Income Growth Research Articles

Hearing Loss and Reduced Income Growth: A Longitudinal Socioeconomic Analysis.

Hearing loss (HL) has been linked to negative socioeconomic states, including low income. This study examines the relationship between HL and income growth. Longitudinal observational study. Multicentered US epidemiologic study (Hispanic Community Health Study, HCHS). Using data from 2 waves of the HCHS, we analyzed the association between HL and income growth in adults ages 18 to 74 years using generalized estimating equations. The exposure was HL, measured by 4-frequency pure-tone average (PTA). The outcome was yearly household income growth, with income graded on a 10-bracket scale from <$10,000 to >$100,000. Models controlled for demographics, hearing aid use, and vascular risk. A total of 1342 participants met inclusion criteria. At visit 1, average age was 47.6 years (SD = 12.2), and average PTA was 13.9 decibels (dB, SD = 9.5). Average follow-up was 5.9 years (SD = 0.6). There was a significant time × HL interaction: with each 10 dB worsening in HL, the odds of belonging to a higher versus a lower income bracket changed by a factor of 0.979 (P < .001) between waves 1 and 2. In other words, the odds of belonging to a higher income group decreased with worsening HL. At 38.6 dB, the odds for income growth became <1, indicating income loss rather than growth. Increased HL is associated with reduced income growth, including the possibility of negative growth (ie, income decline). This study emphasizes the value of including socioeconomic measures in randomized controlled trials assessing the impact of HL treatment and the importance of extended follow-up for study participants.

E-commerce development, poverty reduction and income growth in rural China

PurposeThis research examines the impact of the National Rural E-commerce Comprehensive Demonstration Project (NRECDP) on poverty reduction and income growth in rural China.Design/methodology/approachThe study develops a theoretical framework, which considers the role of geographical, technological, institutional and cultural factors for the e-commerce poverty alleviation (e-CPA) model. Empirically, this study applies the difference-in-differences (DID) model and the event study approach to evaluate the effectiveness of NRECDP on the basis of large-scale county-level and household-level panel data spanning 2010 to 2020.FindingsThe study found that the NRECDP, as a government-led, information and communication technology (ICT)-enabled, market-based program, has led to a significant increase in per capita output of primary industry employees, as well as in the disposable income of rural residents, especially those in national-level poverty-stricken (NP) counties. The interventions of the NRECDP achieved these positive outcomes through transportation and Internet infrastructure improvement, ICT adoption and human capital accumulation in impoverished towns and villages in remote rural areas. These effects are larger in the eastern region of China, followed by the central region, whereas the weakest effects were found in the western region. However, we found little evidence of the NRECDP increasing household developmental expenditure.Research limitations/implicationsThe study findings have important practical and policy implications for rural e-commerce development and self-sustained poverty alleviation solutions. The research revealed the significance of government NRECDP interventions for increasing rural income, reducing living costs, and empowering the rural population in its multiple social roles, namely, as consumers, producers, employees and microentrepreneurs. The local cultural context may also play a role in ICT adoption and entrepreneurship cultivation with a downstream effect on the effectiveness of e-CPA practices. Policymakers would need to ensure a supportive entrepreneur-friendly environment for rural e-commerce development and continue implementing progressive policies for poverty alleviation.Originality/valueThis study explores poverty alleviation issues in China by developing for the first time a multi-faceted framework that is subsequently tested by both county-level and household-level large-scale observations. Also, it is the first study to provide nationwide empirical evidence on the effectiveness of e-CPA in narrowing down the spatial and digital divides in China. In addition to the impact of geography, technology and governmental support, this study also sheds light on the role of culture in the adoption and diffusion of digital technologies and as a source of local entrepreneurial opportunities.

Analysis of the Effect of Inflation and Investment on Unemployment in Yogyakarta in 2019-2023

Unemployment is a term given to people who are not working at all or people who are looking for work. Unemployment occurs in many regions, including the Special Region of Yogyakarta. Unemployment is an economic problem, because unemployment reduces the level of productivity and income of the community, which results in poverty and social problems. Unemployment is caused by the size of the labour force that is not balanced with employment opportunities. This causes intense competition, because there are not many job opportunities available in the region or country. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of inflation and investment on unemployment in the Special Region of Yogyakarta in 2019-2023. Researchers used secondary data for their research. Multiple regression analysis of this study. The results of the research in D.I Yogyakarta in 2019-2023: 1. Inflation on unemployment has no significant influence on unemployment. 2. Investment has a significant influence on unemployment 3. Simultaneously, inflation and investment have no influence on unemployment. This shows that high unemployment costs lead to reduced productivity, community income and economic growth.

