To investigate the association between retinal microcirculation and renal function in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (cSLE) patients with lupus nephritis (LN). This cross-sectional study involved 22 cSLE patients with LN (group 1), 24 cSLE patients without LN (group 2), and 23 normal controls (group 3). All participants underwent slit-lamp examination, best-corrected visual acuity testing, intraocular pressure measurement, fundus photography, and optical coherence tomography. Vessel density (VD) of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP), intermediate capillary plexus (ICP), deep capillary plexus (DCP), and choriocapillaris (CC), as well as the fovealavascular zone (FAZ) area, were measured from 4.5 × 4.5mm optical coherence tomography angiography images. Laboratory parameters of renal function were collected from the patients. There were no statistical differences in the thickness of the whole, inner, and outer layers of the fovea among the three groups. The VD of the SCP decreased progressively from group 3 to group 2 to group 1. The VD of the ICP differed significantly only between group 1 and group 3 (P = 0.004). Compared with group 3, the VD of the CC in groups 1 and 2 decreased (P = 0.030 and P = 0.005, respectively), while the FAZ area increased (P = 0.013 and P = 0.005, respectively). The VD of the DCP did not differ significantly among the three groups. A positive correlation was found between creatinine and the VD of the SCP (r = 0.338, P = 0.021). The VD of the SCP showed diagnostic accuracy in discriminating between cSLE patients with and without LN (AUC = 0.706, P = 0.017). In cSLE patients with nephritis, the VD of the SCP decreases further. Although this decline does not parallel the severity of nephritis, it may help identify cSLE patients with nephritis. Key Points • Retinal blood flow of cSLE patients is affected even before visual acuity is impaired or lupus retinopathy develops. • When cSLE patients are complicated with LN, the VD of the SCP is further reduced.

To evaluate retinal microvascular and structural changes in patients undergoing hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) therapy using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in patients without clinical retinopathy. This prospective cross-sectional study enrolled both eyes of 59 age-matched control cases (Group 1) with 118 eyes from 59 HCQ-treated patients (27 with < 60 months of treatment [Group 2], 32 with ≥ 60 months [Group 3]) at Farabi Hospital (2020-2022). All participants underwent a comprehensive ophthalmic evaluation, including spectral-domain OCTA (Optovue RTVue XR Avanti). The inner, mid- and outer retinal layer thicknesses (IRT, MRT, ORT) and superficial, deep retinal vascular densities and choroidal vascular densities (SVD, DVD, CVD) were analyzed using ETDRS grids. We employed generalized estimating equations with a Bonferroni correction to compare groups. The Group 3 (≥ 60-month consumption of HCQ) demonstrated significant reductions in foveal inner retinal thickness (IRT) (43.25 ± 7.07 vs. 48.84 ± 8.71μm, p = 0.002) and parafoveal outer retinal thickness (ORT) (146.14 ± 6.77 vs. 151.8 ± 9.94μm, p = 0.002) compared to controls. OCTA analysis showed that foveal DVD and CVD were lower in Group 3 compared with Group 1, whereas parafoveal DVD was increased in Group 3. Moreover, Group 2 cases indicated choroidal changes compared with the control group. Duration and cumulative dose of HCQ consumption negatively correlated with foveal SVD and IRT, alongside a positive correlation with parafoveal DVD and FAZ. GEE regression revealed that longer treatment duration and higher cumulative dose were independently associated with reduced foveal IRT (β=-0.002, p = 0.03; β=-0.013, p = 0.046), reduced foveal SVD (β=-0.002, p = 0.003; β=-0.014, p = 0.006), and an enlarged FAZ area (β = 0.161, p = 0.039). OCTA suggests possible progressive retinal microvascular attenuation in HCQ therapy, with alterations observed after 60 months of treatment despite normal functional testing. Parafoveal DVD seems to be a key feature, underscoring the potential for OCTA's utility in monitoring HCQ retinopathy.

Trimester-resolved longitudinal OCTA analysis of retinal and choriocapillaris microvascular changes in healthy, gestational diabetes, and preeclampsia pregnancies.

