Infant Care Research Articles

The Utilization of Early Outpatient Care for Infants Following NICU Discharge among a National Sample

The Utilization of Early Outpatient Care for Infants Following NICU Discharge among a National Sample

Meeting the need for effective and standardized neonatology training: a pan-European Master's Curriculum.

Neonatology is a pediatric sub-discipline focused on providing care for newborn infants, including healthy newborns, those born prematurely, and those who present with illnesses or malformations requiring medical care. The European Training Requirements (ETR) in Neonatology provide a framework for standardized quality and recognition of equality of training throughout Europe. The latest ETR version was approved by the Union of European Medical Specialists (UEMS) in April 2021. Here, we present the curriculum of the European School of Neonatology Master of Advanced Studies (ESN MAS), which is based on the ETR in Neonatology and aims to provide a model for effective and standardized training and education in neonatal medicine. We review the history and theory that form the foundation of contemporary medical education and training, provide a literature review on best practices for medical training, pediatric training, and neonatology training specifically, including educational frameworks and evidence-based systems of evaluation. The ESN MAS Curriculum is then evaluated in light of these best practices to define its role in meeting the need for a standardized empirically supported neonatology training curriculum for physicians, and in the future for nurses, to improve the quality of neonatal care for all infants. IMPACT STATEMENT: A review of the neonatology training literature was conducted, which concluded that there is a need for standardized neonatology training across international contexts to keep pace with growth in the field and rapidly advancing technology. This article presents the European School of Neonatology Master of Advanced Studies in Neonatology, which is intended to provide a standardized training curriculum for pediatricians and nurses seeking sub-specialization in neonatology. The curriculum is evaluated in light of best practices in medical education, neonatology training, and adult learning theory.

Short birth interval in the Asia-Pacific region: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Short birth interval is associated with an increased risk of adverse health outcomes for mothers and children. Despite this, there is a lack of comprehensive evidence on short birth interval in the Asia-Pacific region. Thus, this study aimed to synthesise evidence related to the definition, classification, prevalence, and predictors of short birth interval in the Asia-Pacific region. Five databases (MEDLINE, Scopus, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, Maternity and Infant Care, and Web of Science) were searched for studies published between September 2000 and May 2023 (the last search was conducted for all databases in May 2023). We included original studies published in English that reported on short birth interval in the Asia-Pacific region. Studies that combined birth interval with birth order, used multi-country data and were published as conference abstracts and commentaries were excluded. Three independent reviewers screened the articles for relevancy, and two reviewers performed the data extraction and quality assessment. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute critical appraisal tool. The findings were both qualitatively and quantitatively synthesised and presented. A total of 140 studies met the inclusion criteria for this review. About 58% (n = 82) of the studies defined short birth interval, while 42% (n = 58) did not. Out of 82 studies, nearly half (n = 39) measured a birth-to-birth interval, 37 studies measured a birth-to-pregnancy, four measured a pregnancy-to-pregnancy, and two studies measured a pregnancy loss-to-conception. Approximately 39% (n = 55) and 6% (n = 8) of studies classified short birth intervals as <24 months and <33 months, respectively. Most of the included studies were cross-sectional, and about two-thirds had either medium or high risk of bias. The pooled prevalence of short birth interval was 33.8% (95% confidence interval (CI) = 23.0-44.6, I2 = 99.9%, P < 0.01) among the studies that used the World Health Organization definition. This review's findings highlighted significant variations in the definition, measurement, classification, and reported prevalence of short birth interval across the included studies. Future research is needed to harmonise the definition and classification of short birth interval to ensure consistency and comparability across studies and facilitate the development of targeted interventions and policies. PROSPERO CRD42023426975.

