Electromagnetic Field Radiation Research Articles

Investigating the Long‒Term Exposure Effects of 2850 MHz EMF-r on Growth, Physiology and Carbohydrate Metabolism of Triticum aestivum L.

In recent decades, the widespread adoption of wireless electronic devices, notably cell phones, has led to a considerable rise in environmental electromagnetic field radiations (EMF‒r). The EMF-r has potential to interact and interfere with the living organisms. Therefore, it is essential to examine how these radiations affect biological systems, including plants which are immobile in nature and may remain continuously exposed to these radiations. The present study investigated the long-term exposure effects of 2850 MHz EMF‒r on 30 and 60‒days old wheat (Triticum aestivam L.) crop, focusing on their growth, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrate metabolism. The findings of the study revealed that the EMF‒r exposure leads to a decline in root length, shoot length, and plant biomass along with a marked reduction in photosynthetic pigments. Moreover, a significant reduction in carbohydrate‒metabolizing enzyme activity, water‒soluble carbohydrate, and reducing sugars content was observed in EMF‒r irradiated samples. The study suggests that EMF‒r exposure adversely affects the plant growth, photosynthetic pigments, and carbohydrate metabolism, highlighting the need for effective management to prevent productivity losses.

Background levels and brain organoid impact of RF field exposure in a healthcare environment

Introduction: This study is an introduction to the empirical and impact evaluation of radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RF-EMF) radiation exposure in a healthcare environment, focusing on an indoor microenvironment. It explores the expression of various genes associated with cellular responses, cell proliferation, senescence, and apoptotic cell death. The assessment analyzes current personal mobile communications (2G-5G FR1), providing a clear understanding of RF-EMF exposure and compliance with regulatory limits.Methods: The signals from different wireless communication systems at Hospital Universitario de Canarias (HUC) in Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain, were examined in 11 locations. Four measurement campaigns were performed with frequency-selective exposimeters (PEMs) and an EME Spy 200 MVG, and experimental electric field values were compared as a long-term exposition. The frequency with the highest contribution (2.174 V/m) observed (1840 MHz) in UMTS was selected for biological effects evaluation.Results: The study focuses on four locations with the highest exposure to communication systems (downlinks), analyzing the results to verify compliance with regulations that ensure the safety of patients, the general public, and healthcare workers. LTE B20 (DL), GSM+UMTS 900 (DL), GSM 1800 (DL), UMTS 2100 (DL), and LTE B7 (DL) exhibited relatively higher E/m values throughout the campaigns, and these values consistently remained below the ICNIRP reference levels, signifying a consistently low level of exposure. In addition, this work presents the biological effects on neural stem cells (NSCs) using 3D brain organoids (BOs) exposed to RF signals in a validated and commercial experimental setting: the Gigahertz Transverse Electromagnetic cell (GTEM). The GTEM allows for the creation of homogeneous field electromagnetic fields in a small, enclosed setting and guarantees exposure conditions in a wide range of frequencies. BOs are an in vitro 3D cell-culture technology that reproduces the cellular composition and structure of the developing brain. Analyzing the expression of several genes associated with cellular responses, cell proliferation, senescence, and apoptotic cell death, we found that exposure of BOs at 1840 MHz did not affect mRNA expression in brain genes related to apoptosis or senescence. However, a decrease in gene expression for cell proliferation and cell activity markers was observed during the differentiation stage of BOs.Discussion: The discussion emphasizes the coexistence and evolution of various heterogeneous networks and services throughout the four measurement campaigns. Across all measured results, the levels of the obtained E-field were consistently well below the exposure limits set by internationally accepted standards and guidelines. These obtained values have been established in order to consider their potential effects on cell proliferation and cell activity, especially in differentiating biological organisms. Consequently, the results obtained and the methodology presented could serve as a foundational framework for establishing the basis of RF-EMF assessment in future heterogeneous 5G developments, particularly in the millimeter wave (mmWave) frequency range, where the forecast is for massive high-node density networks.

The effects of electromagnetic field radiation of extremely low frequency on growth parameters and nucleotide substitutions in L. minor clones

Current technologies have become a source of electromagnetic pollution resulting from artificially generated electromagnetic radiation (EMR). To understand the influence of the EMR on living organisms, we investigated the long-term effects of EMR of 50 Hz frequency on duckweed (Lemna minor) clones. Experimental groups of duckweed were treated directly and indirectly by changing EMR generating magnetic flux (MF) starting from 2 µT (0–11 weeks from the beginning of the experiment) and switching to 300 µT (12–48 weeks) MF density during the second part of the experiment. The growth parameters (plant growth, frond area, and frond number) and the point mutations appearing at the antioxidant genes DNA sequences [ascorbate peroxidase (APx), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (Cat)] were analyzed. The significantly enhanced number of nucleotide substitutions in DNA sequences of L. minor clones directly affected by LF EMR in comparison to indirectly affected clones was revealed at the introns of APx, GPx, and Cat genes starting from the 10th week of the experiment. The results indicate that even low-dose chronic electromagnetic radiation may contribute to the changes in growth parameters and generation of point mutations in antioxidant gene sequences, especially in the intron regions.