Optical coherence tomography angiogropahy changes in patients with diabetic retinopathy treated with panretinal photocoagulation: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Long-Term Reproducibility of OCT Angiography Parameters in Patients with High Myopia.

To evaluate subclinical retinal and peripapillary microvascular alterations in pediatric patients with Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) without ocular involvement using optical coherence tomography angiography. This prospective observational study included 95 right eyes of 95 children aged 5 years to 15 years, comprising 40 patients with HSP and 55 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent comprehensive ophthalmologic examination and optical coherence tomography angiography imaging. Quantitative parameters included superficial capillary plexus and deep capillary plexus vessel densities (VD) in foveal, parafoveal, and perifoveal regions; foveal avascular zone area; radial peripapillary capillary-VD; and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness. Intergroup comparisons and correlation analyses between optical coherence tomography angiography metrics and disease duration, clinical finding score, and disease activity score were performed in the HSP group. Baseline ocular parameters were comparable between the HSP and control groups, except for lower central corneal thickness ( P = 0.002). Optical coherence tomography angiography revealed significantly decreased foveal superficial capillary plexus-VD ( P = 0.003) and decreased deep capillary plexus-VD in the nasal perifoveal region ( P = 0.004) in patients with HSP. Correlation analysis revealed that foveal avascular zone area positively correlated with disease duration (r = 0.48, P = 0.001), whereas parafoveal superficial capillary plexus-VD negatively correlated with clinical finding score (r = -0.45, P = 0.004). In addition, nasal perifoveal deep capillary plexus-VD showed significant negative correlations with both clinical finding score (r = -0.52, P < 0.001) and disease duration (r = -0.44, P = 0.005). Pediatric patients with HSP without clinical ocular involvement demonstrate measurable macular microvascular impairment and foveal avascular zone enlargement on optical coherence tomography angiography. Optical coherence tomography angiography may serve as a sensitive, noninvasive tool for early detection of subclinical retinal vascular alterations, facilitating risk stratification and individualized ophthalmic monitoring.

Optical coherence tomography angiography is widely used to detect choroidal neovascularization in retinal diseases, but acquiring high-density raster scans can prolong acquisition time and increase motion artifacts due to patient fatigue. This study evaluates whether the 250 kHz ultrahigh-speed mode (3× faster than baseline) reduces scan time and motion artifacts while maintaining image quality compared with the FDA-approved 125 kHz mode. Fifty-eight eyes underwent 10°×10° fovea-centered optical coherence tomography angiography imaging using both modes. In 38 choroidal neovascularization eyes, AngioTool was used to analyze vascular metrics. In 20 nonchoroidal neovascularization eyes, superficial foveal avascular zone area was measured using ImageJ. Two masked retina specialists graded paired images for image quality, motion artifacts, and clinical diagnosis. Acquisition time was recorded. The 250 kHz mode reduced acquisition time by 43% (17.5 ± 9.0 seconds vs. 33.6 ± 20.7 seconds, P < 0.00001). Image quality and motion artifacts favored the 250 kHz mode. Clinical diagnosis was rated similarly across modes. Quantitative metrics, including vessel area, junctions, lacunarity, and foveal avascular zone area, showed no significant differences (all P > 0.1). This is the first intraindividual comparison of Heidelberg's 250 kHz and 125 kHz optical coherence tomography angiography modes. The findings demonstrate that ultrahigh-speed scanning can enhance efficiency and image quality without compromising diagnostic or quantitative utility, highlighting its potential clinical impact pending Food and Drug Administration approval.

