Inequality In Income Distribution Research Articles

Региональные факторы оплаты труда и доходов населения в современной России

This paper evaluates the correlations between wages and household income in the regions of Russia with indicators characterizing capital, human capital and new technologies in the regional economy according to Rosstat data for 2022 and partially for 2023, and constructs econometric models of the most important connections. The level of wages and incomes of the population of the regions can be positively influenced by the capital-labor ratio, the level of education of employed workers and new fixed assets. The capital-labor ratio is the most important factor in the level of wages and income in the regions. The use of labor by workers who have higher education and workers who have secondary vocational education in specialist training programs has a positive impact on the level of wages and incomes of the population of the regions. The use of labor of workers with secondary vocational education under training programs for workers, with secondary general education, basic general education and without education negatively affects the level of wages and income of the population. An increase in population income entails an increase in the level of inequality in income distribution.

Труд и капитал как факторы формирования прибыли в современной России

This work is devoted to an attempt to quantitatively assess the influence of traditional and human capital, embodied in labor, on the profit of enterprises in the economy of modern Russia. To assess the impact of human capital on profit, data on the monthly wage fund in the regions of the country was used, which was considered as an indicator of the cost of human capital. Based on Rosstat data on the profits of regional enterprises, data on the average monthly wage of employees of organizations, the number of employed workers in the regions, data on the value of fixed assets of enterprises for 2010, 2015, 2019, 2020 and 2021, linear regression models were obtained. The models showed the dependence of the profits of regional enterprises on the size of the average monthly wage fund in the regions and on the value of fixed assets. The characteristics of the resulting models indicate that the wage fund and the cost of fixed assets have a significant and equal impact on the profits of enterprises. The equivalence of the influence of capital and human capital on profit assumes that the equilibrium is an equal distribution of income between labor and capital. income distribution. Currently, in the economy, the distribution of income is not in equilibrium, since capital income predominates.

Quantifying fair income distribution in Thailand.

Given a vast concern about high income inequality in Thailand as opposed to empirical findings around the world showing people's preference for fair income inequality over unfair income equality, it is therefore important to examine whether inequality in income distribution in Thailand over the past three decades is fair, and what fair inequality in income distribution in Thailand should be. To quantitatively measure fair income distribution, this study employs the fairness benchmarks that are derived from the distributions of athletes' salaries in professional sports which satisfy the concepts of distributive justice and procedural justice, the no-envy principle of fair allocation, and the general consensus or the international norm criterion of a meaningful benchmark. By using the data on quintile income shares and the income Gini index of Thailand from the National Social and Economic Development Council, this study finds that, throughout the period from 1988 to 2021, the Thai income earners in the bottom 20%, the second 20%, and the top 20% receive income shares more than the fair shares whereas those in the third 20% and the fourth 20% receive income shares less than the fair shares. Provided that there are infinite combinations of quintile income shares that can have the same value of income Gini index but only one of them is regarded as fair, this study demonstrates the use of fairness benchmarks as a practical guideline for designing policies with an aim to achieve fair income distribution in Thailand. Moreover, a comparative analysis is conducted by employing the method for estimating optimal (fair) income distribution representing feasible income equality in order to provide an alternative recommendation on what optimal (fair) income distribution characterizing feasible income equality in Thailand should be.

Manajemen Pemasaran Outlet Cuci Sepatu Ngumbah Shoes

Entrepreneurship is a creative business that is formed based on innovation to create something new, has added value, provides benefits, creates jobs and the results are useful for other people. Entrepreneurship is always confused with Medium Enterprises, although this is not always the case, because not always the business owned by an entrepreneur is classified as a Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise (MSME). Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) can be interpreted in various ways by various sources. The basis for formulating the meaning of MSMEs can be based on the amount of business results/income, the amount of capital, the number of workers and the form of business. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) apparently have an important role in making a positive contribution to overcoming economic, social problems, in the form of high levels of poverty, large numbers of unemployed people, especially among people with low education, inequality in income distribution, uneven development processes between urban and rural areas and the problem of urbanization with all its negative impacts.
  