Study on the effect of county e-commerce development on rural residents' income growth

Against the background of rural revitalization and the development of county-level e-commerce industry, based on the data of Caoxian County of Heze, Shandong Province from 2017 to 2021, this paper studies the promotion effect of county-level e-commerce industry development on urban and rural residents' income through grey relative correlation analysis. The results show that the impact of the development of county e-commerce industry on the operational income of urban and rural residents is similar, and the impact on the operational income of rural residents is partly greater than that of urban residents, and the effect is not obvious. The influence of the development of county e-commerce industry on the wage income of rural residents is greater than that on the wage income of urban residents.

Impact of technological interventions on farmers' income and employment in the Trans-Gangetic Plain region

Agriculture is a cornerstone of India's economy, employing around half of the workforce. However, a very large proportion of agricultural land in India does not have the desirable productivity, which diminishes the prospects for reasonable income to the farmers. Recognizing this challenge, a study on agricultural practices and income of 640 farmers of 32 villages in Haryana was conducted during the period 2016–17 and 2020–21. The analysis revealed an increase in productivity and consequent income of the farmers with varying degrees. The growth in productivity and income was more conspicuous in adopted villages due to technological interventions such as introduction and adoption of high yielding verities/hybrids/breeds, scientific management practices, resource conservation technologies, cost reduction measures and supplementary enterprises, etc. as compared to non-adopted villages. The income augmentation was noticed in field and horticultural crops, livestock and subsidiary enterprises. The highest increase in income was registered with high value commodities. Inter-district variations were noticed in the increase in productivity and income in adopted and non-adopted villages. The net income of marginal farmers increased the most amongst the different categories of farmers during the period of study. The field crops, horticultural crops and livestock contributed more to total additional income. To sustain the growth in productivity and consequent income of the farmers the Government can strengthen mechanism for continuous infusion of improved technologies and management practices in developmental programmes along with incentives to the farmers for quality seed and planting materials and matching critical inputs through a Misson-mode approach, more so in disadvantaged and challenged ecologies.

Asymmetric Effect of Shadow Economy on Environmental Pollution in Egypt: Evidence from Bootstrap NARDL Technique

This study examines the asymmetric effect of shadow economy (SE) on environmental pollution in Egypt during the 1970 and 2022 period. Using the bootstrap nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) bounds-testing approach, the study presents evidence of nonlinear cointegrating relationship between environmental degradation (carbon emission) and shadow economic activities (alongside globalisation, urbanisation, size of economic activity, industrial growth). In addition, the results demonstrate that the impact of shadow economy on environmental pollution (Env) is nonlinear, with the positive shock in shadow economy promoting environmental degradation and negative shocks promoting environmental quality, both in the short- and long-runs. However, the study discovered that the magnitude of the impact of the SE on Env is larger in the short-run. This is further validated by the dynamic nonlinear ARDL simulations technique which demonstrates that the short-run effect of the SE on Env is large. Additionally, the results suggest that income growth, urbanisation, and industrial growth are important drivers of environmental pollution. Therefore, the study recommends the adoption, and most importantly implementation, of policies and strategies geared towards reducing the shadow economy, and consequently environmental pollution.

Renewable Energy Transition, Trade Openness, and CO2 Emissions Nexus in the Middle East

Reducing pollutant emissions during the global energy transition from fossil fuels to renewables is a significant endeavor. Nonetheless, a significant portion of the Middle East (ME) economy continues to be based mostly on the extraction and use of fossil fuels, posing a threat to the environment in the area. Thus, the current study examined the impact of income growth, trade openness (TO), and the Renewable Energy Transition (RET) on CO2 emissions in 12 Middle East nations, from 2000 to 2019. The findings demonstrated that the ME area contains the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). RET decreased emissions of CO2. Therefore, the transition to renewable energy reduced emissions in this ME region. On the other hand, TO enhances CO2 emissions. For the ME region, TO is concerned with the environment. The research recommends a quick RET to safeguard the environment from CO2 emissions.