Kids+ Parent Infant Program (PIP): a community model for supporting partnerships in early developmental follow-up and support

High-risk infants are discharged home from hospital with increased care needs and the potential for the emergence of developmental disabilities, contributing to high levels of parental stress and anxiety. To enable optimal outcomes for high-risk infants and their families, developmental follow-up programs need to continue following hospital discharge. However, current follow-up care for high-risk infants is variable in terms of type, access and equity, and there seems to be a gap in existing services such as supporting the transition home, parental support, and inclusion of all at-risk infants regardless of causality. Routine follow-up that identifies developmental delays or neuromotor concerns can facilitate timely referral and access to targeted intervention during critical periods of development. The Kids+ Parent Infant Program (PIP) is a unique model of developmental follow-up that shares some characteristics with established programs, but also includes additional key elements for a seamless, wrap-around service for all high-risk infants and their families living in a regional area of Australia. This community-based program provides integrated assessment and intervention of infants, alongside parent support and education, embracing a holistic model that accounts for the complexity and interrelatedness of infant, parent, medical and developmental factors. By prioritising the well-being of high-risk infants and their families, the Kids+ PIP paves the way for improved developmental outcomes and provides an innovative model for developmental follow-up, with the potential for reproduction in other healthcare settings.

IoT-enhanced infant incubator monitoring system with 1D-CNN temperature prediction model

This research aims to develop a monitoring system and temperature prediction model in neonatal premature infant incubators by applying the internet of things (IoT) concept and the 1-dimensional convolutional neural network (1D-CNN) method. The system is designed by integrating sensors, actuators, and microcontrollers connected through Wi-Fi network with message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol. Sensor data in the incubator is stored in a database and displayed in real-time on a web application. The data in the database is also used for creating a temperature prediction model in the incubator. Test results indicate that the best model configuration consists of 5 neurons in the first layer, 20 neurons in the second layer, and a dense layer with 100. The evaluation of this model yields a high level of accuracy with an root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.200 °C, MSE of 0.004 °C, mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.152 °C, and mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of 0.4%. Based on the error values obtained between the predicted and actual values from each evaluation technique in the model, it can be concluded that the range between the real and predicted values is approximately 0.2 °C. Overall, this research contributes to improving the quality of care for premature infants.

Breastfeeding's protective role in alleviating breast cancer burden: a comprehensive review.

Breastfeeding, an essential aspect of infant care, has garnered recognition beyond its immediate health benefits, revealing a profound and lasting impact on women's health. Emerging research has unveiled a compelling relationship between breastfeeding and its enduring role in reducing the risk of ovarian cancer. This narrative review aims to comprehensively examine the lifelong impact of breastfeeding on ovarian cancer prevention, transcending infancy and delving into the mechanisms and implications for women's health. Epidemiological evidence consistently demonstrates an inverse association between breastfeeding and the risk of ovarian cancer. Prolonged durations of breastfeeding correlate with a significant reduction in the likelihood of developing ovarian malignancies, underscoring the protective influence of sustained lactation. The mechanisms underlying breastfeeding's impact on ovarian cancer prevention involve hormonal modulation and cellular changes. Breastfeeding contributes to reduced ovulatory cycles and oestrogen exposure, mitigating hormonal influences linked to ovarian cancer development. Moreover, the cellular alterations induced by breastfeeding within the ovarian microenvironment create an environment less conducive to malignant transformations. In conclusion, this paper consolidates evidence demonstrating breastfeeding's enduring impact on reducing ovarian cancer risk. It emphasizes the need for continued research, supportive interventions, and societal engagement to promote breastfeeding practices. Embracing breastfeeding not only provides immediate health benefits but also represents a formidable strategy in lifelong ovarian cancer prevention, offering a promising pathway towards enhanced women's health and well-being.

Infa-Care: AI/ML Integrated Application

Abstract: Infa Care is an all-encompassing Android app designed for parents and caregivers, offering crucial knowledge on infant care, from feeding and hygiene to sleep patterns and developmental milestones. It includes a user-friendly shopping section for baby essentials. A standout feature is its integration of cutting-edge machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities. By analyzing real-time images from the device's camera, the app accurately interprets baby sign language, promoting effective communication for non-verbal infants. This ML-AI integration enhances the app's utility by fostering a deeper understanding of infants' needs and enabling more meaningful interactions between caregivers and babies..

