In this study, a cellulose acetate based polymer membrane was synthesized via wet phase inversion and applied as an adsorptive medium for the extraction and determination of fluoxetine (FL) and norepinephrine (NE) from human blood serum and urine. The membrane was fabricated by incorporating polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a pore-forming agent, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker monomer, azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) as an initiator, and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as a structural support. Structural and morphological characterization was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), confirming the successful formation of an amorphous, porous membrane with suitable functional groups for adsorption. Extraction parameters were systematically optimized using a Central Composite Design (CCD). The method exhibited excellent linearity for NE (0.1-200 µg L-1, R2 = 0.9984) and FL (0.5-200 µg L-1, R2 = 0.9992). Limits of detection were 0.05-0.2 µg L-1, while limits of quantification ranged from 0.16 to 0.66 µg L-1. Precision was demonstrated with intra- and inter-day RSD values below 5.6%. Recoveries from spiked urine and serum samples exceeded 90.30% with RSD < 5.7%.

Perinatal fluoxetine exposure does not impair cognition in offspring.

Discovery of antidepressant active compounds from Polygala tenuifolia Willd.: An integrated multitarget screening strategy combining network pharmacology with cell membrane chromatography coupled to high performance liquid chromatography.

The modern world is becoming increasingly vulnerable to geomagnetic storms due to the rapid development of new technologies and technical systems. This applies to all areas of human activity where power grids, GPS, the Internet, and digital communications are used. Storms can cause damage to the energy sector, aviation, navigation, satellite electronics, communication systems, industry, and the agro-industrial complex. Extreme geomagnetic storms can cause enormous economic damage and endanger to human health. Their prediction is very important, but not yet perfect enough. Extreme geomagnetic storms are typically caused by coronal mass ejections (CMEs) during powerful flares. A detailed study of their sources is very important. To study the conditions that favor the occurrence of extreme storms, we selected six active regions (ARs) that were their sources in the period from 2000 to 2024. We have analyzed the spatial and temporal evolution, morphological characteristics, magnetic field structure, and flare activity of NOAA 09393, 10484, 10486, 10501, 10696, 13664. Some ARs were located in large activity complexes. The ARs studied developed rapidly, their area and number of spots increased, their magnetic structure became more complex, and the flare activity increased. Many of these ARs had very large maximum areas exceeding 2000 millionths of a solar hemisphere. On the days when the eruptions occurred the ARs were located near the central meridian, and the Bz-component of the interplanetary magnetic field was directed south. Their area and spot number were close to their maximum, the magnetic configuration was βγδ in most cases. The sources of the CMEs were M and X class flares, which were preceded by the rapid emergence of new magnetic fluxes and their reconnection with the existing magnetic field of the region. The most powerful geomagnetic storms during the considered period with a minimum DST index less than -400 nT were observed on November 20, 2003 and May 10–11, 2024. These storms were caused by CMEs from flares occurred in ARs 10501 and 13664. These ARs were characterized by complex magnetic topology and rapid magnetic flux emergence. The storm on May 10–11, 2024, was preceded by cannibal CMEs that enhanced its strength and duration. The most powerful storm of the period under review, on November 20, 2003, with a peak Dst index of -422 nT, was caused by a CME from an M3.9 flare in the AR NOAA 10501. During the storm’s peak, auroras were observed as far south as Florida, Michigan, and Wisconsin in the United States and Greece in Europe. It was found that AR with a small area and moderate flares can produce extreme storms, while ARs with large areas and with powerful flares do not always.

The plant lipid contactome: emerging roles of inter-organelle contact sites in lipid metabolism.

Fluoxetine (FLX) is an antidepressant pertaining to the class of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. FLX use has increased in the past decade culminating in its discharge to surface waters. Owing to the limited knowledge about the toxicity of this drug to aquatic biota, this study aimed to evaluate potential toxic effects of FLX on green algae Chlorella vulgaris, cyanobacteria Microcystis novacekii, marine bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri, and mollusk Biomphalaria glabrata. Assays with C. vulgaris and M. novacekii followed OECD protocol 201 (2011) and NBR 12648 standard (2018), respectively. The assay with A. fischeri was carried out according to ISO/OIN 11348-3 (2007). Toxicity assays with B. glabrata were performed by exposing these organisms (newborn and embryos) in 24-well culture plates for 3 and 7 days, respectively. All test-organisms were exposed to at least 6 different concentrations of FLX, ranging from 0.1 to 20,000 µg/L, in triplicates. Effect concentrations (EC50) obtained for these assays showed that FLX is more toxic to M. novacekii (10.71 ± 1.67 µg/L), followed by C. vulgaris (13.01 ± 2.01 µg/L) and A. fischeri (3140 ± 1050 µg/L). Regarding B. glabrata, the 50% lethal concentration for newborns was 1770 ± 260 µg/L, while for embryos it was equivalent to 34.98 ± 3.66 µg/L. Considering recent reports of FLX occurrence in environmental matrices in the µg/L range, results reported in this study and the toxicity classification criteria by the Globally Harmonized System, FLX poses high risk to aquatic environments, its biodiversity, and ecosystems. Therefore, measures must be taken to prevent the disposal of waste containing FLX into the environment, especially in region lacking basic sanitation infrastructure.

