Glass Powder Research Articles

Experimental study on long-term impermeability of recycled aggregate concrete mixed with crystalline admixture and waste glass powder

The impermeability of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) presents challenges for underground engineering, particularly concerning its larger pore. Combining crystalline admixture (CA) with waste glass powder (WGP) offers a feasible solution to enhance impermeability. To understand the collaborative mechanism of CA and WGP in improving RAC impermeability and establish an accurate mixture ratio, we conducted compressive strength tests and a series of permeability tests on WGP and CA modified recycled aggregate concrete (WRC). These tests involved different CA contents (0%, 1%, and 2%) and varying WGP replacement rates (0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%). Our findings indicated that when the WGP substitution rate exceeds 10%, the strength of the WRC decreases by approximately 23%. In contrast, the overall decline is about 5% when the CA content increases from 0% to 2%. Therefore, the WGP emerges as the primary factor influencing the compressive strength of WRC. Meanwhile, The WGP and CA play a major role in enhancing the short-term and long-term impermeability of WRC, respectively. Additionally, When the WGP substitution rate increases from 0% to 30% on same CA content, the RC increases by approximately 2%, indicating that elevated WGP content enhances the effectiveness of CA. Finally, the optimal combination to improve the impermeability of WRC is 10% WGP substitution and 1% CA content. Microscopic tests analyses show that under the influence of CA and WGP, C–S–H gel, C-A-S-H gel, and Ettringite are produced inside the WRC, effectively blocking pores and cracks, thus improving the specimen's impermeability. This research not only holds the potential to elevate impermeability but also offers a solution to the issue of waste glass accumulation, contributing to global sustainable development.

Effects of Different Oxidation Methods on the Wetting and Diffusion Characteristics of a High-Alumina Glass Sealant on 304 Stainless Steel

Glass-to-metal seals are a very important element in the construction of vacuum tubes, electric discharge tubes, pressure-tight glass windows in metal cases, and metal or ceramic packages of electronic components. This paper presents the influence of different pretreatment methods on the high-temperature wettability of 304 stainless steel by high-alumina glass sealing. The pretreatment of the steel included laser surface melting and pre-oxidizing. The bonding characteristics of glass and stainless steel directly depend on the wettability in terms of the measured wetting angle, the type of oxide formed at the stainless steel surface, and the microstructural changes during the manufacturing process. The oxide film thickness on the stainless steel surface was evaluated to determine the optimal parameters. The film was wetted with high-alumina glass powder at different temperatures. The results showed that pre-oxidation decreased the wetting angle from 56.2° to 33.6°, while for the laser-melted surface, the wetting angle decreased from 49.8° to 31.5°. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that the oxide film on the laser-melted surface was thicker and denser than that formed on the pre-oxidized surface. The present work shows that laser surface melting has a greater beneficial influence on the wetting and diffusion characteristics of 304 stainless steel sealed by high-alumina glass.

The use of Egyptian volcanic glass powder as a potential source for improving the properties of alkali-activated fly ash cement

In this article, for the first time, the potential use of Egyptian volcanic glass powder (VGP) has emerged as an intriguing option. The intriguing potential advantages of incorporating VGP into alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) cement were explored. The volcanic glass (VG) was brought from the Egyptian eastern desert quarry in the form of lumps and fragments. To utilize it effectively, the VG was crushed and ground before being mixed with fly ash (FA). Various proportions of VGP ranging from 10% to 70% were blended with FA as a partial substitution. Both plain FA and those blended with VGP were then activated using an alkaline activator, resulting in the creation of alkali-activated cement. An investigation was conducted to assess the effect of various ratios of VGP on the flowability, compressive strength up to 90 days, resistance of drying/wetting cycles, crystalline phases, hydration products, and microstructures of AAFA cement. The results confirmed a positive effect of AAFA properties with including VGP. The obtained blended cement can be used in several potential applications such as in roadways, bridges and tunnels, facades and cladding, indoor and outdoor floorings, as well as aerospace and defense industries due to its high durability to resist the degradation caused by wetting/drying cycles.