Comparison of pulsed and continuous electromagnetic field generated by WPT system on human dermal and neural cells

In recent decades, we have seen significant technical progress in the modern world, leading to the widespread use of telecommunications systems, electrical appliances, and wireless technologies. These devices generate electromagnetic radiation (EMR) and electromagnetic fields (EMF) most often in the extremely low frequency or radio-frequency range. Therefore, they were included in the group of environmental risk factors that affect the human body and health on a daily basis. In this study, we tested the effect of exposure EMF generated by a new prototype wireless charging system on four human cell lines (normal cell lines—HDFa, NHA; tumor cell lines—SH-SY5Y, T98G). We tested different operating parameters of the wireless power transfer (WPT) device (87–207 kHz, 1.01–1.05 kW, 1.3–1.7 mT) at different exposure times (pulsed 6 × 10 min; continuous 1 × 60 min). We observed the effect of EMF on cell morphology and cytoskeletal changes, cell viability and mitotic activity, cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and oxidative stress. The results of our study did not show any negative effect of the generated EMF on either normal cells or tumor cell lines. However, in order to be able to estimate the risk, further population and epidemiological studies are needed, which would reveal the clinical consequences of EMF impact.

A synthetic diagnostics platform for microwave imaging diagnostics in tokamaks

Interpreting experimental diagnostics data in tokamaks, while considering non-ideal effects, is challenging due to the complexity of plasmas. To address this challenge, a general synthetic diagnostics (GSD) platform has been established that facilitates microwave imaging reflectometry and electron cyclotron emission imaging. This platform utilizes plasma profiles as input and incorporates the finite-difference time domain, ray tracing and the radiative transfer equation to calculate the propagation of plasma spontaneous radiation and the external electromagnetic field in plasmas. Benchmark tests for classical cases have been conducted to verify the accuracy of every core module in the GSD platform. Finally, 2D imaging of a typical electron temperature distribution is reproduced by this platform and the results are consistent with the given real experimental data. This platform also has the potential to be extended to 3D electromagnetic field simulations and other microwave diagnostics such as cross-polarization scattering.

Mapping of Electromagnetic Field Radiation Intensity in the JL Base Transceiver Station (BTS) Area. Kenangan 05 and the Impact of Health in Society


 
 
 
 Electromagnetic waves are a type of wave phenomenon. Electromagnetic waves are transverse waves that arise due to changes in electric fields and magnetic fields that oscillate with each other. Electromagnetic waves can be generated, one of the ways, from BTS towers so that they can produce intense electromagnetic field radiation. Health problems resulting from exposure to electromagnetic wave radiation cannot be felt directly. However, the longer you are exposed to electromagnetic wave radiation, the more dangerous it will be to your body's health. The aim of this research is to carry out mapping from measuring the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation in the BTS area and to determine the health impact of large electromagnetic field radiation on the surrounding community. Data processing in this research was carried out using quantitative techniques and qualitative techniques, namely by measuring the intensity of the electric field and magnetic field of electromagnetic waves and evaluating the results of the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation as well as conducting interviews as a public health survey. The data obtained in this research was processed using ArcGis and Surfer software for mapping results. Based on the evaluation and mapping results, it shows that the intensity of electromagnetic field radiation is still below the threshold value according to the 2020 ICNIRP standards. Based on the results of this research, there are no significant health effects occurring in the surrounding community.
 
 
 

Modeling Electromagnetic Field Radiation Variability for Minimization of Exposure Rate in Public Health Environments: A Machine Learning Approach

