Higher Wages Research Articles

Linked lives: intergenerational transmission of labour-market pathways between parent dyads and children

While a vast number of studies confirm the transmission of labour-market disadvantages from one generation to the next, less is known about how parents’ interconnected labour-market pathways co-evolve and shape the opportunities and obstacles for their children’s future careers. This study uses a multidimensional view of intergenerational transmission by describing the most typical pathways of parents’ occupational careers and assesses how these patterns are associated with their children’s labour-market outcomes. Drawing on Swedish longitudinal register data, we used multichannel sequence analysis to follow a cohort of people born in 1985 (n = 72,409) and their parents across 26 years. We identified four parental earning models, differentiating between (1) dual earners with high wages, (2) dual earners with low-wage, (3) one-and-a-half-earners and (4) mother as the main breadwinner. Regression analysis shows strong intergenerational transmission among the most advantageous trajectories, with education as a key determinant for young people to become less dependent on family resources. This study stresses the importance of intra-couple perspectives in life course research to understand how inequalities are shaped and preserved across generations.

Fairness in markets and market experiments: insights from a field‐plus‐lab study and a failed replication

AbstractWe investigate how fairness in a laboratory experiment framed as a market exchange relates to preferences for fair trade products elicited before and at the end of the experiment. We collected two samples, 10 years apart. In the original sample, fairness in the market experiment measured by the willingness to buy at a higher price when higher wages are paid to the worker correlates both with the choice of a fair trade product and with the willingness to pay a positive fair trade premium. These correlations are not significant in the replication experiment, which indicates at best a weak relationship.

The impact of carbon policy news on the national energy industry

This paper explores the impact of unexpected changes in European carbon policy on Portugal’s energy sector, focusing on effects on sales, output prices, and labor market dynamics. Using a structural vector autoregression (SVAR) model, the study finds that news of tighter carbon regulations leads to a significant short-term increase in domestic sales. Output prices rise in both home and foreign markets, with a larger increase observed in the latter. The labor market responds positively, as evidenced by higher wages and hours worked. The study also reveals that these carbon policy changes have played a significant role in historical fluctuations within the energy sector, especially during the Great Financial Crisis and key policy changes. The findings highlight the importance of judicious policymaking concerning carbon regulations, as the escalation in energy prices wields significant economic effects, though not all of these effects are bad from the energy industry standpoint.

Study on the Challenges Encountered by Eri Silkworm Rearers in Tapioca Cultivation and Eri Rearing in Udalguri District of Assam

Sericulture, specifically eri silk production, plays a crucial role in sustainable rural development and employment generation. This study investigated the constraints faced tapioca cultivation and eri rearing in Udalguri district, Assam. Primary data were collected from 120 respondents through a snowball sampling technique. The rearers encountered personal, social, land utilization, rearing, managerial, economic, marketing, transportation, and institutional challenges. Notable issues included lack of formal education, high labour wages, land scarcity, inadequate rearing facilities, limited knowledge on scientific practices, insufficient capital, price fluctuations, poor marketing infrastructure, transportation costs, and lack of need-based training. The respondents suggested interventions such as government support for infrastructure and equipment, need-based training, formation of cooperatives, effective marketing channels, financial assistance, value-added product training, community rearing centers, land allocation, and extensive plantation of secondary feed plants. Addressing these constraints through targeted strategies is essential for fostering the long-term sustainability of eri silk production and enhancing the socio-economic status of rearers.

People Reject Free Money and Cheap Deals Because They Infer Phantom Costs.

If money is good, then shouldn't more money always be better? Perhaps not. Traditional economic theories suggest that money is an ever-increasing incentivizer. If someone will accept a job for US$20/hr, they should be more likely to accept the same job for US$30/hr and especially for US$250/hr. However, 10 preregistered, high-powered studies (N = 4,205, in the United States and Iran) reveal how increasing incentives can backfire. Overly generous offers lead people to infer "phantom costs" that make them less likely to accept high job wages, cheap plane fares, and free money. We present a theory for understanding when and why people imagine these hidden drawbacks and show how phantom costs drive judgments, impact behavior, and intersect with individual differences. Phantom costs change how we should think about "economic rationality." Economic exchanges are not merely about money, but instead are social interactions between people trying to perceive (and deceive) each others' minds.