Optimization and Characterization of Cementitious Composites Combining Maximum Amounts of Waste Glass Powder and Treated Glass Aggregates

This work investigates the combined use of waste glass aggregates (GA) and glass powder (GP) in cementitious mortars. For this reason, the optimized incorporation of GA by natural aggregates (NA) replacements was first studied after applying a surface roughening method with hydrofluoric acid. The compressive strength results were utilized to select the best mixture with GA. Then, different GP contents were added by cements substitutions to the optimized GA-based mortar. A control mortar without GA and GP amounts was also casted as a reference for comparison. The detailed mechanical, physical and durability properties of the resulted mixtures with combined GA and GP were assessed by considering the compressive and flexural strengths, ultra-sonic pulse velocity, alkali-silica reaction (ASR), rapid chloride permeability test (RCPT), magnesium sulphate attack and sulfuric acid resistance. The microstructure of different optimized (GA + GP)-combinations was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS)in order to analyse the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between glass materials and the surrounding matrix. The results showed that the optimized composition with 75% GA and 25% GP was shown with high compacity and durability characteristics due to the increased GA/matrix ITZ and the formation of C–(N,K)–S–H products with C–S–H.

Durability and ecological assessment of low-carbon high-strength concrete with short AR-glass fibers: Effects of high-volume of solid waste materials

The goal of this research is to improve the mechanical characteristics and durability of concrete while adhering to green and sustainable development principles. Portland cement (PC) was replaced with ceramic waste powder (CWP), glass powder (GP), and granite waste powder (GWP) to create the low-carbon, high-strength concrete (HSC). These materials were incorporated at 0–50% as a partial replacement of PC. The short alkali-resistant (AR-) glass fiber content was added by 1.0% of the PC content. The changes in strength, microstructure, pore structure, as well as ecological assessment of HSCs was investigated. Various experiments on the durability properties and elevated temperature resistance of HSC were performed. The experimental results show that mechanical properties of HSC with 10%GP and 20%GWP were maximally enhanced at 28d, while the mechanical properties of HSC with 50% of all wastes are decreased. It was found also that HSC containing CWP showed significant reductions in carbonation depth (up to 65.89% lower than the control mixture), especially at higher replacement levels. Furthermore, the increment in substitution level of CWP has found an increment in pore volume, resulting in a reduction in preliminary strength performance. It was observed that a 50% substitution level of GP and GWP reduced the water penetration depth by 47.71% and 65.7% compared to the control mixture, respectively. The residual strength after 600 °C exposure for 10%CWP, 10% GP, and 20% GWP retained about 34.10%, 32.32%, and 43.29%, respectively, from their original strength. XRD tests and SEM micrographs showed that adding 10%GP and 20%GWP improve the hydration reactions. Finally, environmental assessments revealed that incorporating CWP, GP, and GWP into HSC led to reduced costs, energy consumption, and carbon footprint.

Effects of carbonation curing on chemical attack in cement paste incorporating liquid-crystal display glass powder as a partial binder replacement

This study investigates the chemical resistance of cement paste by incorporating liquid-crystal display (LCD) glass powder as a partial replacement for cement. The samples, cured under water and carbonation, were subjected to adverse chemical attacks over a period of up to 90 days, using MgSO4 and H2SO4 for the sulphate attack and acid attack, respectively. The results demonstrate a decrease in compressive strength by upto 14.63% and 32.32% for water- and carbonation-cured samples, respectively, and an increase in carbonation degree by upto 100% with the incorporation of glass powder at 28 days. Under sulphate attack, water curing and carbonation curing displayed strength increase of 21.24% to 36.13% and 7.56% to 8.06%, respectively, at 90 days. However, carbonation-cured samples experienced greater leaching of silica and calcium. The compressive strength decreased with acid attack duration, with glass powder incorporation mitigating strength loss in carbonation-cured samples. At 30 days, with an incorporation rate of 30% glass powder, the strength loss was reduced by 37.66% for the carbonation-cured samples. The enhanced resistance with incorporation of glass powder was also evident from mercury intrusion porosimetry results that indicated decreased intrusion levels. Visual inspection revealed a different consistency of white substance deposition, suggesting resistance mechanisms differed between curing methods.

