Augmented Reality Information Research Articles

The Effect of Arrow Spacing and Blinking Speed Difference on Driver's Visual Perception and Cognitive Functioning in an Augmented Reality Information Delivery Method of Head-Up Display

The Effect of Arrow Spacing and Blinking Speed Difference on Driver's Visual Perception and Cognitive Functioning in an Augmented Reality Information Delivery Method of Head-Up Display

Beyond the dawn of virtualized learning environments: A comparative study of video and augmented reality information delivery on student engagement and knowledge retention

AbstractBackgroundEducation is, after gaming, the second largest sector embracing augmented reality (AR) at an accelerated pace, yet studies on AR's potential as an efficient learning environment had mixed results.ObjectivesThis study's primary objective is to test students' interaction with graphical 3D elements in AR and its impact on information retention. The second objective is to compare information retention from AR engagement with information retention from exposure to identical 3D content delivered via instructional video. Finally, the third objective explores students' perceptions of AR as a learning environment.MethodsSixty‐five college students participated in a two‐arm experiment followed by semi‐structured interviews.Results and ConclusionAR can efficiently deliver a meaningful learning experience and promotes information retention. Nevertheless, AR's interactive features and novelty may distract learners while they engage with the virtual environment. Objective data obtained through eye tracking and video monitoring showed similar levels of engagement with a 3D model for both environments. While both AR and video groups showed significant knowledge gain from pre to post‐intervention, the video format was overall significantly more effective than AR in increasing topic‐related information retention. However, participants preferred the AR learning environment significantly more than the video.TakeawaysAlthough effective, AR is still a distracting instructional environment. Designing learning experiences tailored explicitly for AR environments requires additional research to ensure its successful deployment as a learning tool.

Moving Object Detection using Intelligent Spectaculars

Abstract: Moving Object detection systems are used to identify and locate objects in images or videos. When used spectacles, an object detection system can allow the user to see information about the objects in their field of view. This can be useful in a variety of applications, such as helping blind people navigate their environment, or providing augmented reality information to workers. Region-based Convolutional Neural Networks (RCNN) is a type of machine learning model that is commonly used for object detection. The RCNN model first uses a convolutional neural network (CNN) to extract features from the input image, and then applies a region proposal algorithm to identify potential object regions in the image. These regions are then fed into a second CNN, which classifies the regions as objects or background. The RCNN model has been shown to be effective at detecting a wide range of objects in images and videos.

Experimental investigation of the tropospheric temperature gradient with Flightradar24

Sitting on the terrace on a warm summer evening and looking up at the sky, we often wonder where an airplane is going to fly. Based on the observed flight direction, we can make assumptions, but rarely check if they are really correct. The app Flightradar24 offers the possibility to confirm our assumptions. For this purpose, you just need to target the aircraft with your smartphone or tablet and then you will get augmented reality (AR) information for the flight displayed in the live image (Fig. 1): takeoff and destination, distance to the observer, airline, and type and photo of the aircraft. By tapping on the AR window, more detailed information on the flight times, the distance traveled, and the exact flight route is displayed on a map (Fig. 2). In this way, data of particular physical interest can also be retrieved, namely the aircraft’s current altitude, its speed, its position, the prevailing wind speed, and the outside temperature. This corresponds to a retrieval of measurement data, so that the app can also be used for physical quasi-experiments. At this point, the investigation of the temperature profile of the troposphere will be described. Many further quantitative analyses can be found in Ref. 2. This approach to modeling also provides an example of handling real data in the sense of data literacy.

Augmented reality mobile information system for the obtaining detailed and non-intrusive information in large environments

Introduction: This article is the result of the augmented reality project "AR position U" for the effective visualization of information of interest dynamically through augmented reality, carried out in the year 2022 in the city of  Popayan, capital of the department of Cauca.
 Problem: Problems have been identified regarding the location of spaces in very large places by people who have no knowledge of the site you need to locate causing loss of time, frustration to the point of being late to the desired location. This leads to the following problem question: What would be the impact of the implementation of an augmented reality application, whose purpose is to provide detailed information to people in a non-intrusive way in large environments?
 Objective: To propose a mobile information system that allows users to orient themselves and obtain detailed information in a dynamic and non-intrusive way in large environments through augmented reality.
 Methodology: The experimental methodology is used, since a series of tests were determined to reach the validation of the information system in order to have a product that was articulated with the guide of good practices of project management and meet the needs of the population to which it could be directed.
 Results: As a result, the information system based on augmented reality was obtained, allowing the easy location of spaces due to the usability of the product.
 Conclusion: Based on the experimental methodology it is determined that, although augmented reality improves the detailed descriptions of large environments, it is very limited to the external conditions, however, the tool meets the proposed objectives.
 Originality: Augmented reality information system for orientation in large places and obtaining information in a non-intrusive way, under the PMBOK and XP methodology.
 Limitations: Due to complexity and time constraints, it is not possible to cover all faculties. On the other hand, 3D interface is only generated by QR tags. On the other hand, the correct functioning of the system can be affected by lighting factors, the distance of the user from the tag, the hardware and software capacity of the smartphone and the internet connection.