How Education Creates Your Wages, A Case of Manufacturing and Retail Companies in Surabaya

Education has an important role in the labor market. One component in determining the level of wages for workers is the level of education that the worker has. Apart from that, the level of education is one of the requirements for workers to be able to reach a certain level of position. The problem that then arises is how the level of education can reflect the level of wages that workers will receive, especially workers in the manufacturing and retail industries. In some cases, even though the level of education plays an important role, work experience, worker skills and the performance of the worker concerned are the keys for workers to get higher wages. This condition then gave rise to a debate regarding whether or not education was necessary in the labor market and whether it was true that the level of education would correlate with workers' wages. By using qualitative research methodology with a phenomenological paradigm, this research tries to reveal more details about this phenomenon. Manufacturing and retail companies were chosen as research subjects considering the complexity of the workers working in these companies. Manufacturing and retail companies have complex characteristics in their employment structure. Meanwhile, Surabaya was chosen because the city of Surabaya has the characteristics of an industrial and trade city in its economic structure. This research comes to the conclusion that basically education will be able to have an impact on workers' wages, but how big this impact will be will depend on the company where the worker works. A wage system that relies on bonuses or commissions based on worker performance will indirectly mean that the impact of education on wages will not be visible in real terms.

Assessment of loyalty factors of employees in pharmaceutical organizations

Assessment of loyalty factors of employees in pharmaceutical organizations

On common evaluation standards and the acceptance of wage inequality

This study investigates how the exogenous provision of norm information concerning wage inequality influences the acceptance of wage differences. In an experiment where one employer interacts with two employees who differ in productivities, two main treatments provide information suggesting either an injunctive norm for small or for large wage differences prior to the interaction.Norm-relevant information significantly shifts individual beliefs concerning the appropriateness of wage inequality: Subjects who receive information hinting at a norm for high (low) wage inequality are more (less) likely to consider larger wage differences to be appropriate. Yet, when a norm for low wage inequality is suggested, a non-negligible share of employers still differentiates strongly, making it difficult to coordinate on a commonly accepted norm for wage inequality. Moreover, norm information signaling high wage inequality positively affects the output of low-performing employees.

Job search with commuting and unemployment insurance: A look at workers’ strategies in time

Unemployed workers search for jobs that ideally offer both high wages and short commutes. But would they accept jobs with lower wages or longer commutes or both as the unemployment spell lengthens? Using a unique panel of Austrian workers, we find that job seekers do indeed accept jobs with significantly lower wages. However, the majority group of job seekers who used to commute to jobs located outside their municipality of residence tend to increasingly accept jobs in their home municipality, and do not necessarily broaden geographically their search. Based on quasi-experimental variations in the duration of unemployment benefits, we find that this evolution of commuting patterns is not linked to the loss of benefits. We explain these findings through the lens of a job search model where flexible parameters such as search costs are allowed to vary across space and time. We estimate that search costs are substantial and increase differently over time for local and non-local jobs, accounting for the patterns found in the data. A counterfactual policy exercise suggests that unemployment insurance does not hinder geographical mobility. Competing mechanisms are discussed and their role is left to future research.

Women’s tendency in work involvement: A study of female labour force in Indonesia

Culture is perceived as the most prominent factor which causes inequality in work involvement, especially in the context of gender. In many cultures, “glass ceiling” of gender bias often makes women less productive than their male counterparts because of their domestic duties. As a matter of fact, Indonesian women have proven their potentials and abilities in boosting the national economy. This study focuses on the effect of domestic duties, wages, and education on women’s participation in the workforce. Using logistic regression and SUSENAS 2018 dataset, this research finds that women with higher education and greater number of children do not get involved in the workforce. This situation is inextricably associated with the predominant patriarchal culture in their domestic lives, in which the husbands assume absolute control, and women’s roles are usually limited to domestic sphere. As is the case of the other workers, women are more engaged in their work when they get higher wages. Women who live in urban areas tend to have opportunities to be economically productive.

IMPROVING THE INTERNSHIPS QUALITY IN SUPPORTING VOCATIONAL COLLEGE STUDENTS' JOB SEARCH SUCCESS

Internships prepare students to enter the industry, business world, and world of work (IDUKA). Internships encourage improved job prospects, higher wages, and reduced skill mismatches. The purpose of this study is to analyze the influence of internship quality on students' career adaptability and students' job search success also to formulate strategic recommendations for improving the quality of apprenticeship programs. The population of this study is all alumni of Politeknik Ketenagakerjaan, Politeknik APP Jakarta and Politeknik STMI Jakarta who are recorded as already working. A total of 99 respondents were selected by purposive sampling then analyzed using SEM-PLS and the Analytic Hierarchical Process (AHP). The results of the study found that there is a positive and significant influence between internship quality on career adaptability, career adaptability on job search success, internship quality on job search success and internship quality on job search success through career adaptability. The most important alternative strategy for improving internship quality is setting up an internship mentoring program. Universities and companies must develop an internship curriculum for each internship position before setting up an internship mentoring programme.