Abstract We present the first systematic study of short-timescale X-ray variability in radio-quiet active galactic nuclei (AGN), utilizing archival Chandra observations of approximately 3000 broad-line AGN selected from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument spectroscopic surveys. We identify 14 AGN exhibiting rapid (on timescales of tens of kiloseconds) X-ray flux variations by factors of 2 or more that are statistically significant ( p ≤ 6 × 10 −4 ), indicative of fast coronal variability. By converting minimum variability timescales to light-crossing times, we place upper limits on the sizes of the variable coronal regions, finding typical scales of ≲10 −4 pc. The coronal variable region size upper limits of an AGN in our sample are found to be much smaller than the typical coronal sizes inferred from microlensing, suggesting that its corona is composed of localized, transient structures rather than smooth, homogeneous plasmas. Such efficient magnetic energy dissipation in compact volumes is consistent with expectations for magnetically dominated coronae and is supported by recent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulations. Future high-throughput X-ray observatories will enable the detection of even faster coronal variability, providing direct constraints on the physical mechanisms driving plasma energization and flux fluctuation near supermassive black holes. Our results suggest that luminous AGN hosting massive black holes are prime targets for probing the small-scale structure and dynamics of AGN coronae.

To investigate the postnatal development of parvalbumin (PV)-positive gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons and the co-expression of perineuronal nets (PNNs) and PV in the visual cortex of rats, as well as the regulatory effects of fluoxetine (FLX) treatment and binocular form deprivation (BFD) on these indices. Wistar rats were assigned to three experimental cohorts: 1) Age-related groups: postnatal week (PW) 1, PW3, PW5, PW7, and PW9; 2) FLX treatment duration groups: FLX 0W, FLX 2W, FLX 4W, FLX 6W, and FLX 8W; 3) Intervention groups: control (Cont), FLX, BFD, and BFD+FLX. The levels of PNNs, PV, and PNNs/PV co-expression in the visual cortex were detected and analyzed. The density of PV-positive cells and the co-expression of PNNs and PV increased gradually with the maturation of the visual cortex (b=0.960, P<0.01). The ratio of PV-positive cells surrounded by PNNs to total PV-positive cells (PNNs+/PV+/total PV+) was significantly decreased in the FLX 4W group (χ²=9.03, P=0.003). There was no significant difference in the PNNs+/PV+/total PV+ ratio between the FLX and BFD groups (χ²=1.08, P=0.161), but a significant difference was observed between the BFD+FLX group and the BFD group (χ²=5.82, P<0.01). The number of PV-positive neurons and PNNs-surrounded PV neurons in the rat visual cortex increases postnatally and reaches adult levels by postnatal week 7. Chronic FLX treatment downregulates these expressions. Combined 4-week FLX treatment and BFD exerts a more significant inhibitory effect on the PNNs+/PV+/total PV+ ratio than either intervention alone.

Better understanding of weight trajectories in liver transplant (LT) recipients is essential to improving clinical outcomes. We utilized Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) to identify and visualize factors that exist but are not observable (latent factors or LF) that result from limitations in current knowledge or statistical approaches to model weight in LT recipients. Using GenAI, weight trajectories were modeled in 562 adult LT recipients with available weight data up to 36 months post-LT. Each weight trajectory was treated as an 8-dimensional vector (defined as time at LT to 3, 6, 9, …, 36mo) to convert longitudinal weight data into cross-sectional data. Multivariate analyses were performed to determine the relationship between latent factors governing weight trajectories and clinical parameters. Two discernable patterns, or LF1 and LF2, were identified from the GenAI model to incorporate individual patient trajectories that explained 99% of the weight after LT. Each patient's weight trajectory, thus, represented the combination of the LF1 and LF2. LF1, the dominant latent factor, demonstrated rapid weight flux early after transplant (<12mo), followed by gradual persistent weight gain for 36 months. LF2 was less prevalent and demonstrated two distinct trajectories: (A) initial weight gain in the first 12 months followed by weight loss and weight stabilization by 24-30 months, and (B) initial weight loss followed by rapid and continued weight gain after the first 12 months post-LT. In multivariate analysis, MASH cirrhosis and male gender were the strongest clinical predictors of future weight gain. Using a novel statistical approach (GenAI), we identified key weight gain trajectories in LT recipients to be incorporated into clinical practice for risk stratification and mitigation.