Public Health awareness of the exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (Rf-EMF) is necessary for epidemiological studies on possible bio-effects. The Knowledge will promote good health, reduce health risk factors, lower morbidity and mortality rates often associated with public health environment (PHE). Modeling EMF radiation variability and its application is vital given the prospective growth in both the number of mobile devices and equipment radiating electromagnetic fields (EMF) and the increasing concerns in the general public. The main goal of this work is to develop a framework based on Machine Learning (ML) approach to determine the exposure level on time-based variances within and during operational procedures of frequency bands used in mobile telecommunication, digital devices, transmitters, broadcasting terminals etc. The system adopts the measurements and instrumentation methodology, using a handheld Poniie pn8000 multi-field EMF metre and EME Spy exposimeter with a detection limit of 0.0066mW/m (2) with sampling at certain interval in a specific frequency ensemble. The measurements were synthesized as exposure coefficients with assessment based on EMF radiation from emitting devices and matching with International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) standards endorsed by WHO. Consequently, obtained data was processed and segmented into training and test sets on 70:30 ratios respectively. Computing modeling of the system was performed with R programming language using data obtained from field measurements and records. The prosed system used Ensemble ML-Random Forest Algorithm and Decision Tree algorithm (DTA). Performance evaluation and results obtained clearly demonstrates 87% based on the Confusion Matrix (CM) outcomes for Random Forest and Decision Tree presents 56%. This justifies the capability of ML techniques in accurately classifying EMF radiation to mitigate exposure rate and improve healthcare throughput. The model was transformed and deployed in a production system API environment with Graphical User Interface (GUI) for flexibility. This work revealed relating potential health bio-effects associated with EMF exposure and the different parameters that are currently used for evaluating, limiting, and mitigating the impact of the exposure on the general public.

Електромагнітна небезпека електро- і гібридного транспорту

The purpose of the article is to determine the impact of electromagnetic radiation from electric vehicles. Hybrid and electric cars emit extremely low-frequency electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or magnetic fields. Studies of EMF levels emitted by cars show that they pose a threat to human health. Measurements of the magnetic induction of internal combustion engine cars, electric cars, and hybrid cars confirm that the magnetic field induction of an electric car is twice as high as that of an internal combustion engine car and does not depend on the speed of movement. The magnetic field induction of a hybrid car is greater than that of an electric car and tends to depend on the speed of movement. The magnetic field induction during external charging of an electric vehicle in the cabin is much lower than when driving. The average value of magnetic field induction in the interior of an electric vehicle is 0.85 ± 0.18 μT; Coverage factor K = 2 at a confidence level of P = 0.95. The magnetic field induction of an electric vehicle is twice as high as that of a car with an internal combustion engine and does not depend on the speed of movement. The average value of magnetic field induction in the interior of a hybrid car is 1.28 ± 0.61 μT; Coverage factor K = 2 at a confidence level of P=0.95. The magnetic field induction of a hybrid car is higher than that of an electric car and tends to depend on the speed of movement.The conducted studies show that electrical equipment in electric vehicles and, in particular, in an electric car and a hybrid car is a source of alternating EMF with strong temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the frequency range from 0 to hundreds of megahertz. This is due to the fact that the MF in an electric vehicle and a hybrid car is a superposition of fields from many sources. The direct sources of MF in electric vehicles are traction motors, rechargeable traction batteries, current-carrying elements, various electrical equipment, such as starting and braking resistance, group switches, rheostat units, electrical circuits for ventilation, lighting, heating, etc. Electronic devices on board are usually higher-frequency than MFs due to changes in the driving mode of electric and hybrid vehicles.

What can be measured asymptotically?

We consider asymptotic observables in quantum field theories in which the S-matrix makes sense. We argue that in addition to scattering amplitudes, a whole compendium of inclusive observables exists where the time-ordering is relaxed. These include expectation values of electromagnetic or gravitational radiation fields as well as out-of-time-order amplitudes. We explain how to calculate them in two ways: by relating them to amplitudes and products of amplitudes, and by using a generalization of the LSZ reduction formula. As an application, we discuss one-loop master integrals contributing to gravitational radiation in the post-Minkowski expansion, emphasizing the role of classical cut contributions and highlighting the different infrared physics of in-in observables.

Galactic Gamma-Ray Diffuse Emission at TeV Energies with HAWC Data

Galactic gamma-ray diffuse emission (GDE) is emitted by cosmic rays (CRs), ultra-relativistic protons, and electrons, interacting with gas and electromagnetic radiation fields in the interstellar medium. Here we present the analysis of teraelectronvolt diffuse emission from a region of the Galactic plane over the range in longitude of l ∈ [43°, 73°], using data collected with the High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) detector. Spectral, longitudinal, and latitudinal distributions of the teraelectronvolt diffuse emission are shown. The radiation spectrum is compatible with the spectrum of the emission arising from a CR population with an index similar to that of the observed CRs. When comparing with the DRAGON base model, the HAWC GDE flux is higher by about a factor of 2. Unresolved sources such as pulsar wind nebulae and teraelectronvolt halos could explain the excess emission. Finally, deviations of the Galactic CR flux from the locally measured CR flux may additionally explain the difference between the predicted and measured diffuse fluxes.