Career Consequences of Firm Heterogeneity for Young Workers: First Job and Firm Size

I study the long-term effects of landing a first job at a large firm versus a small one using Spanish social security data. Size could be a relevant employer attribute for inexperienced workers since large firms are associated with greater training, higher wages, and enhanced productivity. The key empirical challenge is selection into first jobs – for instance, more able people may land jobs at large firms. I address this challenge developing an instrumental-variables approach that, while keeping business-cycle conditions fixed, leverages variation in the composition of labor demand that labor-market entrants face. I find that initially matching with a larger firm substantially improves long-term outcomes such as lifetime income, and that these benefits persist through subsequent jobs. Additional results point to mechanisms related to search frictions and better skill-development at large firms. Together, these findings shed light on how heterogeneous firms persistently impact young workers' trajectories.

Management of civil services and the supply of civil servants

AbstractThis study proposes an organization–person framework and examines whether management of public officials shapes capable young elites' preferences of government jobs. Using a conjoint experiment in China, we find that monetary and nonmonetary traits of governments jobs alter capable young elites' motivations to engage in public service. In particular, merit‐based selection rule and high wages attract more capable young elites to serve in public services. In contrast, campaign‐style corruption investigation may deter them from serving in government. Furthermore, the effects of civil service management are contingent upon individuals' attributes. Individuals with political connections are less likely to prefer merit‐based selection rules and more likely care about the economic return on government jobs, but intensive corruption investigation is more likely to crowd out those with weak public service motivation.

A Study on the Constraints faced by the Vegetable Growers in Mallawan Block of Hardoi District in Uttar Pradesh, India

Training is the analytical process for human resource development as well as also playsan essential role in hastening of particular attitude among human behaviours. Moreover, training is a tool for accomplishingintervention of thelevel of human resource, that becomesincreasingly and pivotalfor the development substantially in all fields with an extending satisfaction in technology. The present investigation was aimed to observe the constraints faced by the vegetable growers in the production of vegetable cultivation. The data of constraints were assembled and analysed by using Garret’s ranking methodology to develop a quantitative position of each constraint. Likewise, data findings were showed that thevegetable growersfacedtechnological, resource, market and miscellaneous constraints. Among technological constraints, lack of knowledge about improved varieties, seed rate including sowing time were prominent. Similarly,regarding resource constraints, high costs of pesticides were more dominant. Furthermore, in case of market constraints, non- remunerative price and poor marketing facilities results, high risk which wasdominant. And last one is miscellaneous constraint, non-availability of labour during peak season and high wages. Therefore, numerous field level constraints faced by the vegetable growers had been recognized as well as categorized into the circumstances for training needs.

Effect of the farmer term of trade and farmworkers wages on rural unemployment and poverty in Indonesia

This study aims to determine the determinants of the welfare of agricultural sector workers who come from poor households in rural areas. The exchange rate of farmers and the wages of farm laborers will affect the level of employment in the agricultural sector, which in turn will affect the level of rural poverty. The methodology used in this study uses a panel data regression model with a recursive equation model. The best model for unemployment estimation is the random effect model, while the best model for poverty estimation is the fixed effect model. The results showed that the daily wage of farm laborers had a significant negative effect on unemployment. This may be due to the fact that higher wages will increase the number of workers who are willing to work in the agricultural sector, so unemployment will fall. While the unemployment variable has a significant positive effect on the level of rural poverty. The practical implication of these research findings is that to reduce poverty in rural areas, efforts from the government are needed to increase the wages of farm laborers, as the government sets minimum wages in the formal sector. The higher daily wages of agricultural laborers will attract unemployed people in villages to work in the agricultural sector.

Analysis of Survival Strategies for Illegal Indonesian Workers in Malaysia

The increase in illegal Indonesian workers (TKI) every year is a polemic in itself; the opportunity to become an illegal TKI can be detrimental to the state and individual TKI because they will not get their rights and are vulnerable to problems with inappropriate labor administration. The Indonesian government must immediately resolve this problem to ensure that there are no more illegal Indonesian migrant workers coming to Malaysia. This research uses a qualitative method by collecting data through interviews, observation, and documentation from three sources on the survival of illegal migrant workers working in Malaysia. The analysis uses spatial and narrative analysis. This is a novelty in this research and direct observations in the field by the author. The research results show that the main factors for illegal migrant workers going to Malaysia are the availability of jobs, high wages, and the lure of families working there. The workers chose to be illegal because they did not have a valid visa, did not want to renew their advanced visa or a tourist visa, and switched to becoming workers in Malaysia. As for surviving as an illegal worker, the survival strategy for surviving as an illegal worker is to carry out economic, social, legal, and political survival strategies. This research is important to follow up on because many Indonesian citizens are still interested in working abroad illegally and not complying with established regulations, which can harm various parties.