Background:Depression is a common and highly prevalent disabling mental disorder. Recent clinical data have shown that repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) effectively improves depressive symptoms. Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) plays a central role in various psychiatric disorders. However, the relationship between the therapeutic mechanisms underlying rTMS and MQC remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of rTMS on depression and to investigate the relationship between rTMS and MQC.Methods:A depression model was established using chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The rTMS treatment protocol was administered daily for 4 weeks at a frequency of 10 Hz (17 trains of 4 s each, with 15 s intervals), totaling 1000 pulses per day. Each session involved 10 s of stimulation followed by 50 s of rest and was divided into four groups: control, CUMS, CUMS + 10 Hz rTMS, and fluoxetine (FlX)-treated groups (six mice in each group). In this study, we used the open field test (OFT), tail suspension test (TST), sucrose preference test (SPT), and forced swimming test (FST) to assess depression in mice; immunohistochemical staining to observe changes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampal neurons, and glial cells; and transmission electron microscopy to detect changes in mitochondrial morphology in the hippocampus.Results:Our findings suggest that mitochondrial pre-autophagy increased after treatment (LC3Ⅰ/II, F = 34.31, p < 0.0001; FIS1, F = 6.666, p = 0.0272), hippocampal mitochondrial fusion was enhanced after treatment (NeuN, p < 0.0001; c-Fos, p < 0.001; MFN1, p = 0.0006), and that treatment significantly improved the depression-like behavior of mice in the SPT (p = 0.0024) and FST (p = 0.0025).Conclusion:The present study demonstrates that rTMS improves depression-like behavior in mice by promoting mitochondrial fusion and enhancing autophagy.

Pore blockage fouling significantly impairs ultrafiltration (UF) efficiency. Recent advances in volume electron microscopy have enabled nanoscale investigations of its mechanisms. Here, we developed a focused ion beam-scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) tomography strategy that enables accurate 3D reconstruction of organic foulant accumulation within ceramic membrane pores. FIB-SEM achieves a voxel resolution of 2 × 2 × 5 nm3. The high-resolution imaging clearly reveals the trilayer structure of ceramic UF membranes, and captures the dynamic evolution of pore blockage fouling. The interface between the top and intermediate layers emerges as the primary site for initial membrane fouling. This localized channel constriction decreases the theoretical water permeability by 76.5%, directly explaining the rapid initial flux decline. Lattice Boltzmann simulations reveal that multilayer membrane structures create flow stagnation zones. Near-zero velocities trigger foulant accumulation, clarifying pore blockage mechanisms. 3D reconstruction and pressure distribution analysis revealed that pore blockage fouling is effectively removed during physical backwash, but could rapidly accumulate again at the initial stage of the next operation cycle. This study provides key insights into pore blockage fouling in trilayer ceramic UF membranes, and offers a theoretical basis for guiding the design of anti-fouling membranes.

In our study, the aim was to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester, which has a wide spectrum of activity, against testicular damage caused by fluoxetine hydrochloride. In our study, 25 male Wistar Albino rats were used, and the rats were divided into five groups with an equal number of rats in each group: control 1 (saline), control 2 (dimethyl sulfoxide-DMSO), fluoxetine group (FLX), caffeic acid phenethyl ester group (CAPE), and fluoxetine + caffeic acid phenethyl ester group (FLX + CAPE). After a 4-week experiment, blood samples were collected, and testicular tissues were excised. For light microscopic evaluation, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) and toluidine blue (TB) staining were performed. Immunohistochemical examinations were carried out with caspase-3, Bcl-2, and PCNA immunostaining. As a result of statistical evaluation of the morphologic and immunohistochemical examinations, it was determined tubule diameter (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.798), germinal epithelium thickness (p = 0.0001, η2 = 0.573), and Johnsen score (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.928) decreased in the FLX group compared to all groups, while these valuesincreased in the FLX + CAPE group compared to the FLX group. Similarly, body weight and right testicular weight too. Caspase-3 expression in Leydig cells and Bcl-2 expression in seminiferous tubules were increased in FLX group compared to SF, DMSO, and CAPE groups, while they were decreased in FLX + CAPE group compared to FLX group. PCNA index was decreased in FLX group compared to SF, DMSO, and CAPE groups, while it was increased in FLX + CAPE group compared to FLX group. In biochemical analyses, MDA level was increased in the FLX group, while this value was decreased in the FLX + CAPE group. No apparent change was observed in SOD and CAT levels. Our findings showed that FLX induced apoptosis by causing structural damage in the testis through oxidative effects, while CAPE, with its antioxidant effect, repaired this damage, reducing lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress.