Changing Online Shopping Experiences: Investigating Quality of Augmented Reality (AR) Experience on Behavioral Intentions using S-O-R Theory

It is an Augmented Reality (AR) experience-induced study investigating a framework centered on the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) theory comprising the quality of AR experience, perceived value, Augmented Reality Information Privacy Concern (ARIPC), and behavioral intentions in online shopping customers. The data was collected from Pakistani customers through a self-administered questionnaire after they experienced the AR app. In total, 1457 responses were examined using the Partial Least Square method in SmartPLS4. The findings reveal that the quality of AR experience, ARIPC, and perceived value are the key determinants of behavioral intentions in online shopping. Additionally, this study shows that ARIPC and perceived value fully mediate the relationship between the quality of AR experience and behavioral intentions. Moreover, a serial mediation also exists between the quality of AR experience and behavioral intentions through ARIPC and perceived value in the model. These findings offer a better insight for academicians and practitioners of consumer behavior in online shopping using immersive technology like AR. No study has investigated the online shopping behavior of Pakistani customers using the quality of AR experience in the footwear industry. Moreover, ARIPC has been empirically tested first time in this study showing that the benefits of using AR overcome AR-related privacy concerns.

How does navigating with Augmented Reality information affect drivers’ glance behaviour in terms of attention allocation?

Drivers can benefit from Augmented Reality (AR) information especially in ambiguous navigation situations compared to conventional Head-up displays (HUD). AR information is correctly superimposed on the relevant objects in the environment and therefore directly related to the driving situation. Hence, it is assumed, that drivers no longer have to switch glances between the AR information and the environment (Kim & Dey, 2009). It has to be investigated whether switching glances between the presented navigation information and the environment can be reduced with AR information compared to HUD information. Furthermore, the question arises whether AR information might capture drivers’ attention and therefore distract from the traffic situation compared to a HUD as AR information is presented on the driver’s primary visual axis. The aim of the driving simulator study was to examine glance behaviour in terms of attention allocation while participants navigated in an ambiguous left turn situation with an oncoming car in an urban area (N = 58). Hence, drivers were faced with the decision to turn in front of it or let it pass. A conventional HUD and an AR display presented the navigation information to the driver. The drives differed in traffic complexity (low vs. high) to provide indications whether drivers adapt glance behaviour to altered environmental conditions. Besides the navigation task, drivers performed a non-driving-related task to raise drivers’ mental load while navigating. Results showed that with the AR display participants payed more attention to an oncoming car in the ambiguous left turn situation than with the HUD, which indicates that AR information was not distracting. Furthermore, participants switched glances significantly less between the AR navigation information and the environment, which indicates that with the AR display the driver did not have to map the virtual information onto the real driving situation. Independently of the display type 88% of the participants let the oncoming car pass the first time in this situation. Moreover, subjective data showed that drivers benefitted from AR information. The results of this study contribute to the investigation and development of AR user interfaces.

The Effects of Augmented Reality on Digital Behavior Response in Millennials and Generation-Z: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Demonstrate how millennial and Generation-Z mobile users change their digital behavior response over time upon exposure to digital nutrition information in augmented reality when compared to non-augmented reality contexts. Augmented Reality (AR) offers an innovative medium to promote healthy digital behavior response (DBR). This randomized controlled trial examines how millennial and Generation-Z mobile users change their DBR after 28 days upon exposure to neutral, correct, and corrected digital nutrition information in AR when compared with non-AR contexts. One hundred and forty-two participants were recruited via snowball sampling using social networking sites and randomly assigned to either the non-AR or AR groups. DBR was measured after each exposure as the average score of the behavior change theory model scale and the perceived persuasiveness scale at baseline (T1) and end line (T2 = T1+28 days). Participants were mostly millennials (87.3%), females (67.6%), educated (42.3% university graduates, 31.0% master’s degree), and geographically spread (28.2% Jordan, 26.8% Syria, and 21.1% United States). The mean WHO-5 Well-being Index scores were 54.56 + 17.59 at T1 and 54.54 + 18.90 at T2. The mean technology adoption propensity scores were 3.5958 + 0.52 at T1 and 3.6693 + 0.45 at T2. Paired t-tests were conducted to detect DBR changes over time between paired non-AR groups (n=63), and between paired AR groups (n=79), at T1 and T2. Results were significant for both groups at T1 and T2. The increase in DBR was greater within AR groups when compared with non-AR groups upon exposure to correct and corrected messages indicating that AR contexts are more influential than non-AR contexts in stimulating healthy DBR. Further research is needed to inspire message design for health behavior change in AR contexts.