Perceived Barriers to the Adoption of Climate Smart Adaptive Livelihood Technology by the Farmers in Flood Prone Areas of Assam

Flood is an annual major natural disaster of Assam. It causes a huge loss to human, animal, crop, infrastructures and natural resources. Since agriculture is the prime source of livelihood and majority of inhabitants resides in rural areas, the impact of flood has a vital role in the living conditions of Assam’s population. In the present study different kinds of barriers were identified which found to create resistance in the resilience building by the farmers in the studied area. Here the Garrett’s ranking technique was used to rank the barriers associated with the resilience building by the farmers in the study area. The problem of limited skills upon climate smart adaptive livelihood technology (CSALT) got the highest mean score of 65.55 and ranked 1st among all the identified problems. However, the last rank was given to the problem of limited resources with farmers to invest in CSALT having mean score 44.44. It was seen that after the extension problem the other key problems in descending order of value were economic problem such as unavailability of quality seeds and planting materials at right time, unavailability of labour in vital period of farming, in addition to which higher wage and lack of post harvest technologies and marketing facilities were also observed along with communication and information problems and socio-personal problem. Moreover reluctance to take up new project due to deprived risk taking ability, lack of awareness and skill on advanced farming technologies, lack of interest in cultivation due to poor return in short term with poor educational status of the farmers were some of the observed barriers.

Offshoring and job polarisation between firms

Using linked employer–employee data for Germany, we provide evidence for job polarisation between firms and identify offshoring as an important determinant of these employment changes. To accommodate these findings, we set up a model in which offshoring to a low-wage country can lead to job polarisation in the high-wage country due to a reallocation of labour across firms that differ in productivity and pay wages that are positively linked to their profits. Offshoring is chosen only by the most productive firms, and only for those tasks with the lowest variable offshoring costs. A reduction in those variable costs increases offshoring at the intensive and at the extensive margin. Well in line with our evidence, this causes domestic employment shifts from the newly offshoring firms in the middle of the productivity distribution to firms at the tails of this distribution, paying either very low or very high wages.

Urban unemployment, environmental preservation and trade policies in a small open economy with open access renewable resources

This study presents a two-sector dynamic analytical model that examines the impact of trade policies on urban poverty reduction and resource conservation, given that institutionally fixed high urban wages are assumed in the context of the Harris-Todaro model. Rural resource-good and urban manufacturing activities generate simultaneous environmental pressures that can detrimentally impact environmental preservation in a small, open economy. Moreover, this study assumes that the polluting manufacturing sector is the primary cause of environmental degradation and represents a relatively more industrialized developing country. The study finds that raising the import tax on rural resource goods can reduce urban unemployment but worsen environmental quality under dynamic resource conditions. Given institutional distortions, the most efficient policy is to implement a rural income subsidy combined with an urban wage subsidy at a lower rate; alternatively, if the income inequality between regions is sufficiently high, an income tax on urban manufactured goods could be considered. Finally, when considering the endogenous resolution of institutional distortions, an increase in the import tax on rural resource goods can resolve rural institutional distortions, shifting from poorly defined resource management to a perfect private management system. In contrast, implementing an export tariff policy on urban manufactured goods reduces the incentive for rural institutional reform while addressing urban institutional failure.

Career Counselling Chatbot on Facebook Messenger using AI

We have increasingly seen that new graduates have difficulty finding a job, which they often work in different jobs than the ones they graduated from, and that employees are not satisfied with their career choices. One reason for this may be the lack of practical, useful education when a person is in college or has just graduated from college. Chatbots are very useful and a topic of interest in the field of computer science and artificial intelligence due to their ability to emulate experts in different applications and replicate human interaction on multiple levels. Research shows that using chatbots to provide career advice can be an effective way to provide these services in an environment where counselors work. The lack of good and appropriate vocational training means that young people begin to look for jobs that their parents have chosen for them, or jobs chosen only for high wages. These decisions will be made regardless of whether; they are in the person's best interests and interests. This can cause a person to be dissatisfied with their job, which affects not only their personal health but also the overall efficiency of their work. Therefore, the development of chatbots will better inform users and help them choose jobs. This will enable them to consider jobs that they do not expect to be more fulfilling and fulfilling than jobs that do not align with their interests. Research and development software was used in this study. According to the research method, the research was conducted to collect information about people's thoughts about their career choices and what kind of job training they want from the system. In addition, the latest research on career guidance was taken into account when creating the basis of the survey. This information is used to develop a chatbot on the Facebook Messenger platform using objects powered using tools such as the Facebook SDK, Messenger Platform API and JavaScript, as well as the Wit.ai API that supports natural language usage smart technology. Chatbots can understand user input and provide relevant and appropriate responses reliably and instantly. Overall, it is hoped that the results obtained will create a positive impression of the implementation of the system and thus become a valuable asset for any school or institution wishing to use the system.