Linking Farmers to Markets: Barriers, Solutions, and Policy Options

The 15 studies highlighted in this special issue collectively underscore the significant impacts of market participation on farmers’ well-being, income, poverty reduction, dietary diversity, and rural economic growth. They also delve into the importance of marketing channel choice and the role of e-commerce in enhancing farmers’ market linkages. In addition, they address farmers’ preferences for market access interventions and the examination of market power within the agricultural industry, especially in low-income countries. The key findings include: (1) Market participation is critical for improving farmers’ subjective and objective well-being, with studies demonstrating positive impacts on income, poverty reduction, and dietary diversity; (2) The choice of marketing channels significantly influences income, with evidence suggesting online sales can substantially increase farmers’ earnings; (3) E-commerce plays a pivotal role in connecting farmers to broader markets, leading to income growth and enhanced market visibility; (4) Understanding and addressing farmers’ preferences for market access through interventions like systematization policies and joint ventures can facilitate better market integration and support inclusive business models; (5) Analysis of market power within the primary foods industry reveals rising markups, particularly affecting low-income countries. These findings suggest that policies and interventions aiming to improve market access, promote e-commerce, and consider farmers’ preferences and market power dynamics can significantly impact farmers’ incomes, poverty levels, and overall rural economic development.

Impact of Public Environmental Concern on Urban-rural Economic Income Inequality

Reducing urban-rural income disparities is crucial for economic growth and sustainable development. Does combating environmental pollution contribute to reducing income inequality? Drawing on data gathered from 199 prefecture-level cities spanning 2011 to 2019, this study examines the impact of public environmental concern on urban-rural income gaps using a two-way fixed effects model and dynamic panel model. The study reveals that heightened public environmental awareness can impede the growth of farmers' income, exacerbating urban-rural income disparities with a delayed effect. This influence is more pronounced in densely populated areas, economically advanced regions, mid-regions, and low-pollution zones. Further investigations demonstrate that public environmental awareness can widen the economic divide between urban and rural areas by influencing environmental governance capabilities and deteriorating the employment landscape. These findings offer valuable insights for regions aiming to concurrently achieve shared prosperity and reduce carbon emissions.

Measuring Financial Inclusion in the MENA Region: Comparative Analysis

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to develop a new multidimensional financial inclusion index to measure the financial inclusion level for each of the 13 selected countries of the Middle East and North Africa region for the period 2004-2020. In addition, the comparative analysis approach encompasses the evolvement of financial inclusion for each country in the time period studied. Design/methodology/approach: This study builds onto Sarma's (2012) approach for measuring financial inclusion by forming a new and improved model including the depth dimension and new variables. The computed values are based on data on financial inclusion extracted from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund, the Financial Access Survey database. Findings: The values of the new financial inclusion index reveal the inadequate efforts made by these countries to enhance financial inclusion as a way to improve the economic /income growth in the region. Research limitations/implications: This study has two limitations. The unavailability of data for some financial indicators made it inevitable to be included in the study, such as the digital banking. Such data is considered crucial for future studies on financial inclusion indexes. The other limitation is that some countries in the Middle East and North Africa region were excluded from this research due to the lack of data on some of the variables included in constructing and measuring the new index. Despite these limitation, policy-makers and central banks can benefit from this study to enhance financial inclusion practices in pursuit of economic /income growth. Originality/value: This study attempts to develop a new multidimensional index to measuring financial inclusion by including a new dimension/variables and analyzing the values.

Corporate privileges and the formation of Cabildos in the rise of two New Granada Villas: Guasimal de Cúcuta and San José de la Marinilla, 1790-1795

Abstract. Objective/context: In the context of the installation of cabildos in the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada, this article studies the transition of two towns inhabited by «free people» to the status of villas: the parroquia of Guasimal de Cúcuta and the sitio of San José de La Marinilla. This process shows how the fact that the Catholic monarchy gave the jurisdictional quality of villa to specific towns fostered a virtuous circle in which various local and metropolitan agencies became intertwined and promoted a policy of negotiated integration, which ceded autonomy in local government. Methodology: Based on primary documentary sources detailing the establishment and functioning of chapter governments, we analyze the process of administrative cession in jurisdictional terms and, in general, the establishment of provincial governments in towns in the viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada. Originality: The examination of the documentation allows us to reveal the materialization of a historical process of generalized integration in Hispanic America, induced by the ministers of Charles III, which gave jurisdictional qualities to mestizo population groups, seeking to benefit the royal rents of the economic growth that these populations were experiencing and to determine the new municipal political architecture in the time of the Bourbons. Conclusions: In the cases analyzed, we can see how, in search of administrative rationality, the crown negotiated the granting of autonomy to parroquias and towns of «free people» as a policy of integration that should strengthen centralization and increase productivity to achieve income and economic growth. It can also be seen how the patricians were diligent in giving institutionality to the new republics, guided by royal regulations that even embraced strengthening the branches of propios y arbitrios (such as health and coercion, among others).