  

Pengelolaan Zakat Uni Emirat Arab

Zakat in Islamic economics is able to encourage equal distribution of income and wealth by eliminating the accumulation of assets among some people. Zakat can build economic growth and equal income distribution. Each Islamic country has a different approach to managing zakat. To maximize the collection of ZIS funds, Indonesia can compare zakat collection models with Islamic countries. There are many Islamic countries that are successful in managing zakat, one of which is the United Arab Emirates. This research aims to find out how zakat is managed in the United Arab Emirates and how it differs from zakat management in Indonesia. This research uses a qualitative approach with library research methods. The results of the research are that zakat funds in the UAE are managed by the Zakat Fund under the auspices of the Minister of Islamic Affairs and Endowments. The differences lie in the structure of zakat fund collection, location of asnaf distribution, and online zakat request services.

Analysis of Inequality in Lampung Province (2014–2021): Sectoral and Regional Approaches

Lampung as one of the provinces in Indonesia that cannot be separated from the problem of inequality in economic and regional development. From the Gini ration data of Lampung Province, both urban and rural, there was a decrease where the gini ration in 2020 was 0.320, then in 2021 it was 0.314,  while in 2022 it was 0.313, from the gini ration data in the last 3 years there was a significant decrease. Lampung which consists of 13 districts and 2 cities has problems in development, namely: problems of economic growth, regional inequality, and inequality of income distribution. The aspect of equitable distribution of territory and income is very important to achieve because equitable distribution of development results is one of the strategies and goals of national development in Indonesia. Development inequality between regions, where on the one hand there are regions that are rapidly advancing and developing, but on the other hand there are also areas that are relatively lagging in terms of development. Thus, this study aims to analyze the level of inequality between regions and clustering districts / cities in Lampung Province in 2014-2021. The data used in this study are secondary data with a research period of 2014-2021. The models used are Williamson Index analysis and Klassen Typology analysis. Based on the results of the study, it shows that the level of regional inequality between districts/cities in Lampung Province in 2014-2021 is still relatively low but tends to decrease every year, where the inequality is caused by the positive contribution of South Lampung Regency, Central Lampung Regency, Tulang Bawang Regency, Mesuji Regency, and Bandar Lampung City.

The Relationship Among Trade Openness, Financial Development and Economic Growth Indicators and Income Distribution Inequality: Testing the Kuznets, Financial Kuznets, and Stolper-Samuelson Hypotheses

The Relationship Among Trade Openness, Financial Development and Economic Growth Indicators and Income Distribution Inequality: Testing the Kuznets, Financial Kuznets, and Stolper-Samuelson Hypotheses

Optimization model growth and equalization of farmer’s income in the rotiklot dam service area on the border area of Indonesia-Timor Leste

The study aims to analyze optimization models of growth and income distribution. The study used a survey method in Fatuketi Village, Kakuluk Mesak District as the Rotiklot Dam service area, with a sample of 300 respondents. Data analysis uses a multi-objective linear programming model for growth and equal distribution of agricultural income. The results of the analysis show that an income of IDR 11,576,192.00 per year is an income that optimizes growth and income distribution. Optimizing growth and equal distribution shows that the average income of farmers in the first planting season was IDR. 4,132,108 and IDR. 7,444,084 in planting season II. The marginal land used is 300 ha with the volume of water needed to meet all plant needs as much as 1,986,565.16 m3. Agricultural income can still be increased for the third planting season because there is still excess water of 948,434.84 m3.

Finding Solutions for Productive Waqf Management in Indonesia

Waqf has a contribution to the economic development of a country, which can reduce government spending, equalize income distribution, reduce poverty and can increase economic growth. However, at present the potential for waqf has not been used optimally in Indonesia. There are many factors that cause not optimal management of waqf, therefore the author tries to analyze the management of productive waqf in Indonesia seen from 3 elements: problem elements, strategic elements, and institutional / stakeholder elements using Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) and the Delphi method. The results of this study of elements of problems which are the highest ranks are the less of educational or public understanding of waqf, less of public trust in Nazhir institutions and weak political will of authority holders. While the highest ranking of the elements of the strategy is the support of regulations / legislation on law. Then the highest rank of the related institutional elements are BWI, Ministry of Religious Affair (MoRA), and DSN-MUI. 

