68 and 165 monsoon and winter samples, respectively. Chlorpyrifos, pretilachlor, butachlor and lambda cyhalothrin were predominantly present in all the water samples analyzed. Chorpyrifos detected in water samples from Karnal were above standard limit prescribed by EPA 8081and8141 but some samples were below UAS Health advisory life time value.

Cytotoxic and genotoxic profiles of the pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin and its microformulation Karate® in CHO-K1 cells.

Lambda-cyhalothrin (LCT) and its microformulation Karate® (25 % a.i.) were analysed for its genotoxicity and cytotoxicity on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMN-cyt) and alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) bioassays were selected to test genotoxicity. Neutral red uptake (NRU), succinic dehydrogenase activity (MTT) and apoptogenic induction were employed for estimating cytotoxicity. Both compounds were analysed within a concentration range of 0.1-100µg/mL. Only LCT produced a significant augment in the frequency of micronuclei (MNs) when the cultures were exposed to highest concentrations of 10 and 100µg LCT/mL. A noticeable decrease in NDI was observed for cultures treated with LCT at 10 and 100µg/mL. Karate® induced the inhibition of both the proportion of viable cells and succinic dehydrogenase activity and triggered apoptosis 24h of exposition. Whilst an increased GDI in CHO-K1 cells was observed in the treatments with 1-100µg Karate®/mL, the GDI was not modified in the treatments employing LCT at equivalent doses. SCGE showed that Karate® was more prone to induce genotoxic effects than LCT. Only 50µg/mL of Karate® was able to increase apoptosis. Our results demonstrate the genomic instability and cytotoxic effects induced by this pyrethroid insecticide, confirming that LCT exposure can result in a severe drawback for the ecological equilibrium of the environment.