Mobile telephony radiation exerts genotoxic action and significantly enhances the effects of gamma radiation in human cells.

I previously reported chromosomal damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs) induced by: a) mobile telephony (MT) electromagnetic fields (EMFs)/electromagnetic radiation (EMR), b) a high caffeine dose, and c) the combination of the two stressors. HPBLs from the same subjects exposed to gamma radiation at doses 0.1, 0.3, or 0.5 Gy, displayed more aberrations than those exposed to MT EMFs or the high caffeine dose in a dose-dependent manner. When the cells exposed to these gamma radiation doses were pre-exposed to a single 15-min MT EMF exposure, the number of aberrations increased significantly more than the sum number of aberrations induced by the individual stressors in all subjects. Thus, MT EMF exposure at a power density ~136 times below the latest International Commission on Non- Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure limit, apart from the fact that it is genotoxic by itself, significantly enhanced the genotoxic action of gamma radiation. Since gamma radiation at similar doses is applied for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, people should be aware of the increased risk during treatment periods. Comparison of the genotoxic action between MT EMF and gamma radiation shows that the ICNIRP limits are, at least, ~4.5×104 times less stringent than the limits for gamma radiation.

Effect of 2850MHz electromagnetic field radiation on the early growth, antioxidant activity, and secondary metabolite profile of red and green cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.).

The proliferation of wireless and other telecommunications equipment brought about by technological advances in the communication industry has substantially increased the radiofrequency radiation levels in the environment. The emphasis is, therefore, placed on investigating the potential impacts of radiofrequency radiation on biota. In this work, the impact of 2850MHz electromagnetic field radiation (EMF-r) on early development, photosynthetic pigments, and the metabolic profile of two Brassicaoleracea L. cultivars (red and green cabbage) was studied. On a daily basis for seven days, seedlings were exposed to homogeneous EMF-r for one, two, and four hours, and observations were carried out at 0-h, 1-h, and 24-h following the final dose. Irrespective of the duration of harvest, exposure to EMF-r resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in both root (from 6.3 cm to4.0cm in red; 6.1 cmto3.8cm in green) and shoot lengths (from 5.3 cm to⁓3.1cm in red; 5.1cm to3.1cm in green), as well as a decrease in biomass (from 2.9 mg to⁓1.1mg in red; 2.5 to0.9mg in green) of the seedlings when compared to control samples. Likewise, the chlorophyll (from 6.09 to⁓4.94mgg-1 d.wt in red; 7.37 to6.05mgg-1 d.wt. in green) and carotenoid (from 1.49 to1.19mgg-1 d.wt. in red; 1.14 to0.51mgg-1 d.wt. in green) contents of both cultivars decreased significantly when compared to the control. Additionally, the contents of phenolic (28.99‒45.52mg GAE g-1 in red; 25.49‒33.76mg GAE g-1 in green), flavonoid (21.7‒31.8mg QE g-1 in red; 12.1‒19.0mg QE g-1 in green), and anthocyanin (28.8‒43.6mg per 100g d.wt. in red; 1.1‒2.6mg per 100g d.wt. in green) in both red and green cabbage increased with exposure duration. EMF-r produced oxidative stress in the exposed samples of both cabbage cultivars, as demonstrated by dose-dependent increases in the total antioxidant activity (1.33‒2.58mM AAE in red; 1.29‒2.22mM AAE in green), DPPH activity (12.96‒78.33% in red; 9.62‒67.73% in green), H2O2 content (20.0‒77.15nMg-1 f.wt.in red; 14.28‒64.29nMg-1 f.wt. in green), and MDA content (0.20‒0.61nMg-1 f.wt. in red; 0.18‒0.51nMg-1 f.wt. in green) compared to their control counterparts. The activity of antioxidant enzymes, i.e., superoxide dismutases (3.83‒8.10 EU mg-1 protein in red; 4.19‒7.35 EU mg-1 protein in green), catalases (1.81‒7.44 EU mg-1 protein in red; 1.04‒6.24 EU mg-1 protein in green), and guaiacol peroxidases (14.37‒47.85 EU mg-1 protein in red; 12.30‒42.79 EU mg-1 protein in green), increased significantly compared to their control counterparts. The number of polyphenols in unexposed and EMF-r exposed samples of red cabbage was significantly different. The study concludes that exposure to 2850MHz EMF-r affects the early development of cabbage seedlings, modifies their photosynthetic pigments, alters polyphenol content,and impairs their oxidative metabolism.

Discrimination of leucine and isoleucine via fragmentation by electromagnetic field.