Enforcement of Fisheries Criminal Laws in the Field of Fish Catching and Processing Based on Law Number 45 of 2009 Concerning Fisheries (Case Study of Medan High Court Decision Number: 754/PID.SUS/2015/PT-MDN)

The independent and sovereign state of Indonesia has sovereignty and jurisdiction over Indonesian territorial waters as well as the authority to determine provisions regarding the utilization of fish resources, both for fishing and fish cultivation activities while increasing prosperity and justice for maximum utilization in the interests of the nation and state while maintaining pay attention to the principles of preserving fish resources and the environment as well as the sustainability of national fisheries development. Fisheries have an important and strategic role in national economic development, especially in increasing the expansion of employment opportunities, equal distribution of income, and improving the standard of living of the nation in general, small fishermen, small fish farmers, and business actors in the fisheries sector while maintaining the environment, sustainability, and availability of fish resources. In Indonesia, according to Republic of Indonesia Law Number 9 of 1985 and Republic of Indonesia Law Number 31 of 2004, activities included in fisheries start from pre-production, production, processing to marketing which are carried out in a fisheries business system. In the fishing business, fisheries crimes often occur, so it is necessary to enforce the law on fisheries crimes based on Law Number 31 of 2004 and Law Number 45 of 2009

Economic Inequality and Unfairness Evaluations of Income Distribution Negatively Predict Political and Social Trust: Evidence From Latin America Over 23 Years

Research has produced mixed results on the relationship between economic inequality and social and political trust. These studies overrepresent developed countries, cross-sectional designs, and overlook the role of subjective evaluations of inequality. We use 13 waves from 18 Latin American countries over 23 years (above 250,000 participants) to examine the association between structural inequality and fairness evaluations with political and social trust. Multilevel regression analyses for comparative longitudinal surveys suggest that within-country changes in economic inequality over time are negatively associated with political and social trust. However, between-country inequality was negatively related to social trust but not political trust. In addition, fairness evaluations of inequality were positively related to social and political trust. Exploratory analyses revealed that fairness evaluations mediated the negative association between economic inequality and political and social trust. We discussed that fairness evaluations of inequality may explain why inequality affects social and political trust.

Inflation and inequality: new evidence from a dynamic panel threshold analysis

This paper investigates nonlinearities in the inflation-inequality relationship using a dynamic threshold panel data model and data for 101 countries over the period 1985–2020. We find that inflation rates exceeding 6% are associated with higher income inequality whereas below this threshold, the correlation remains insignificant. From a monetary policy perspective, these findings suggest that a disinflation policy will likely lead to a more equal income distribution in high-inflation countries whereas there is no such effect in a low-inflation setting. In addition, we find that a higher initial level of inequality as well as unemployment has an inequality-enhancing effect. Contrary to previous research, our inflation threshold is endogenously determined, and we control for the Nickell bias arising from the inclusion of the lagged level of inequality. Moreover, our paper covers a much longer time period and also a broader set of developed and developing countries. Our findings have important policy implications, especially against the background of the recent sharp increase in inflation.

Assessment of Food Security in Development Programs and its Relationship with Inequality of Income Distribution in Rural Areas of Iran

Assessment of Food Security in Development Programs and its Relationship with Inequality of Income Distribution in Rural Areas of Iran

POVERTY IN BULGARIA: A GENERAL CHALLENGE

The current article is not committed to the complex task of providing solutions to the deepening unfavorable economic situation in the country, but rather to put an emphasis on one of the most pressing problems for society in Bulgaria - poverty. European statistics report that our country faces the highest risk of poverty compared to other members of the European Union. Among those most at risk are some of the working people - the so-called working poor, children and persons over 65 years of age. Bulgaria is the EU-27 country with the highest inequality in income distribution and a low poverty threshold. The research has an empirical and analytical focus, considering indicators that have a direct relationship to the high proportion of the poor population in our country.