Recycling of incinerated sewage sludge ash and waste glass powder in alkali-activated slag for sewer rehabilitation

A new era has dawned in the manufacturing of cement-free binders with appropriate mechanical strengths and durability to combat CO2 emissions. However, the assessment of their performance in extreme conditions is ongoing. Here, we attempted to use incinerated sewage sludge ash (ISSA), a waste product of sewage sludge incineration that contains limited amounts of heavy metals, along with waste glass powder (GP) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), as precursors to produce cement-free binders through alkali-activation. The alkali-activated materials (AAMs) were then subjected to an intensified sewage corrosion test for 6 months. The aim was to utilize the heavy metals in the ISSA as biocides to resist the biogenic acid attack on the AAMs. The experimental results indicated that superior performance was achieved by using a ternary binder prepared with ISSA, GP, and GGBS under biogenic acid simulation. Such enhanced durability can be attributed to the low Ca content in the resulting alkali-activated gels, which also reduced the grain size of gypsum formed and prevented expansion deterioration. Furthermore, the slow release of heavy metals from the AAMs prepared with the ISSA, evidenced by the leaching test results, was able to inhibit microbial growth.

Variation of Mechanical Properties and Temperature Control in Hot Asphalt Mixtures through the Incorporation of Glass Powder, Province of Huancayo

Variation of Mechanical Properties and Temperature Control in Hot Asphalt Mixtures through the Incorporation of Glass Powder, Province of Huancayo

Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Recycled Bottle Glass Powder Substitute

Concrete is a material that is widely used in the construction of structural buildings. One of the influential factors for obtaining high quality concrete is the aggregate gradation. If the aggregate gradation has a small size and varies, it can reduce the porosity of the concrete so that the concrete becomes denser which makes the quality of the concrete high. In order to use aggregates with fine gradations, this study proposes glass powder derived from glass bottle waste as a partial replacement for fine aggregates. The glass powder used is in the sizes about 0.150 mm - 0.075 mm. Then, the maximum size of 15 mm for the coarse aggregate and the fine aggregate with the gradation of zone 4 (fine sand) were used for the concrete mix. The purpose of this study is to investigate the mechanical properties of concrete i.e. the compressive and split tensile strength of concrete with glass powder as a partial substitution of fine aggregates with a percentage of 10%, 15%, and 20% at a concrete age of 28 days. This study uses the testing method that refers to ASTM standard. From the test results, it was found that the compressive strength of concrete with 20% glass powder variation (GPC 20%) increased by 11.32% with a value of 38.97MPa compared to the compressive strength of normal concrete (NC) with a value of 35.01 MPa. For the split tensile strength, the concrete with a 20% glass powder variation increased by 15% with a value of 2.71 MPa compared to the split tensile strength of normal concrete with a value of 2.36 MPa. The results showed that the use of glass powder as a partial replacement for fine aggregate in this study was reasonably good to improve its mechanical properties.

Crack development and fracture performance of Recycled Powder Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC): Experimental investigation

In this paper, recycled concrete powder (RCP) and recycled brick powder (RBP), with particle sizes ranging from 10 to 130 μm, are used to completely replace the fine aggregate quartz sand at a ratio of 1:1. On this basis, recycled glass powder (RGP), with a discussed particle sizes range of 38–300 μm, is used to partially substitute the cementitious materials. Polyethylene (PE) fibers are used as the reinforcement in the Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC). Using the particle size range and substitution rate of RGP as variables, the crack development, crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD), fracture toughness and fracture energy of Recycled glass powder ECC (RGP-ECC) were discussed through a three-point bending experiment on a single-edge notch beam. A relatively comprehensive evaluation was made on the fracture performance and behavior of recycled ECC, and a suitable mix ratio of recycled powder ECC was given. The results show that the addition of various recycled powders will not affect the multi-slit cracking behavior of ECC, and the cracks can still spread densely, giving the specimen greater deformation capacity and CMOD. The total substitution of fine aggregate by RCP and RBP has a positive impact on the fracture toughness KICini, KICun and fracture energy (GF), but the addition of RGP has some minor negative effects. Among the particle size range and substitution rate of RGP, the influence of substitution rate is more obvious, and the fracture performance will show a downward trend after growth as the substitution rate increases. Choosing the appropriate RGP substitution rate and particle size range can maximize the recycling of construction waste while ensuring fracture performance.