To determine whether baseline retinal and choriocapillaris (CC) vascular features measured by OCT angiography (OCTA) can predict diabetic retinopathy (DR) progression or visual acuity (VA) decline in a multiethnic longitudinal cohort. Prospective longitudinal cohort study. A total of 309 eyes from 192 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were recruited from a tertiary eye center in Singapore. All participants underwent 3 × 3 mm swept-source OCTA imaging at baseline. Quantitative vascular parameters-including vessel density (VD), perfusion density (PD), and CC flow deficit percentage-were obtained from the superficial and deep retinal layers and from the CC. Larger retinal arterioles and venules were analyzed separately from capillary networks. Diabetic retinopathy progression was defined as a ≥2-step increase on the ETDRS severity scale over 2 years, while VA decline was defined as >1-line reduction in best-corrected VA. Logistic regression and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analyses were used to evaluate predictive performance. Progression of DR and VA decline over 2 years, as predicted by baseline OCTA metrics. Over 2 years, 49 eyes (15.9%) demonstrated DR progression. Significant predictors in the superficial layer included larger foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area (odds ratio [OR] = 6.612; P = 0.034), longer perimeter (OR = 1.583; P = 0.002), poorer circularity (OR = 3.23; P = 0.019), higher large-vessel PD (OR = 1.561; P < 0.001) and VD (OR = 2.878; P < 0.001), and lower whole-vessel VD (OR = 0.798; P = 0.010). Adding FAZ perimeter and large-vessel VD improved prediction accuracy (AUC increased from 0.709-0.822). For VA loss, higher superficial large-vessel PD (OR = 1.609; P = 0.002) and lower capillary PD (OR 0.8; P = 0.010) were significant predictors, improving AUC from 0.602 to 0.702. Enlargement and irregularity of the FAZ, along with increased superficial large VD, independently predict DR progression. Incorporating FAZ and large-vessel OCTA parameters enhances prediction models for both DR worsening and vision decline in patients with diabetes. Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

.SignificanceOptical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) represents a significant advance in noninvasive ophthalmic vascular imaging, yet existing reconstruction algorithms face challenges such as spectral leakage and motion artifacts, which can compromise image quality and the accuracy of subsequent clinical quantification. Improving OCTA reconstruction and developing robust, automated methods for clinical indicator extraction are crucial for enhancing diagnostic reliability and facilitating precise disease monitoring.AimWe aim to propose and validate an improved OCTA reconstruction method based on a smoothed Walsh window function to reduce spectral leakage while preserving axial resolution, coupled with an enhanced blood flow B-scan signal using retinal layer segmentation. Furthermore, we seek to develop and evaluate a fully automated pipeline for calculating key clinical indicators—including foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters and vessel density—based on local fractal dimension analysis.ApproachA spectral-domain OCT system was used to acquire volumetric retinal data from healthy volunteers. The reconstruction method utilized a smoothed Walsh window for full-spectrum splitting to mitigate spectral leakage, combined with a deep learning-based retinal layer segmentation algorithm and Otsu’s thresholding to enhance blood flow B-scan signals. For clinical quantification, local fractal dimension analysis was employed to segment vascular networks and FAZ regions automatically, from which perimeter, area, circularity index, and sectoral vessel density were computed.ResultsThe proposed reconstruction method demonstrated superior performance compared with traditional OMAG and SSADA algorithms, showing significant improvements in vessel connectivity, contrast (increase up to ), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR increase up to ). The FAZ segmentation based on local fractal dimension achieved a high similarity index of with manual ground truth, with low false positive () and false negative () rates. Intraclass correlation coefficients for FAZ area, perimeter, and circularity index all exceeded 0.90. Vessel density measurements across retinal sectors were consistent with established normative data.ConclusionsThe integration of a smoothed Walsh window function and retinal layer segmentation significantly enhances OCTA image quality and blood flow signal clarity. The local fractal dimension-based automated analysis pipeline provides accurate, reproducible quantification of FAZ morphology and vessel density, demonstrating strong agreement with manual annotations. This method offers a reliable framework for improving both OCTA reconstruction and the automated derivation of clinical indicators, supporting advanced ophthalmic diagnosis and longitudinal disease assessment.