Enhancing Postpartum Health and Behavior: Evaluating The Impact of Postpartum Counselling in Eraviperoor Grama Panchayath

This study aims to assess the effectiveness of patient counseling in improving postpartum health and behavior in the context of Eraviperoor Grama Panchayath. Postpartum health is a critical period in a woman's life, and proper care and behavior during this phase significantly influence maternal and neonatal outcomes. This research employs a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to comprehensively evaluate the impact of patient counseling on postpartum health and behavior. Objective: Effectiveness of patient counseling on postpartum health &amp; behavior. The quantitative aspect involves administering structured questionnaires to a sample of postpartum women who have received counseling. These surveys will focus on aspects such as maternal physical health, mental well-being, infant care practices, and adherence to recommended postpartum behaviors. The qualitative component comprises in-depth interviews and postpartum women to gain insights into their perceptions, experiences, and the challenges faced in implementing counseling interventions. It provides a deeper understanding of the nuances surrounding patient counseling in Eraviperoor Grama Panchayath. Results: The PPD was found to be 40% mild /moderate and 4% severe. Baby blues was found to be 77% prevalent. The effectiveness of counseling on overall maternal problems was found to be 96%.

Parents’ and neonatal healthcare professionals’ views on barriers and facilitators to parental presence in the neonatal unit: a qualitative study

BackgroundParent and infant separation in the neonatal unit is associated with adverse health outcomes. Family-integrated care has several advantages and the potential to reduce these adverse outcomes but requires parental presence. This study aimed to explore the views of parents and neonatal healthcare professionals (nHCPs) on barriers and facilitators to parental presence in a Swiss neonatal unit and to identify possible differences between nHCPs and parents, and between mothers and fathers.MethodsData were collected through semi-structured interviews with parents and focus group discussions with nHCPs. Inductive content analysis was used to identify barriers and facilitators to parental presence in the neonatal unit.ResultsTwenty parents (10 mothers and 10 fathers) and 21 nHCPs (10 nurses and 11 physicians) participated in the study. Parents and nHCPs experienced barriers and facilitators related to: (1) Structural factors of the institution, such as infrastructure or travel and distance to the neonatal unit. (2) Organization and time management of parental presence, daily activities, and work. (3) Resources, which include factors related to the legal situation, support services, family, and friends. (4) Physical and psychological aspects, such as pain, which mainly affected mothers, and aspects of emotional distress, which affected both parents. Self-care was an important physical and psychological facilitator. (5) Parent-professional interaction. Parental presence was influenced by communication, relationship, and interaction in infant care; and (6) Cultural aspects and language. Some perspectives differed between mothers and fathers, while the overall views of parents and nHCPs provided complementary rather than conflicting insights. Using visit plans to support the organization, educating nHCPs in knowledge skills and available resources to improve encouragement and information to parents, strengthening parent self-care, and improving nHCPs’ attitudes towards parental presence were seen as possible improvements.ConclusionsMultifactorial barriers and facilitators determine parental presence and experience in the neonatal unit. Parents and nHCPs made specific recommendations to improve parental presence.

All together now: Assessing variation in maternal and nonmaternal handling of wild Colobus vellerosus infants.

Primatologists have a long-standing interest in the study of maternal care and nonmaternal handling (NH) of infants stemming from recognition that early social relationships can have enduring consequences. Though maternal care and NH often include expression of similar behaviors, they are regularly studied in isolation from each other with nonoverlapping terminology, thereby overlooking possible interplay between them and obfuscating potential developmental ramifications that ensue from trade-offs made between maternal (MH) and NH during infancy. To that end, identifying how MH and NH patterns interact and contribute to the total handling (TH) infants receive is a critical first step. We present durational handling data collected from 25 wild Colobus vellerosus infants from 2016 to 2017 and assess the relationships between TH, MH, and NH. Patterns of social affiliation are shaped in part by surrounding context, and therefore, we also assess whether NH and TH differ in their responsivity to various infant and social group characteristics. Ninety-four percent of observed handling was MH, while just 5.5% was NH. Young infants who received more MH (excluding nursing) also received more NH; there was no relationship between the two in older infants. Infants in larger groups participated in more handling of all types. Additionally, NH time was associated with infant sex and group stability. Non-nursing TH time was associated with group stability and infant cohort size. Though NH variation likely confers social-networking advantage, in this population NH is not a major contributor to TH and would not effectively replace reduced MH. The positive association between MH and NH during early infancy suggests that colobus mothers may play a mediating role in shaping infant socialization. This is a first step in elucidating how different forms of handling relate to one another in wild primates and in identifying the impact of handling on infant socialization.