Sightseeing Navigation System from Normal Times to Disaster Outbreak Times within Urban Tourist Areas in Japan

In tourist areas, it is necessary to prepare a method that supports tourists’ activities by providing information concerning disaster support facilities during normal times, in addition to sightseeing spots and tourism-related facilities, because there is a risk of confusion during disasters, as tourists are not aware of the locations of disaster support facilities. The present study aims to develop a navigation system that supports the activities of users during both normal times and disasters by integrating augmented reality (AR) and web geographic information systems (Web-GISs), as well as by using pictograms. The system can not only effectively provide users with information concerning sightseeing spots and tourism-related facilities but also information concerning disaster support facilities. The system was operated over a period of 6 weeks in Chofu City, Tokyo Metropolis, Japan. Based on the results of a questionnaire survey for 60 users, the system was highly evaluated for its originality in terms of displays and functions using pictograms, navigation using AR, and obtaining information during disasters. Additionally, based on the results of access log analysis, the system was continuously utilized by users during the operation period. Therefore, by continuously operating the system, it can be expected that users will further utilize each function of the system.

Navigating with Augmented Reality – How does it affect drivers’ mental load?

Drivers have been proven to easily understand Augmented Reality (AR) information. Especially in an ambiguous navigation task, drivers are expected to benefit from AR information. The driving simulator study was aimed at examining differences in mental load while navigating in an urban area with ambiguous intersection situations (N = 59). The navigation information was presented to the driver through a head-up display (HUD): a conventional HUD or an AR display, which relates information to the surroundings. Additionally, the driver had to solve a non-driving-related task (NDRT) which was an auditory cognitive, spatial task. Results showed that while driving with the AR display, participants performed better in the NDRT, which indicates a reduced mental load compared with the HUD. Participants drove on average 3 km/h slower with the HUD, showing compensation behaviour.

Examining aberrations due to depth of field in holographic pupil replication waveguide systems.

Pupil expansion using waveguide propagation and pupil replication has been a popular method of developing head-up displays and near-to-eye displays. This paper examines one of the limits of pupil replication, which involves projecting images at a finite distance through a single waveguide by holographic optical elements and seeing the image doubling artifact. A Zemax model and a demonstrator were developed to determine the cause of image doubling. A relationship between the designed outcoupled image distance of a waveguide, pupil size, optical path length, and angle of image doubling is established. In waveguide pupil replication, the internally propagating light should be close to collimated to mitigate image doubling. We also provide a solution to project the image at different distances, which is an important factor for some applications, such as automotive head-up display and the seamless integration of augmented reality information with the natural environment.