Energy, economic, and environmental impacts of electricity market-oriented reform and the carbon emissions trading: A recursive dynamic CGE model in China

Electricity market-oriented reform and carbon emissions trading, as the main policies implemented in China's power sector, have a profound impact on China's green and low-carbon transition by promoting resource allocation efficiency and internalizing external environmental costs, respectively. Therefore, this paper constructed a dynamic recursive CGE model to measure the energy, economic, and environmental impacts of carbon emissions trading and electricity market-oriented reform from electricity market structure and pricing mechanism. The results show that the two policies have a synergistic effect on industrial structure optimization, energy consumption structure optimization, and carbon emission reduction. Specifically, the share of value-added of the tertiary sector, the growth rate of coal consumption, the share of thermal power consumption, and carbon emissions in 2030 are reduced by 5.70 %, 18.29 %, 2.55 %, and 2.838 trillion tons, respectively, compared with the scenario without carbon emissions trading and electricity market-oriented reform. However, imperfectly competitive market structures outperform perfectly competitive market structures in energy consumption structure and carbon emission reduction. Electricity price regulation is also more beneficial to GDP growth and increase in residential disposable income compared to price liberalization. To this end, returning emission trading scheme revenues to residents can effectively mitigate the adverse impacts caused by market-oriented reforms.

Does Political Stability Matter for Foreign Direct Investment in Eurasian countries? Examining the Role of the Business Environment and Macroeconomic Variables

This In recent years, developing countries have placed a strong emphasis on attracting foreign direct investment (FDI), which is ostensibly regarded as the most important external resource for increasing industrial activity and real income growth. Indeed, the subsequent benefits of FDI, one of which is increased economic growth in developing countries, have been widely acknowledged. As a result, the goal of this study was to look into the impact of foreign macroeconomic factors, political instability, and the business environment on foreign direct investment in Eurasia countries. Many developing countries have softened their stances on foreign direct investment (FDI) in the hopes of luring more of this kind of investment and thereby bolstering their economies. This is due to the fact that there are many benefits to utilizing foreign capital during the expansion process. The panel data method was used to analyse information gathered from ten different Eurasia countries over a twenty-six-year period, from 1996 to 2021. The study's findings support the predicted outcomes of the hypothesized research. This study is one of the few in Eurasia countries that can be considered a pioneering study on the subject. This study will help policymakers and researchers understand the relationship between macroeconomic risk, political instability, the business environment, and foreign direct investment.

СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЕ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СРЕДСТВАМИ В РАСЧЕТАХ КОММЕРЧЕСКИХ ОРГАНИЗАЦИЙ

The methodology for assessing and diagnosing the organization's credit policy has been improved – a system of indicators has been structured and supplemented to quantify the state and mutual influ-ence of funds in calculations aimed at identifying income growth reserves without additional investments

Is personal income associated with attitudes towards climate change risk? A moderated mediation analysis for the UK from 2009 to 2020

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of personal income on attitudes towards climate change risk, considering the mediator of responsibility attribution (RA) for climate change and the moderator of educational attainment. Using a latent growth curve model applied to data from the UK Household Longitudinal Study dataset from 2009 to 2020, this study indicated that personal income growth heightens the likelihood of expressing concern about climate change while reducing the propensity for holding sceptical or paradoxical attitudes over time. Attributing climate change to personal behaviour mediated the income‐attitude relationship. Significant differences in the mediation effect were observed between individuals who had received a university education and those who had not, even after controlling for covariates such as age, sex, political affiliation and employment status. These findings suggest that climate campaign emphasising RA can address attitude disparities across income and education strata, further promoting sustainable climate action and mitigation.