Managing established bronchopulmonary dysplasia without using routine blood gas measurements.

Routine blood gas measurements are common in infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (sBPD) and are a noxious stimulus. We developed a guideline-driven approach to evaluate the care of infants with sBPD without routine blood gas sampling in the chronic phase of NICU care (after diagnosis at 36 weeks PMA). We examined blood gas utilization and outcomes in our sBPD inpatient care unit using data collected between 2014 and 2020. 485 sBPD infants met inclusion criteria, and 303 (62%) never had a blood gas obtained after 36 weeks PMA. In infants who had blood gas measurements, the median number of total blood gases per patient was only 4 (IQR 1-10). We did not identify adverse effects on hospital outcomes in patients without routine blood gas measurements. We found that patients with established BPD could be managed without routine blood gas analyses after 36 weeks PMA.

Maternal depressive symptoms and mother-infant co-sleeping (including room sharing and bedsharing): a systematic review.

Maternal depressive symptoms (MDS) affect most women during the first year postpartum. Mothers provide most of the nighttime care for infants, so studying the relationship between MDS and infant sleep location (ISL) is highly relevant to understanding maternal mental health over the first year of life and beyond. Infant sleep is studied by anthropologists, health care providers, and psychologists, with very little communication across disciplines. This review aimed to determine if there is a predictive relationship between MDS and ISL. This systematic review searched six databases with terms related to maternal mood and ISL. Final analysis included 14 published studies, analyzed with narrative synthesis and PRISMA guidelines. Included studies directly compared infant sleep location (ISL) and maternal depressive symptoms (MDS). Five studies showed no relationship between ISL and MDS, and one study found bedsharing reduced MDS. Five studies found co-sleeping was related to higher MDS although directionality is mixed or missing, and three studies found an association at some ages or for some populations only. Examining studies according to type of infant sleep assessment, study design, age of infant, or breastfeeding status failed to detect consistent patterns. A variety of study designs, types and definitions of variable measures, sample recruitment and study outcomes prevent detection of a consistent relationship between MDS and ISL. We explore reasons for the elusive nature of a relationship and make recommendations for future research in MDS and ISL, including cross-disciplinary collaborations.

Essential components of an educational program for implementing skin-to-skin contact for preterm infants in intensive care units: an integrative literature review

BackgroundGlobally, prematurity is the primary factor behind the mortality of children under the age of 5 years, resulting in approximately 1 million children dying annually. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends Skin-to-Skin Contact (SSC) as part of routine care for preterm infants. Evidence shows that SSC reduces mortality, possibly by improving thermoregulation, facilitating the earlier initiation of breastfeeding and reducing the risk of nosocomial infection. An educational program for implementing SSC has been demonstrated to enhance the knowledge and practice of parents and nurses in intensive care units. This study, the first of its kind in the North West Province (NWP), aims to identify the essential components of an educational program for implementing SSC for premature infants in intensive care units.ObjectiveThis paper presents an integrative literature review that critically synthesizes research-based literature on essential components of an educational program for implementing SSC for preterm infants in intensive care units.MethodsA comprehensive search of electronic databases, such as CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ProQuest and Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition and Health Source-Consumer Edition, was conducted using different keywords and references lists from the bibliography.ResultsTwelve articles relevant to this review were identified, read and synthesized to answer the research question. Three essential components emerged from the findings of this review, namely (1) the necessity of policy and role players for implementing SSC, (2) the availability of education and training, and (3) counseling and support for parents of preterm infants.ConclusionsThe outcomes of this study have the potential to facilitate the implementation and expansion of SSC in intensive care units. This could aid program implementers, policymakers, and researchers to implement and scale up this important tool in intensive care units.

From intestinal failure to transplantation: Review on the current need for transplant indications under multidisciplinary transplant programs worldwide.