DEVELOPMENT OF AUGMENTED REALITY TECHNOLOGIES FOR ACADEMIC LIBRARIES AS AN EXPERIENCE OF SYNERGETIC LEARNING

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the use of augmented reality technologies in the training of specialists in information, library and archival studies, who can solve specialized problems in the professional field, characterized by the complexity and uncertainty of the conditions and provide for the application of the provisions and methods of information, library and archival affairs. Work in project student groups to develop library augmented reality is a synergistic educational model that combines different pedagogical strategy: problem-based (PBL), innovative learning (IBL), project-based (PjBL), active learning (AL), deeper learning and game-based learning (GBL). The study proposes an interdisciplinary approach to teaching student librarians: a combination of applied augmented reality research for academic libraries and problem-oriented student learning, learning in the development process for innovations. The method of infographics comparative analysis was used. The article raises the issues of convergence of traditional forms of theoretical and practical training and the organization of innovative activities of students in the space of the academic library on the example of the development of AR-technologies. Peculiarities of development and implementation of augmented reality information technologies in work with documentary funds of academic libraries in the process of problem-based learning focused on innovations are determined. AR-marker technology has been intuitive for humanities students and facilitates the annotation and indexing of library documents. AR-technologies allow playfully to delve into documentary and library science aspects of creating the content of an AR document to master the skills of compiling thematic references. In the concepts of PBL and IBL, the primary emphasis is placed on the applied solution of problems and implementing innovations that meet the needs of a particular organization. This undermines the value of fundamental theoretical learning. We show the value of theoretical lecture material, on the example of the development of augmented reality for academic libraries by student librarians. We prove the importance of correlating lecture material as a starting point for student innovations to the actual needs of the academic library. The results of the research will be an impetus for implementing PBL & IBL in higher education in developing innovations by students in new learning environments (internships, information industry), such as academic libraries. Also initiate the work on implementing AR information technologies in the activities of university libraries. AR is a significant addition to the tools that university and libraries can use to engage their audiences to information literacy training. This should promote the librarianship and increase the status of the university. The students’ work with AR library technology is characterized by complexity, interdisciplinary nature, the collaboration of students of humanities and technical profiles. All this develops in students important competencies: creativity, ability to apply theory, work in a team, learn, developer responsibility, systematic thinking, involvement, focusing on innovation. The paper proposes to consider AR information technologies not only in the perspective of programming but also as a tool for PBL-AL-PjBL-GBL-IBL of student librarians, and as a subject of library and document researches (new tools of documentation). We emphasize fundamental learning and its constant testing in practice. The starting point in the development of innovations by students is the educational material, not the needs of the organization for which the innovations are developed. Because the process of innovation is a learning experience designed to show the applied power of theoretical knowledge. A multifactor model for evaluating student innovations is proposed.

Design features of the augmented reality client-server information system

This article is devoted to the issue of designing an augmented reality information system with a «client-server» architecture. The advantage of creating augmented reality information systems with type of architecture is the ability to quickly place content on a remote server and then display it through a client mobile application. Thus, a simplified user’s interaction with augmented reality content is provided. The work reflects the main stages of designing an information system with the specified type of architecture.

ASSESSING, AGGREGATING AND VISUALISING PRELIMINARY DESIGN INFORMATION MATURITY TO SUPPORT COLLABORATIVE DESIGN

AbstractEngineering projects involve the progressive development of preliminary information until a final design is reached. Appreciating its status may help make better decisions about task sequencing and may reduce unnecessary iteration. We present an approach to 1) elicit this maturity, 2) aggregate several of its facets per subsystem and generate insights for task prioritisation, and 3) overlaying this information in Augmented Reality onto a physical prototype. The progress is discussed and it is proposed that the approach can aid understanding, communication and management of design progress.

Use of augmented reality information and communication technologies in urban historical environment

In Samara, in the historical center of the city, the fragments of two wooden fortresses were found (the years of construction were: 1586 and 1706). The task is to find a way to demonstrate these architectural objects to a full extent against the background of the landscape of their historical location. The reconstruction of lost objects on the site where they were located is difficult because such areas are densely built up with newer houses. One of the solutions may be to use augmented reality technologies that allow combining, by means of superimposition, visual information (textual, graphic and three-dimensional), including the graphic reconstruction of the historical object, and the modern urban landscape as it looks.

An effective approach to develop location-based augmented reality information support

Using location-based augmented reality (AR) for pedestrian navigation can greatly improve user action to reduce the travel time. Pedestrian navigation differs in many ways from the conventional navigation system used in a car or other vehicles. A major issue with using location-based AR for navigation to a specific landmark is their quality of usability, especially if the active screen is overcrowded with the augmented POI markers which were overlap each other at the same time. This paper describes the user journey map approach that led to new insights about how users were using location-based AR for navigation. These insights led to a deep understanding of challenges that user must face when using location-based AR application for pedestrian navigation purpose, and more generally, they helped the development team to appreciate the variety of user experience in software requirement specification phase. To prove our concept, a prototype of intuitive location-based AR was built to be compared with existing standard-location based AR. The user evaluation results reveal that the overall functional requirements which are gathered from user journey have same level of success rate criteria when compared with standard location-based AR. Nevertheless, the field study participants highlighted the extended features in our prototype could significantly enhance the user action on locating the right object in particular place when compared with standard location-based AR application (proved with the required time).