Combined chronic oral methylphenidate and fluoxetine treatment increases CB1 receptor density in the somatosensory forelimb region.

In clinical treatment, compound kushen injection (CKI) is often used in combination with fluoxetine (FLX) to enhance the therapeutic effect on tumor-related depression in patients with tumors. To systematically investigate the pharmacokinetic interaction between CKI and FLX in plasma through UPLC-MS/MS analysis. Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were allocated to experimental or control groups; the experimental group received an injection of CKI (2 mg/kg) for 7 days, whereas the control group received an equivalent volume of saline. On Day 7, both groups received a single oral dose of FLX (10 mg/kg). Blood samples were subsequently collected from the tail vein at 15 time points over 72 h, after which the plasma concentrations of FLX were quantified using a validated UPLC-MS/MS method. The key pharmacokinetic parameters of FLX differed significantly (p < 0.05) between the two groups. Compared with those in the control group, the AUC(0-∞), Cmax, and T1/2z of FLX in the experimental group increased by 457.06%, 248.25%, and 90.62%, respectively, while CL/F, Vz/F, and Tmax decreased by 74.14%, 60.49%, and 41.11%, respectively. These findings demonstrate that CKI coadministration markedly alters FLX pharmacokinetics, potentially impacting treatment efficacy and safety.

Purpose This paper provides an alternative approach to ISO 9869-1 (ISO, 2014), measuring U values of buildings, which is time-consuming and costly. Heat3D is a novel application, using thermal imaging to calculate U values. Here, we explain the early stages of the development of the method. Design/methodology/approach The performance of Heat3D was compared against ISO 9869-1 metrics under controlled conditions to minimise data “noise” from external factors. Findings The results showed that the application can accurately measure the instantaneous heat flux through a building element, with over 90% of the 200+ Heat3D survey measurements matching that of a calibrated heat flux plate to within their combined uncertainty. Practical implications Development of a rapid heat flux measurement technique, such as Heat3D, would have benefits such as quantitatively assessing new build or retrofit build quality, sizing heating systems and provide data for updated EPC, which is a forthcoming policy change. Originality/value There is an emerging literature on quantitative infrared; however, we take a novel approach in using controlled conditions and a highly characterised building to assess the method.

Abstract This paper addresses the critical challenge of modelling inductive couplings in superconductor integrated circuits by introducing a novel method for identifying dominant magnetic couplings in large, complex circuits. The technique first identifies all potential magnetic couplings and then uses admittance parameters from a multi-port network to extract the dominant couplings. This approach significantly streamlines the previously intricate and imprecise manual process of determining these couplings, thereby enhancing design and optimisation of superconductor integrated circuits. We validate our method with a detailed case study of an AC-biased Rapid Single Flux Quantum (RSFQ) shift register, illustrating each step from circuit-to-graph conversion to inductance extraction from the physical layout. Additionally, we apply the method to an adiabatic quantum-flux-parametron (AQFP) buffer cell to demonstrate its efficacy in circuits with strong inductive coupling. Our findings show that the approach efficiently reduces complexity while maintaining high modelling accuracy, thus improving the design of superconductor circuits. The method presented in this paper is equally applicable to non-superconductor circuits.