Intestinal failure, defined as the loss of gastrointestinal function to the point where nutrition cannot be maintained by enteral intake alone, presents numerous challenges in children, not least the timing of consideration of intestine transplantation. To describe the evolution of care of infants and children with intestinal failure including parenteral nutrition, intestine transplantation, and contemporary intestinal failure care. The review is based on the authors' experience supported by an in-depth review of the published literature. The history of parenteral nutrition, including out-patient (home) administration, and intestine transplantation are reviewed along with the complications of intestinal failure that may become indications for consideration of intestine transplantation. Current management strategies for children with intestinal failure are discussed along with changes in need for intestine transplantation, recognizing the difficulty in generalizing recommendations due to the high level of heterogeneity of intestinal pathology and residual bowel anatomy and function. Advances in the medical and surgical care of children with intestinal failure have resulted in improved transplant-free survival and a significant fall in demand for transplantation. Despite these improvements a number of children continue to fail rehabilitative care and require intestine transplantation as life-saving therapy or when the burden on ongoing parenteral nutrition becomes too great to bear.

Development of an Automatic Baby Cradle System

Infant care can be challenging in the fast-paced atmosphere of today, where parental responsibilities can compete with rigorous employment. An important step toward improving newborn health and reducing parent concern is the incorporation of an autonomous baby cradle system. This cutting-edge framework combines thorough planning with the seamless incorporation of several childcare components, providing carers with a priceless tool. Modern technology is incorporated into the system, including an Espressif Systems32 camera that allows parents to monitor children from a distance, a voice recognition system that enables swinging to react to spoken cues, and an advanced moisture sensor that monitors changes in bedding conditions. A sensor boosts the system’s effectiveness and adds to its excellent mobility and versatility. In a hectic setting, the Automatic Baby Cradle System redefines infant care. This system offers a comprehensive solution that addresses several aspects of newborn well-being by effortlessly integrating technology into caring. Modern capabilities like speech recognition, temperature management, wetness sensing, and remote monitoring show how technology has the power to fundamentally alter parenting habits. This research lays the framework for future developments and advances in newborn care and parental assistance as technology advances

서울시 영유아 돌봄의 공동육아방 운영의 어려움과 지원방안에 대한 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate and examine the operation of shared childcare spaces, a form of infant and toddler care in Seoul, with the goal of providing foundational data for proposing childcare policies.&#x0D; Methods The research methodology involved the collection and analysis of data through open-ended surveys, in-depth interviews, observations of childcare spaces, and examination of relevant documents.&#x0D; Results First, as for the environment of the center, the operators changed playing stuff quarterly and proper for the development of the children. Parents perceived the environment as clean and warm, respecting individual attention to children, and considering it a comfortable environment for playing together with their parents. Second, the challenges of the shared childcare center, operators claim that it is difficult to satisfy users’requests. They also claim that parents are not cooperative with keeping the center’s rules and regulations. The operators experienced limitations due to the diverse tasks they performed. Parents emphasize that the easy access to the center and the availability of the center without making reservations are most necessary. The reservation to use the center is very competitive. Third, as the demands and support methods of shared childcare center, the operators advocated for the provision of dedicated personnel. Parents requested program diversification, extension of weekend hours, and expansion of participation in cultural events.&#x0D; Conclusions Considering all these results, the author’s suggestion for the policy of sharing childcare center is that we need to expand rhdehddbrdkqksharing child care and we need to obtain more manpower with specialty and weekend operation and relaxation of reservation system.&#x0D;

Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on utilization of essential health services in Iran evidence from an interrupted time series analysis

BackgroundThe COVID-19 disrupted the provision of essential health services in numerous countries, potentially leading to outbreaks of deadly diseases. This study aims to investigate the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the utilization of essential health services in Iran.MethodsAn analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using interrupted time series (ITS) analysis. Data about five indicators, including 'childhood vaccination, infant care, hypertension screening, diabetes screening, and breast cancer screening,' were obtained from the electronic health record System in two-time intervals: 15 months before (November 2018 to January 2020) and 15 months after (January 2020 to May 2021) the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The data were analyzed by utilizing ITS. In addition, a Poisson model was employed due to the usage of count data. The Durbin-Watson (DW) test was used to identify the presence of lag-1 autocorrelation in the time series data. All statistical analysis was performed using R 4.3.1 software, considering a 5% significance level.ResultsThe ITS analysis showed that the COVID-19 pandemic significantly affected the utilization of all essential health services (P < 0.0001). The utilization of hypertension screening (RR = 0.51, p < 0.001), diabetes screening (RR = 0.884, p < 0.001), breast cancer screening (RR = 0.435, p < 0.001), childhood vaccination (IRR = 0.947, p < 0.001), and infant care (RR = 1.666, p < 0.001), exhibited a significant decrease in the short term following the pandemic (P < 0.0001). However, the long-term trend for all service utilization, except breast cancer screening (IRR = 0.952, p < 0.001), demonstrated a significant increase.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic affected utilization of essential health care in Iran. It is imperative to utilize this evidence to develop policies that will be translated into targeted planning and implementation to sustain provision and utilization of essential health services during public health emergencies. It is also vital to raise awareness and public knowledge regarding the consequences of interruptions in essential health services. In addition, it is important to identify the supply- and demand-side factors contributing to these disruptions.