Objective: To assess the change in macular vessel density and area of foveal avascular zone treated with anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor injection Bevacizumab in patients of diabetic macular edema with Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis. Study Design: Prospective longitudinal study Place and duration of Study: Armed Forces Institute of Ophthalmology Rawalpindi, Pakistan from Jan to Jun 2023. Methods: Patients diagnosed with diabetic macular edema underwent complete eye examination. Optical coherence tomography analysis was done to check macular vessel density of the superficial plexus and area of foveal avascular zone after treatment with single dose of intravitreal anti – Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Bevacizumab at baseline, two weeks and four weeks respectively. Results: A significant reduction in the macular vessel density (MVD) of the superficial vascular plexus was observed in both the right and left eyes at the 2nd week (right eye: 45.1 ± 0.9%; left eye: 45.0 ± 1.0%) and at the 4th week (right eye: 44.8 ± 0.8%; left eye: 44.5 ± 0.9%).The foveal avascular zone (FAZ) increased significantly post-injection in both eyes. Conclusion: Optical Coherence Tomography Analysis showed significant reduction in vessel density of the superficial vascular plexus and area of foveal avascular zone increased after a single intravitreal anti Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (anti VEGF) Injection Bevacizumab. It enables us to follow up patients on short term basis who respond to the single dose of anti-VEGF treatment at anatomical level by early detection of changes on OCTA and to ascertain the response to the treatment.

The foveal microvasculature of adult offspring of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.

Maternal retinal and choroidal microvascular alterations in late-onset fetal growth restriction assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography.

In addition to aortic manifestations, Marfan syndrome can affect retinal vessels. Our aim was to evaluate retinal circulation, and its correlation with genotype and cardiovascular manifestation identifying predictors of aortic involvement (dilation and/or dissection). In the retrospective, cross-sectional study, 39 Marfan syndrome patients with optical coherence tomography angiography records were included. Retinal thickness, superficial and deep vessel density in total retina, fovea, parafovea, perifovea, area and perimeter of foveal avascular zone, fractal dimension were measured. Two groups were created by mutation type: haploinsufficient, dominant negative. Latter were divided into two subgroups according to whether mutation resulted in cysteine elimination. Subjects were assigned into cardiovascular risk based on previous aortic surgery. Retina of haploinsufficient patients was thinner in total, foveal, parafoveal, perifoveal areas compared to dominant negative subjects (p ≤ 0.047). Retinal thickness of haploinsufficient individuals was thinner in total, parafoveal areas compared to dominant negative without (LSD p = 0.038, Bonferroni p = 0.027, respectively) and with cysteine elimination variants (LSD p = 0.032, Bonferroni p = 0.002, respectively). In fovea and perifovea, retinal thickness was decreased in haploinsufficient patients in comparison to dominant negative with cysteine elimination group (Bonferroni p ≤ 0.029). Total, parafoveal, perifoveal superficial and total, parafoveal deep vessel density of subjects who underwent aortic surgery were lower compared to non-operated patients (p ≤ 0.043). To the best of our knowledge, our study is the first to describe a relationship between genotype and optical coherence tomography angiography parameters in Marfan syndrome. These findings along with correlations between genetics and cardiovascular manifestations reported previously, suggest that these parameters may be indirect predictors of increased cardiovascular risk. Here we demonstrated associations between these parameters and aortic involvement.

To evaluate the association between visual field (VF) defects and retinal structural and perfusion biomarkers in eyes with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO), using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA). This retrospective cross-sectional study included 85 patients with unilateral BRVO. The eyes were classified as having either major or macular BRVO. VFs were assessed using the Humphrey 24-2 VF testing. Structural parameters were obtained from spectral-domain OCT for each parafoveal and perifoveal sublayer thickness in the superior and inferior fields. Perfusion parameters from 3×3 mm macular OCTA included vessel density (VD) in the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (DCPs), foveal avascular zone area, central non-perfusion area (NPA) and parafoveal NPA. Eyes were stratified by VF mean deviation (MD): Group 1 (significant VF defect, MD ≤-6 dB) and Group 2 (mild VF defect, MD >-6 dB). Intergroup comparisons, correlations and multivariate regression analyses were performed. Group 1 (n=27) had a significantly higher prevalence of major BRVO (96.3 vs 65.5%) than Group 2 (n=58). Group 1 showed thinner parafoveal ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) (76.8±14.7 vs. 87.9±11.9 µm; p<0.001) and outer plexiform layer (32.5±6.6 vs. 36.1±5.5 µm; p=0.024). Hemispheric VD in the DCP was lower in Group 1 (28.9±6.2% vs. 32.7±8.1%; p=0.031). In multivariate analysis, BRVO type and parafoveal GCIPL thickness were independent predictors of significant VF loss. VF impairment in BRVO was strongly associated with inner retinal thinning than with OCTA parameters. VF testing and structural OCT can be complemented by acuity-based assessments of BRVO.