Equal Distribution of National Income through the Concept of Green Economy: an Exploratory Studies

The initiation of national economic growth gives the government a focus on handling economy equally in both rural and urban areas. The considerations that make the economy must be sustainable among others which the current generation who enjoys goods and services produced from natural resources and the environment has a moral obligation to leave the services of these natural resources for future generations. The aim of this research is initiated to promote equitable economic growth through the conservation of natural resources that can be used sustainably from each generation. The approach used in this research is qualitative with exploratory study method. The analysis technique used is literature search and case analysis related to the entity of equal distribution of national income and the green economy concept. The results of this study indicate that there are seven strategic steps and green economy using macro-regional economic indicators namely genuine saving to monitoring the distribution of national income. This result is to describe concepts of green economy, green growth and green development are basically intended to operationalize the linkages of economic, social and environmental pillars in the context of sustainable development.

A Comparative Analysis of Household Incomes of People with Different Levels of Education in Poland and the USA

Abstract Research background Household income is one of the most important economic categories depending on various factors, in particular on the level of education of the head of the household. Salaries are treated as the market valuation of graduates made by employers. Hence, the question arises of how the education system affects the distribution of household income, in particular in the group of people with higher education. Purpose The aim of the paper is to apply the Singh-Maddala model to describe the income distribution of people with primary, secondary and higher education in Poland and the USA. On the basis of numerical characteristics and measures of income inequality, the situation of education, in particular higher education, and its impact on household income in the analyzed countries were assessed. Research methodology The study used data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) from 2020. All analyzes were based on the Singh-Maddala model. The maximum likelihood method was used to estimate the model parameters. Results The analysis showed that the higher the level of education, the better the income situation of the household. In Poland, salaries in the group of people with higher education are the most unequal, while in the USA the greatest income inequalities occur in the group of people with primary education. Novelty The paper describes the issue of household income distribution and income inequality, which is an important and current socio-economic problem. To describe and analyze the economic situation of the household incomes of people with different levels of education in Poland and the USA statistical data from the Luxembourg Income Study Database (LIS) was used. Empirical studies conducted for different samples add significantly to existing knowledge on the topic.

A study of agro-economic development and its impact on socio-economic inequality in Ukraine

In today’s world, the problem of inequality is gaining global significance, and numerous international institutions set among their main tasks the fight against its manifestations – economic, social, etc. The study of economic inequality during martial law is extremely relevant, as it primarily negatively affects people’s lives and well-being, provokes crises and additional social tensions, and, as a result, destabilizes the state system and the national economy, which are already in a state of crisis due to military operations. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the causes of social and financial stratification of Ukrainian society in the context of agro-economic development. The dynamics of salary in Ukraine, in particular, in the agricultural sector, was studied using the method of statistical analysis, and the index of general economic stratification was calculated using the Gini coefficient method. Statistical data on the development of the agricultural land market was analysed, starting from the end of the moratorium in July 2021 and until June 2023. As a result, the current key indicators of the land market in Ukraine, and information on salary in various sectors of the economy in the period from 2014 to 2022 were obtained, and the incomes of agricultural employees were analysed, which turned out to be below average. For a more objective assessment, statistics on the largest agricultural countries of the European Union were used and compared with their inequality indicators. The calculation of the Gini coefficient showed a 10% increase in the inequality of income distribution of Ukrainian households between 2014 and 2022, but it was still lower than the current indicators of such European countries as Germany, Sweden, and Poland. The practical significance of the work lies in the development of recommendations for reducing the gap between rich and poor in Ukraine, in particular in the agricultural sector, which can be used by the relevant authorities to redistribute the agricultural market and optimize tax legislation

Measuring the relationship between income distribution inequality and life expectancy at birth in OECD countries with Hellinger correlation analysis