SPOOC (Sensor for Periodic Observation of Choline): An Integrated Lab-on-a-Spoon Platform for At-Home Quantification of Choline in Infant Formula.

Choline is an essential micronutrient for infants' brain development and health. To ensure that infants receive the needed daily dose of choline, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has set requirements for choline levels in commercialized infant formulas. Unfortunately, not all families can access well-regulated formulas, leading to potential inadequacies in choline intake. Economic constraints or difficulties in obtaining formulas, exacerbated by situations like COVID-19, prompt families to stretch formulas. Accurate measurement of choline in infant formulas becomes imperative to guarantee that infants receive the necessary nutritional support. Yet, accessible tools for this purpose are lacking. An innovative integrated sensor for the periodic observation of choline (SPOOC) designed for at-home quantification of choline in infants' formulas and milk powders is reported. This system is composed of a choline potentiometric sensor and ionic-liquid reference electrode developed on laser-induced graphene (LIG) and integrated into a spoon-like device. SPOOC includes a micro-potentiometer that conducts the measurements and transmits results wirelessly to parents' mobile devices. SPOOC demonstrated rapid and accurate assessment of choline levels directly in pre-consuming infant formulas without any sample treatment. This work empowers parents with a user-friendly tool for choline monitoring promoting informed nutritional decision-making in the care of infants.

KMC and Brain Development: A Plea for Starting KMC as Early as Possible and as Long as Possible

The kangaroo mother care (KMC) method is a “45-year-old innovation” in health care to care for premature or low birth weight (LBW) infants: the KMC position with direct skin-to-skin contact on the chest of the mother, KMC nutrition based on breast milk and early home discharge in KMC position with close monitoring are the three key elements of this intervention. Created in 1978 to compensate for the lack of incubators in a huge maternity hospital in Colombia, it has always met with resistance from health professionals. Rigorously studied, it has shown benefits far beyond the reduction in mortality, to ensure a proper quality of life for these fragile babies. KMC has become an example of evidence-based care for premature or LBW infants, and it is no longer ethical not to apply it. Exploratory analysis results on brain growth according to the duration in days of KMC position are presented in this article and should help accelerate the systematic introduction of KMC as early as possible and for as long as possible from birth, as published by the WHO in 2022.

Analysis of the correlation between general postpartum well-being and depression in primiparas: A cross-sectional study.

To investigate the status quo and influencing factors of general postpartum well-being in primiparas, analyze its correlation with postpartum depression, and provide a theoretical foundation for enhancing the postpartum well-being of primiparas. From the start of November 2021 to the end of December 2021, the General Information Questionnaire, General Well-Being Scale, and the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale were used to survey primiparas in a tertiary hospital, and the correlation between general well-being and postpartum depression was analyzed. We surveyed a total of 225 primiparas. The average score for general well-being in primiparas was 77.84 ± 6.83, and the total score for postpartum depression was 9.11 ± 2.51. Confinement location, planned pregnancy, pregnancy complications, neonatal sex, medical expenses, etc, had statistically significant effects on the general well-being scores (P < .05), whereas per capita monthly income, pregnancy complications, maternal and infant care skills, and medical expenses had statistically significant effects on postpartum depression scores (P < .05). Postpartum depression scores were negatively correlated with general well-being, health anxiety, energy, sad or happy mood, relaxation, and tension. There is a negative correlation between the general well-being of primiparas and postpartum depression, suggesting that in clinical care, the focus should be on primiparas with pregnancy complications, and psychological counseling should be provided in advance to prevent postpartum depression and the resulting decrease in well-being.