FunPianoAR: A Novel AR Application for Piano Learning Considering Paired Play Based on Multi-Marker Tracking

This paper describes the design and implementation of a novel augmented reality application, referred as FunPianoAR, that aiming to activate the interests of user and improve the experience of piano learning. The FunPianoAR with a user-friendly interface considers the paired play to further reduce the difficulty of playing the piano for adult novices. For the paired play, one user plays the melody and the other plays the harmony part. The app is developed by using Android Studio 3.0 and artoolkitX 1.0, an open source augmented reality SDK, and installed on the AR smart glasses, Epson Moverio BT300. Due to the textureless features of real piano and registration precision, the application is implemented by using the fiducial marker tracking instead of the markerless recognition. Besides, we divided the piano keyboard into four zones and each zone used a separate marker for tracking to solve the limited field of view (FOV) to some extent. The virtual keys can be accurately superimposed on the piano keys by using multi-marker tracking. An evaluation was also conducted to compare the effects of two types of augmented reality information superimposed, i.e., the instant way without the hints for the next note to be played and the FunPianoAR with the hints for the coming notes to be played. The correctness rate was calculated and the time differences between the notes that two players should play at the same time were collected. The FunPianoAR shows more advantages over the instant way based on the evaluation results.

An epistemological assessment of learning nutritional information with augmented reality

PurposeThis study aims to investigate whether epistemological assessment is a suitable approach to evaluate students’ learning of dietary knowledge via the use of an augmented reality (AR) information system. Students’ perceived dietary knowledge was compared before and after learning with the AR system. Two major questions were addressed: Did students improve their understanding of dietary knowledge after the use of AR information system? Did students gain more appropriate understanding of dietary knowledge after the use of AR information system?Design/methodology/approachA mixed-methods approach was used in the study. The mobile AR system was used among 65 volunteered non-nutrition-major college students recruited in campus. For promoting epistemological development of personal dietary knowledge, students practiced with life experiences to access daily dietary information. Pre- and post-tests of students’ understanding of dietary knowledge were compared. Interviews with 20 students were used for gathering in-depth research data to analyse students’ epistemological understanding of dietary knowledge.FindingsThe epistemological assessment indicated an improvement in learning after the use of the AR system. Students gradually gained awareness of dietary knowledge and changed their perceptions of their dietary behaviours. Epistemological approaches to the analysis of students’ conceptual change in dietary knowledge revealed a significant increase in the mean nutritional concepts (p < 0.01) and a decrease in their mean misconceptions (p < 0.001) after learning via the mobile nutrition monitoring system. Learning assessment of 65 students also indicated a significant increase from the post-test after learning with the system (p < 0.0001).Research limitations/implicationsThis study might have its limitations, as it only assessed learning using a pretest-posttest design for a specific learning context over a short period of learning time. The use of interviews based on the epistemological approach might have its limitations in the interpretations of the phenomenon. Future implementations can also be extended to different populations to promote self-monitoring dietary behaviours.Originality/valueThe findings of this study will contribute to the application of AR in learning about dietary knowledge. The research involving in-depth observation of students’ learning relevant to personal nutritional information needs via mobile AR might provide potential contributions to dietitian professionals and health education.

Challenges in representing information with augmented reality to support manual procedural tasks

Support of manual procedural tasks such as repair or maintenance is one of the most promising areas for the application of augmented reality in industry. However, it is not yet fully understood how information like work instructions or CAD models must be represented in a way that users are optimally supported in accomplishing this kind of tasks. As an approach to this research challenge, a conceptual framework for modelling information representation in augmented reality is presented here. It introduces the idea of information objects, which are physical and virtual objects that provide relevant information for completing work steps of a task. These can be distinguished into multiple classes based on the levels of spatial connection that information in augmented reality can have. The classes are then used to identify possible sources of sensory or cognitive e ort for a user that is caused by the way information objects are included in an augmented reality system and not by the complexity of the task to be performed. Based on these sources, information representation challenges are formulated that must be addressed when creating augmented reality based support systems for procedural tasks. The five identified challenges are clarity, consistency, visibility, orientation and information linking. For each of them, a detailed explanation is given and literature is collected that provides indications of what can be done to overcome them.

Displaying Product Manufacturing Information in Augmented Reality for Inspection

Model-based definition and augmented reality are two emerging technologies, which enable a faster product development cycle and better dimensional control. They are an enabler of industry 4.0, and a better way to transfer the data to the user. Although each of the technologies is well researched, their combination presents a challenge from a research perspective. Model-based definition enables the product manufacturing data to be used in downstream processes, which include quality control and inspection. We developed and presented a method that enables the transfer of product manufacturing information from a 3D model and displays the graphical presentation to the user in augmented reality. The presented data is expected to aid the user with performing quality control more effectively, which needs to be tested.