ANOVA-guided assessment of waste glass and limestone powder influence on ultra-high-performance concrete properties

Ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) possesses remarkable structural and durability characteristics, yet its widespread acceptance is hindered by cost inefficiency and environmental concerns. To address these challenges, this study investigates the impact of waste glass and limestone powder as partial substitutes for silica fume and cement in UHPC. For this, three distinct formulations are studied (Control, Optimized-1, and Optimized-2), representing different dosages of waste glass and limestone powder. The research focuses on six critical properties (compressive strength, modulus of elasticity, ultrasonic pulse velocity, initial surface absorption, density absorption, voids, and chloride ion penetration) evaluated at different ages (1, 7, 28, and 90 days for compressive strength, and 7, 28, and 90 days for the remaining properties). So, a total of 171 test specimens were examined, with 3 samples for each age and formulation. Statistical analysis, using ANOVA, assessed and confirmed the significance of the factors in the experimental results. The findings provide comprehensive insights into the UHPC formulations, highlighting the influence of waste glass and limestone powder on specified properties over varying ages. The research reveals that, despite the optimized blends exhibiting lower compressive strength values, all mixes surpass the 150 MPa threshold for cylindrical samples at the 90-day mark. Moreover, the Control mix consistently outperforms the optimized blends in modulus of elasticity at all ages, meeting ACI 239 criteria. The void content analysis shows encouraging trends, with all formulations displaying voids of less than 5% on the seventh day, improving during the curing process. Notably, Optimized-2 demonstrates superior performance over the Control mix after 90 days. Chloride ion penetration is minimal for all blends after 90 days, confirming the effectiveness of mineral admixtures. ANOVA analysis confirms significant impacts of formulation and age on various UHPC characteristics, emphasizing the consistent reduction in performance with alternative mineral additions. The interaction between formulation and age implies variations in property evolution, suggesting potential convergence with alternative formulations.

Phenomenological description of the effect of glass dissolution on cement paste evolution in an integrated glass dissolution experiment

The interaction between nuclear glass surrogate and ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was investigated through integrated static leach tests conducted at ambient temperature. Tests were performed in stainless-steel cells in which OPC hydrated cement pastes were separated from glass powders by a stainless-steel filter. This article gives a phenomenological description of the processes affecting the hydrated cement paste arising from glass dissolution. The results show that the ingress of Si from glass dissolution leads to the degradation of the cement paste over a distance of 100–200 μm within 900 days of interaction. The Hardened Cement Paste (HCP) is affected by two main processes, which are the pozzolanic reaction and the alkali-silica reaction (ASR). These processes lead to porosity changes of HCP in contact with the stainless-steel filter and significant changes in the diffusive properties of the HCP. Especially, the effect of such processes on boron and lithium retention was studied and showed that precipitation of ASR-like gel and low Ca/Si C–S–H (Calcium Silicate Hydrate) highly retain these two elements. In the presence of an Al-rich glass (SM539), ASR is unlikely due to the preferential formation of C-A-S-H (Calcium Aluminium Silicate Hydrate).

Shear properties and failure mechanisms of adhesive bonded composite joint: Effect of glass particle reinforcement

AbstractHigh‐performance composite structures and effective joining processes are important for shipbuilding, and aerospace sectors to perform better in challenging situations. The importance of this study is to analyze the effect of glass powder‐modified adhesive and joining techniques such as co‐curing (CC), co‐bonding (CB), and secondary bonding (SB) on flexural, shear, and free vibrational characteristics such as natural frequency and damping factor for glass fiber‐reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites. Results revealed that, compared to SB and CB composite joints, 1 wt.% glass powder‐modified CC composite single lap joints (SLJ) enhanced the shear properties by 103.04% and 111.74%, respectively, due to rougher surface formation in the adhesive layer. As a result, it enhanced the fiber's adhesion to the matrix. On the other hand, CC bonded joints with 1 wt.% of glass powder exhibited the highest flexural strength (85.99 Mpa). The experimental free vibrational analysis showed that 1 wt.% glass powder CC composite had a high natural frequency, whereas higher wt.% glass powder increased the damping properties due to the matrix and fiber interaction. The current research reveals that CC technique with 1 wt.% of glass powder provided a significant improvement to the adhesively bonded composite's mechanical and free vibrational characteristics.Highlights Four distinct wt.% of glass powder were used to prepare the glass powder‐modified adhesive by sonication. SLJ glass fiber‐reinforced polymer composite joints were fabricated through CC, CB, and SB techniques Maximum shear and flexural strength were found at CC SLJ 1 wt.% glass powder. CC SLJ 1 wt.% glass powder enhanced better vibrational behavior. Failure surface analysis was conducted using FE‐SEM images.