Purpose To quantitatively assess the macular microvasculature after intravenous chemotherapy (IVC) for retinoblastoma (RB) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods A case control study compared the OCT and OCTA measurements of the macular thickness, macular vessel density (VD) in the superficial (SCP) and deep (DCP) capillary plexuses and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) parameters of sixteen eyes with extramacular group B retinoblastoma (group 1) to those of age matched: a) twenty fellow eyes of unilateral RB children (group 2), b) twenty-two normal eyes of healthy controls (group 3). Results There were no statistically significant differences between the three groups regarding the age at time of the study (12.6 ± 5, 11.7 ± 3.8, 10.8 ± 3.8 years, p = 0.404), the axial length (22.2 ± 0.69, 22.5 ± 0.97, 23 ± 0.96 mm, p = 0.064), or the spherical equivalent (1.11 ± 1.2, 0.87 ± 1.51 and 0.09 ± 1.52, p = 0.097). The differences between the three groups regarding foveal thickness (247 ± 23.8, 238 ± 13, 237 ± 14.7 um, p = 0.381), parafoveal thickness (319.9 ± 14.2, 319.4 ± 11.7, 319.8 ± 11.8 um, p = 0.994), FAZ area (0.308 ± 0.12, 0.314 ± 0.09, 0.338 ± 0.11 mm2, p = 0.650), VD of SCP (whole image) (47.1 ± 2.7, 48.6 ± 2.67, 47.5 ± 3.01%, p = 0.252) and VD of DCP (whole image) (50.5 ± 5.09, 52.6 ± 3.04, 52 ± 4.57%, p = 0.350) were not statistically significant. A statistically significant difference existed between the three groups regarding Log MAR visual acuity: median (IQR)=0.176 (0-0.176) for group 1, 0 (0-0.176) for group 2 and 0(0-0) for group 3, p = 0.005. Conclusion At a mean of 10 years following IVC for RB, no statistically significant alterations of macular vessel density were detected.

Longitudinal Microvascular Changes in Vascular Paralytic Strabismus: A Prospective Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography and Choroidal Vascularity Index Study

To examine the differences in retinal structure and vasculature between women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and normoglycemic pregnant controls. This was a systematic review of the available literature on retinal assessment in pregnancies with GDM compared with non-GDM controls, conducted in PubMed, EMBASE via Ovid, The Cochrane Library and Scopus databases in November 2025, following an a-priori designed and prospectively registered protocol. Studies examining the retina using any non-interventional method of retinal assessment in women with GDM compared to non-GDM controls were identified. Potentially eligible studies included prospective and retrospective cohort, case-control and population-based studies, as well as randomized controlled trials. The Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions version 2 (ROBINS-I V2) tool was used to evaluate the risk of bias of the included studies. A meta-analysis was not performed due to considerable heterogeneity in the reported methods of retinal assessment, retinal parameters examined, disease severity, diagnostic criteria for GDM and gestational age at the time of retinal examination. The electronic database search yielded 1326 results, of which 21 were eligible for full-text review and nine were included. Following citation screening for additional eligible studies, 10 studies were ultimately included in the systematic review. The methods of retinal assessment utilized in the included studies were cross-sectional and structural optical coherence tomography (OCT), optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and retinal fundus photography. Each method examined various retinal structural and vascular parameters. Studies examining retinal vascular metrics using retinal fundus photography and cross-sectional OCT found similar retinal arteriolar parameters, increased retinal venular parameters and a reduced retinal arteriovenous ratio in women with GDM compared with normoglycemic controls. Studies utilizing structural OCT reported that the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was decreased or similar in women with GDM vs non-GDM controls. Combinations of the ganglion cell layer (GCL) thickness, inner plexiform layer thickness and macular RNFL thickness were found to be lower in women with GDM. All studies reporting on other OCT parameters (acircularity index and retinal, macular and GCL thickness) found them to be similar between the two groups. The superficial and deep capillary plexus vessel densities, assessed using OCTA, were reported to be lower in women with GDM in some studies, whereas others found no significant difference between the two groups. For the remaining OCTA parameters (choriocapillaris vessel density, outer retinal vessel density, whole-image vessel density, foveal avascular zone area, foveal density and choriocapillaris flow area), no study identified significant differences between women with GDM and non-GDM controls. The ROBINS-I V2 tool found the risk of bias to be serious in six studies and moderate in four studies. Existing studies provide inconsistent evidence to clearly establish retinal structural or functional changes in pregnancies complicated by GDM. Future large-scale prospective studies are required to confirm these findings and evaluate whether the retinal changes observed in GDM persist postpartum. Such evidence may clarify their potential role as biomarkers of cardiovascular insult severity and inform stratified surveillance. © 2026 The Author(s). Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