Classifying the Central Federal District regions by demographic profile of development

Subject. This article considers the economic potential and living standards of the population of the Central Federal District regions and discusses the problems of employment and rational use of labor resources. Objectives. The article aims to assess the differentiation of the Central Federal District regions according to the importance of the main economic and demographic parameters. Methods. For the study, we used a cluster analysis. Results. The article finds that among all the Central Federal District regions, only the City of Moscow is characterized by high values of most indicators of socio-demographic development. The dangerous demographic situation in many regions is primarily due to the low value of the gross regional product per capita. Conclusions. To eliminate the negative trends in the development of many regions, the main of which is the birth rate decline, it is necessary to create jobs, normal housing conditions, and ensure sustainable growth in real incomes of the population.

The Communicative Potential of Doctor's Personal Brand

The importance of a doctor’s personal brand in medical marketing lies in its ability to create an additional competitive advantage when promoting the entire medical institution. A strong personal brand of a doctor attracts new patients and retains old ones, which ultimately contributes to the growth of income of the entire medical institution. Patients in the modern information society can easily obtain information about a particular medical professional, his professional successes and treatment results. The role of a doctor’s personal brand that is based on trust, professionalism, recognition and respect, is seriously increasing. The authors of the article represent the results of their own research on consumers of medical services and identify the influence of the doctor’s personal brand on establishing and maintaining communication with the patient.

The impact of digital financial development on rural household income mobility

We explore the mechanisms through which the development of digital finance affects income mobility among rural households. By synthesizing existing literature and empirical data, this paper finds that digital financial development significantly enhances income mobility among rural households, leading to improved income growth and position. Furthermore, developing digital finance promotes entrepreneurial activities among low-income households, thereby enhancing income mobility.

Enhancing crop yields and farm income through climate-smart agricultural practices in Eastern India

Climate-induced increase in temperature and rainfall variability severely threaten the agricultural sector and food security in the Indian state of Odisha. Climate-smart agricultural (CSA) practices, such as crop rotation and integrated soil management, help farmers adapt to climate risk and contribute to a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Therefore, this paper examines the impact of CSA practices on yield and income in vulnerable semi-arid districts of Odisha—Balangir, Kendrapara, and Mayurbhanj. We use primary survey data from 494 households collected in 2019–2020, using a multi-stage stratified sampling approach and structured questionnaire. Propensity score matching (PSM) and the two-stage least square method (2SLS) have been used to analyze the impact of CSA on income and productivity. Two instrument variables, namely distance to the extension office and percentage of adopters in a village, are used to control self-selection bias and endogeneity in our model. Both models show a positive and significant impact of the adoption of CSA on farmers’ productivity and income. The study sheds light on the significant contribution of CSA practices in fostering sustainable income growth amid environmental challenges. Overall, our results suggest that small and marginal farmers of Eastern India, a highly environmentally vulnerable area, can significantly improve their income and productivity by adopting CSA technology. Hence, policymakers should scale the adoption of CSA technology through effective extension programs.

Do improvements in infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices endure the test of time?

BackgroundReducing malnutrition is a key priority for governments in low- and middle-income countries given its lasting effects on child development, health, income, and economic growth. Strategies to improve recommended infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, especially during the first two years of life, are considered among the most effective.MethodsIn this paper, we evaluate the long-run impacts of an innovative education strategy based on interactive play and performing arts implemented in El Alto, Bolivia on caregivers’ IYCF knowledge and practices. Two thousand and fifteen households were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups. Two rounds of data were collected approximately 30 and 42 months after baseline. We estimate short-term (30 month) and longer-term (42 month) intent-to-treat effects using multivariate linear regression analysis, with and without controlling for covariates.ResultsThe program significantly increased caregiver IYCF knowledge by 0.13 SDs in the short run, and this effect grew over time. The program also improved adherence to recommended IYCF practices by 0.23 standard deviations (SDs) in the short term, but the effect on practices dissipated over time, and no longer-term impacts were detected. Caregivers with above median baseline knowledge, number of children, and age appear to have benefited most from the program.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that entertainment-education interventions are a promising model for improving and maintaining IYCF knowledge. However, their ability to sustain more permanent changes in IYCF practices is less certain. Further evidence is needed to identify other avenues for producing long-term, sustainable behavior change, especially among indigenous populations in Latin America, where literature on education and behavior-change interventions related to IYCF practices is limited.