Effect of industrial wastes on the properties of sustainable ultra-high-performance concrete: Ganite, ceramic, and glass

The creation of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) requires a huge amount of cement. However, the production of cement raises environmental concerns related to non-renewable resources, carbon dioxide emissions, and global warming. To overcome these issues, it was necessary to expand the production of eco-friendly, sustainable ultra-high-performance concrete (SUHPC) by applying procedures to minimize cement use. This research was able to produce SUHPC with compressive strengths ranging from 168 to 233 MPa at 91 d under standard curing by employing industrial wastes such as granite dust, ceramic powder, and glass powder as a partial replacement of cement by about 26% of its weight, in addition to using crushed granite, ceramic, and glass as a 50% and 100% by volume substitute for sand within the concrete mixture. The influence of these industrial wastes on the mechanical and physical characteristics of SUHPC was investigated. Additionally, the temperature studies on the SUHPC containing industrial wastes and the analysis of the microstructure were presented. The study revealed that replacing some of the cement with granite powder and all of the sand with crushed granite in the SUHPC mixture led to the highest compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity. Specifically, the mixture achieved 196.7 MPa compressive strength, 21.9 MPa splitting tensile strength, 30.3 MPa flexural strength, and 61,010 MPa modulus of elasticity after 28 d. Furthermore, the replacement significantly improved the SUHPC's physical properties. For instance, it reduced water permeability by 18.83%. However, adding glass to the SUHPC mixture negatively impacted both its mechanical and physical characteristics.

Synthesis of Analcime Zeolite from Glass Powder Waste and Aluminium Anodizing Waste

Synthesis of Analcime Zeolite from Glass Powder Waste and Aluminium Anodizing Waste

Effects of air-entraining agents and glass powder on the electromagnetic wave transmission and mechanical performances of sulfoaluminate cement

This study prepared a sulfoaluminate cement with high electromagnetic wave transmission performance by adding air entraining agent and glass powder and revealed the related mechanism. The test results showed the air-entraining agents and glass powder cannot affect the type of hydration products of the sulfoaluminate cement. The addition of the air-entraining agents and glass powder reduced the dielectric constant of the SAC while increasing the magnetic permeability. The air-entraining agents and glass powder increased the transmittance with a maximum value of 60.2 %, illustrating the electromagnetic wave transmission performance of the sulfoaluminate cement could be improved. The electrical resistivity of the sulfoaluminate cement with the air-entraining agents and glass powder did not change significantly because the air-entraining agents increased the electrical resistivity and the effect of the glass powder was the opposite. The strengths of the sulfoaluminate cement with the air-entraining agents and glass powder decreased.

Assessment of thermal and mechanical properties of fly ash based geopolymer blocks with a sustainability perspective using multi-criteria decision-making approach

Owing to the raising consciousness about the environment, geopolymers are slowly gaining the trust of researchers globally as the potential alternatives for the conventional building materials. Though, geopolymer emit far less CO2 than conventional building materials, the distance between the source and production site for a particular raw material can have significant impact on the environment. Thus, apart from meeting the mechanical and physical requirement of a building material, it must satisfy the sustainability requirement as well. Therefore, a combination of experimental and analytical method is adopted to select the optimal design mix to produce sustainable geopolymer block which fulfills the performance requirements as well. While compressive and flexural strength test were performed on the geopolymer block made using fly ash (FA) as the primary precursor and glass powder (GP) and steel slag (SS) as the partial replacement to ascertain its mechanical performance, physical performance was assessed by conducting tests like water absorption, bulk density, and thermal conductivity. The sustainability of geopolymer block is assessed by computing sustainability index based on embodied energy, global warming potential and global temperature potential. Multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach is then used to select the most optimal mix for geopolymer block production based on the mechanical, physical and sustainability index of each mix for geopolymer. A combination of FA-SS prepared with 14 M NaOH was found to be most sustainable based on the MDCM approach.