Bu çalışma, “doğumda yaşam beklentisi” ve “gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği” arasındaki ilişkinin Hellinger korelasyon analizi ile ölçülmesini konu almaktadır. Analizler 2019 yılı verileri üzerinden 29 OECD ülkesi için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğini temsilen, Gini katsayısı ve Palma oranı kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın birincil amacı, klasik Pearson korelasyon analizi ile anlamlı sonuç vermeyen “doğumda yaşam beklentisi” ile “gelir dağılımı adaletsizliği” arasındaki ilişkinin, Hellinger korelasyon analizi uygulandığında anlamlı olup olmadığını araştırmaktır. Çalışmanın bir diğer amacı ise, gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğinin doğumda yaşam beklentisi üzerindeki etkisinin, cinsiyetlere göre farklılık gösterip göstermediğini ortaya koymaktır. Bu nedenle, doğumda yaşam beklentisi değişkeni; toplam nüfusun doğumda yaşam beklentisi, kadınlar için doğumda yaşam beklentisi ve erkekler için doğumda yaşam beklentisi şeklinde üç ayrı kategoride ele alınmıştır. RStudio 4.0.5. HellCor paketi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen uygulamalar sonucunda; klasik Pearson korelasyon analizi ile ölçülen ilişkilerin tamamı istatistiksel olarak anlamsız bulunurken, doğumda yaşam beklentisi ile Gini katsayısı arasındaki tüm Hellinger korelasyon katsayıları 1’e yakın, çok yüksek ilişkili bulunmuştur. Fakat aynı durum Palma oranı için geçerli değildir. Doğumda yaşam beklentisi ile Palma oranı arasındaki tüm Hellinger korelasyon katsayıları düşük bulunmuştur. Bu durumun, Gini katsayısı ile Palma oranının hesaplanma yöntemlerinin farklı olmasından kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Çalışmada ayrıca, gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğinin, hem kadınların hem de erkeklerin doğumda yaşam beklentileri ile ilişkisinin benzer olduğu; gelir dağılımı adaletsizliğinin, cinsiyetlerden bağımsız olarak, tüm toplumun yaşam beklentisi ile yüksek ilişkili olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Impact of Nutrition on Life Expectancy in Russian Regions

The paper studies the impact of nutrition on the life expectancy (LE) of men, as well as women in Russian regions. The empirical analysis is based on data from the Federal State Statistics Service. The panel data includes 1694 observations (77 regions of the Russian Federation in 2000–2021). The authors suggest a summary indicator of regional nutrition patterns based on the nutrition norms developed for 10 food groups by the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation. The study was run using fixed effect models while controlling for indicators of the socio-economic development of regions.Econometric analysis shows that LE of men and LE of women increases with the decrease in the number of deviations from the regional nutrition norms. Alcohol consumption also reduces the LE of men and women, but the effect on men's life expectancy is more pronounced. As expected, the regional GRP per capita increases life expectancy, while inequality in income distribution leads to the LE decrease. The most important factor that positively affects LE of men, as well as LE of women is the proportion of urban citizens. In addition, LE is also affected by regional healthcare design: the number of doctors per 1000 people increases the LE of women; the number of hospital beds per 10 thousand people is associated with both the LE of men and LE of women. COVID-19 significantly contributed to the decrease in LE of men and especially of women. Its negative impact was already noticeable in 2020 but became particularly pronounced in 2021.The study draws attention to a significant regional variation in the LE of men and LE of women related, among other things, to deviations from the food consumption patterns. The findings may be of interest to regional authorities responsible for developing healthy nutrition policies in Russian regions and increasing the LE of men and women.

The impact of financial development on income inequality and poverty.

The Turkish economy has undergone a structural transformation with impressive economic performance during 2002-2018 and then a slowdown. The implementation of policies on the financial markets results in a significant capital inflow, which leads to an increase in the volume of domestic credit. Despite improvements in Türkiye, income inequality and poverty are still relatively high. While much of the literature shows that financial development accelerates growth, there is no consensus on its clear impact on poverty and inequality. While some studies stress that financial development improves inequality and combats poverty by increasing the ability of advantage of new investment opportunities, and by improving the allocation of capital, others point out that the beneficial impact of financial development depends on whether the overall population or the upper-income groups benefit or not. Therefore, this paper aims to empirically investigate the impact of financial development on inequalities and poverty during the 2002-2017 period when Türkiye relatively has been prosperous. According to simultaneous equation regression findings, the widening of the financial sector leads to more equal income distribution and poverty alleviation.