PurposeTo investigate retinal vascular alterations in unilateral and bilateral pseudoexfoliation by assessing macular and peripapillary vascular density, as well as foveal avascular zone parameters.Patients and MethodsThis prospective study included 77 eyes from 39 patients with unilateral pseudoexfoliation, 54 eyes from 27 patients with bilateral pseudoexfoliation, and 50 eyes from 25 healthy controls. All participants underwent OCT‐A imaging with the Topcon ImageNet 6 system. Only scans with signal quality ≥ 6/10 were analyzed. Superficial and deep retinal capillary plexus densities were quantified within a 6 × 6‐mm macular area, and foveal avascular zone dimensions were manually measured at the superficial plexus. Peripapillary vascular density was also evaluated. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.ResultsAge and gender were comparable across groups (p > 0.05). Both unilateral and bilateral pseudoexfoliation eyes demonstrated significantly reduced macular superficial and deep capillary plexus densities in all quadrants except nasal (p < 0.05). Foveal avascular zone area and diameter were significantly enlarged in pseudoexfoliation groups compared with controls (p < 0.05). Peripapillary vascular density was decreased in all quadrants except nasal in both pseudoexfoliation groups (p < 0.05). No vascular differences were observed between unilateral and bilateral pseudoexfoliation eyes.ConclusionPseudoexfoliation is associated with widespread macular and peripapillary microvascular compromise, supporting its bilateral nature even in clinically asymmetric cases.

Aim A comprehensive assessment of retinal microcirculation in patients with stable ischemic heart disease (IHD) exhibiting obstructive and non-obstructive coronary artery (CA) lesions.Materials and methods This observational comparative study included 35 patients with stable IHD, divided into those with CA obstructive lesions (n=25) and those with ischemia with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) (n=10). A control group consisted of 30 healthy volunteers with no cardiovascular risk factors. The groups were matched for age and body mass index. All participants underwent coronary angiography or CT coronary angiography. Tissue perfusion and the amplitude-frequency spectrum of blood flow fluctuations (endothelial component) were assessed via laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) of the bulbar conjunctiva, and optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A) of the macular region was performed using the SOLIX platform (Optovue, USA).Results Compared to the control group, patients with INOCA exhibited significantly higher vascular resistance (σ) and coefficient of variation (Kv), indicating more pronounced perfusion fluctuations. Both obstructive IHD and INOCA groups showed reduced endothelial flow amplitudes, a marker of endothelial dysfunction. OCT-A revealed that while macular vessel density remained stable, all IHD patients had increased foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area and perimeter. Specifically, the FAZ area was more significantly enlarged in obstructive IHD, whereas the FAZ perimeter was greater in INOCA (p&lt;0.05). The left eye FAZ perimeter showed moderate diagnostic accuracy in differentiating stable IHD patients from healthy volunteers (AUC=0.632).Conclusion LDF of the bulbar conjunctiva effectively captures systemic vascular alterations in IHD and differentiates between obstructive and non-obstructive IHD. The integration of LDF and OCT-A provides a promising multimodal approach for the early detection of microvascular impairment, including in IHD patients.

Macular microvascular remodeling in non-pathological high myopia revealed by optical coherence tomography angiography.