Experimental Research on Concrete Strength Parameters: Glass Powder with Different Dosages Replacing Cement in M25 & M30 Concrete

Waste products, agricultural waste, and other natural elements are currently the focus of scientific attention as they seek to create technologies that may be used as building raw materials. On the other hand, recycling helps build a cleaner, safer environment while also boosting the economy. The purpose of this research is to find out how much stronger concrete becomes when various glass particles are used in place of cement in M25 and M30 concrete mixes. Glass bottles and other bottles that end up in landfills are a byproduct of people's daily water use and other unsanitary practices. Land filling broken glass is an environmentally harmful and unsustainable practice since the material does not biodegrade. Glass is mostly composed of silica. The primary objective of this research is to examine the potential effects of using glass powder as a partial cement substitute in two distinct concrete grades, M25 and M30, at varying percentages (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% & 25% of the cement weight). On days 7, 14, and 28, we compared the findings to those of normal concrete by testing the strength and split tensile strength. Key Words: Cement, glass powder, natural sand, coarse aggregate, compressive strength, cracking tensile strength.

High temperature-resistance modification of the magnesium phosphate inorganic adhesive and its bond properties between CFRP sheets and concrete

The carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP)-strengthened concrete structures are faced with the great threat of fire due to the vulnerability of the epoxy organic adhesive to high temperature. The traditional epoxy organic adhesives are thus urgently needed to be replaced by the alternatives with high-temperature resistance. This paper explored the feasibility of using magnesium phosphate inorganic adhesive (MPIA) to serve as the bonding material for the CFRP-strengthened concrete structures. To this end, the high-temperature resistance modification of MPIA was conducted through the addition of glass powder (GP) in this study. The effects of the GP content ranging from 0% to 15% on the temperature development, mechanical property degradation, phase evolution and microstructural characteristics of the MPIA after exposure to different temperatures were investigated. The results showed that the glass powder could effectively fill the pores caused by the decomposition of the hydration products and the cracks caused by the shrinkage of MPIA matrix at elevated temperatures, which improved the microstructure of MPIA significantly and thus alleviated its strength degradation under high temperature. In terms of the mechanical properties, the MPIA with 10% GP (hereinafter referred to as TRMPIA) yielded the best high-temperature resistance. In addition, the interfacial bond property test after high temperature was also conducted on the concrete members strengthened with the CFRP sheets pasted by TRMPIA, and the test results were also compared with the specimens with epoxy served as the bonding material. The results showed that even after exposure to 600°C, the in-plane shear strength of TRMPIA still remained 14.0% of that at room temperature, while the bond strength of epoxy had been completely lost, which highlighted the advantage of high-temperature resistance of the modified MPIA served as the bonding material of CFRP-strengthened concrete structures.

Effect of TeO2 on sintering behavior and properties of B2O3-BaO-ZnO-SiO2-Al2O3 glass

The research on low-temperature lead-free glass is of great significance for the miniaturization, integration and intelligence of current electronic products, as well as environmental protection. In this article, we report the preparation of low-temperature lead-free B2O3-BaO-ZnO-SiO2-Al2O3-TeO2 glasses by a melt-quenching technique. With the increase of TeO2 content in glass, the glass transition temperature and melting temperature of sintered glass powder decrease, while its wettability and acid corrosion resistance show an increasing trend. The application of glass powder in the sintering experiment of terminal electrode slurry further proves this viewpoint. Compared with the poor sintering performance of the slurry with TeO2-free glass powder, the slurry containing TeO2 glass powder forms a very dense sintered solid, and the sintered slurry is tightly bonded to the ceramic substrate.