A hydraulic jump is one of the most common hydraulic features in open channel flow, inducing extra turbulence. The generation and release of hazardous gases, such as H2S and CH4, can be largely affected by the air movement induced by hydraulic jumps, posing corrosion and health risks in urban drainage systems. Despite extensive research on hydraulic jumps in open channels, gaps persist in understanding air–water interactions in partially filled circular pipes. This study experimentally examines the characteristics of hydraulic jumps and the associated air motion in a partially filled pipe. Experiments were performed in a 0.3 m diameter pipe, with water flow rates ranging from 8 to 21 l/s. Air flowrates and air pressure gradients along the pipe were measured to quantify relative air demand, drag coefficients, and momentum transfer. These results show that the relative air demand β, defined as a ratio of air to water flow rate, increases with the Froude number (Fr) of water flow, especially for Fr &amp;lt; 2, reaching 0.015–0.058 under partially filled conditions, substantially higher than that one for downstream full pipe flow cases. Across the hydraulic jump region, pressure gradients are 20%–80% greater than the ones at upstream or downstream sections, driven by rapid momentum flux changes and intensified turbulent dissipation. Drag forces and pressure gradients are identified as the dominant drivers of air motion, while wall friction is negligible. Drag coefficients decrease with increasing Fr. These findings improve the understanding of air–water interactions in partially filled circular pipes.

1ES 1927+654 has exhibited a spectroscopic changing-look transition following dramatic ultraviolet/optical (UV/optical) and X-ray variability in recent years. X-ray observations have revealed a rapid flux decline, when the hard X-ray power-law component disappeared, the soft thermal emission reached a minimum ∼150 days after the UV/optical peak, and both components reemerged with the source re-brightening. This extreme variability suggests the destruction and subsequent reformation of the inner disk and corona. Here, we report the discovery of quasiperiodic X-ray variability with a period of ∼12 days (significance &gt; 3.2 σ ), which persisted for about 220 days, based on high-cadence monitoring during the inner disk-corona rebuilding phase. The signal is coherent with a very high quality factor of ∼58. We interpret this periodicity as a signature of radiation-pressure instability in the accretion disk, which occurs when the accretion rate and magnetic field strength reach appropriate values. This mechanism has been proposed as an explanation for quasiperiodic eruptions, a recently discovered intriguing phenomenon associated with galactic nuclei. Our findings provide a representative example of disk instability at moderate accretion rates. This phenomenon was long predicted by accretion theory, but rarely observed in active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Our research suggests that extreme events in AGNs, such as tidal disruption events, could serve as novel probes for testing and refining accretion theory.

The rapid flux of and the transformations in time marked by technological advances and modernization have a significant impact on the education system, including Islamic education. In the midst of the current of modernity, theological values derived from the Qur'an and Hadith are often marginalized, though both play a fundamental role in shaping learners' character and integrity. This study aimed to analyze the urgency of integrating Islamic theological values in modern education and to identify relevant approaches based on Qur'anic and Hadith perspectives. This study employed a qualitative method with a library research approach and thematic analysis of Qur'anic verses and hadiths related to education, theological values, and the challenges of modernization. The results of the study indicated that theological values such as monotheism, morality, and social responsibility provide strong spiritual resilience in facing moral crises and the decadence of value due to modernization. The integration of these values in the curriculum and practice of Islamic education not only strengthens the foundation of faith, but also cultivates individuals who are religious, critical, and adaptive. The novelty of this study lay in the affirmation of the need for a harmonious synthesis between theological teachings and the demands of modernity in contemporary Islamic education. The implication is that educational policymakers and practitioners must redesign a pedagogical approach that is responsive to the times without losing its theological roots.

Stabilizing lithium‐metal anodes requires cooptimization of the current‐collector surface architecture and the deposition protocol. In this study, morphology‐controlled Cu‐based scaffolds were integrated with symmetric, rest‐free pulse‐current strategies. Three Cu nanostructures–nanoneedles (NN), 3D hierarchical nanowires (HN), and pinecone‐like nanostructures (PLN)–were fabricated by linear sweep voltammetry; CuO‐rich HN afforded the most uniform Li nucleation. Pulse durations of 100 ms, 500 ms, and 1 s were then screened; 500 ms was identified as the optimal condition, offering the best compromise between deposition uniformity and interfacial stability. Finally, three protocols were compared at 500 ms: plating/stripping (P‐S), plating/rest (P‐R), and plating/rest/stripping/rest (P‐R‐S‐R). The rest‐free P‐S protocol delivered superior durability by leveraging rapid flux reversal for dynamic surface smoothing and helping to preserve the solid–electrolyte interphases. With HN + P‐S(500 ms), symmetric cells cycled >1000 h and Li‖Cu half‐cells maintained CE ≥90% for >120 cycles, outperforming the other conditions. These results show that eliminating rest periods and rapidly alternating plating and stripping—combined with a lithiophilic 3D host—provides a simple, effective route to durable lithium‐metal anodes.