We conduct comparative numerical studies of the effects of electric dipole field and electromagnetic radiation field on the amino acids leucine and isoleucine. Since they are structural isomers, distinguishing them by mass is a non-trivial task, while determination of protein structure can be crucial on many occasions. We emphasize the influence of the magnetic field of radiation by utilizing a modified basis sets with correction coefficients to the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] orbitals following the Anisotropic Gaussian Type Orbitals method. Studying the electric potential of the isomers in dipole electric or electromagnetic fields proves that the different layout of leucine vs isoleucine is the main reason why some fragments could not be formed during chemical bond cleavage. Comparison of the chemical structure of the fragments created due to the decomposition of the isomers in the dipole electric or electromagnetic fields shows that their decomposition products are different. These findings can be used also for discrimination between the two isoleucine conformers, for which the cleavage starts at different values of the dipole electric field strength, as well as the products of the decomposition reaction are not identical. Our numerical calculations of the fragmentation outcomes, taking into account the magnetic field effects, can serve as a guidance for discrimination between the isomers/conformers. We applied the Becke's three-parameter hybrid functional approach with non-local correlation by Lee, Yang, and Parr ([Formula: see text]), together with the [Formula: see text] basis set as it is implemented in the GAUSSIAN09 quantum chemistry package in order to obtain the most stable conformers of leucine and isoleucine. We used the options provided by GAUSSIAN09 to add finite external field in order to perform the calculations of leucine and isoleucine in the electric dipole and electromagnetic fields. The Anisotropic Gaussian Type Orbitals method was used to obtain the correction coefficients which modify the original [Formula: see text] basis set in order to account for the effects of magnetic field of radiation. Results were visualized and the electrical potentials analyzed by the Molden visualization program.

Effect of Terahertz Waves on the Structure of the Aβ42 Monomer, Dimer, and Protofibril: Insights from Molecular Dynamics Simulations.

Amyloid-β (Aβ) and its assemblies play important roles in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Recent studies conducted by experimental and computational researchers have extensively explored the structure, assembly, and influence of biomolecules and cell membranes on Aβ. However, the impact of terahertz waves on the structures of Aβ monomers and aggregates remains largely unexplored. In this study, we systematically investigate the molecular mechanisms by which terahertz waves affect the structure of the Aβ42 monomer, dimer, and tetramer through all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Our findings indicate that terahertz waves at a specific frequency (42.55 THz) can enhance intramolecular and intermolecular interactions in the Aβ42 monomer and dimer, respectively, by resonating with the symmetric stretching mode of the -COO- groups and the symmetric bending/stretching mode of -CH3 groups. Consequently, the β-structure content of the Aβ42 monomer is greatly increased, and the binding energy between the monomers in the Aβ42 dimer is significantly enhanced. Additionally, our observations suggest that terahertz waves can mildly stabilize the structure of tetrameric protofibrils by enhancing the interactions among peripheral peptides. Furthermore, we also investigated the effect of the frequency of terahertz waves on the structure of Aβ42. The present study contributes to a better understanding of the impact of external fields on the biobehavior of Aβ42 peptides and may shed some light on the potential risks associated with electromagnetic field radiation.

Comparative Study of Pharmaceutical, Herbal Medicine, and Low-Value Alternating Electromagnetic Radiation as Anti-Malaria Treatment

Malaria is a significant global health burden, particularly in regions with limited healthcare resources. Pharmaceutical interventions, specifically artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs), have long been the mainstay of malaria treatment due to their proven efficacy in eliminating Plasmodium parasites. Herbal medicine has also gained attention as a potential alternative or adjunctive therapy. Nevertheless, the emergence of drug-resistant strains, notably in Southeast Asia and Africa, poses a considerable challenge to the effectiveness of these pharmaceutical treatments. Using low-value alternating electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation as an anti-malaria treatment is a novel approach that requires further investigation to determine its therapeutic potential. This research studies the comparative analysis of the effect of pharmaceutical intervention, herbal medicine, and low-value alternating EMF as anti-malaria treatments. The research methodology involves a systematic literature review of relevant scientific databases, design, construction, and administration of 20mT & 30mT electromagnetic field, Lumartem and Thitonia Diversifolia (Jume 12) to plasmodium berghei-infected mice for four days consecutively at the same time interval. Results revealed that all treatments were significantly effective. Lumartem is maximally effective from the third day, while Tihonia Diversifolia was maximally effective on the second day. EMF 10mT was maximally effective on the third day, while EMF 20mT did not fully align with the non-infected mice trend, but it is likely to align if treatment continues. The results of this comparative study will contribute to the body of knowledge regarding the effectiveness of pharmaceutical, herbal medicine, and low-value alternating electromagnetic field treatments for malaria.

Innovative technologies for strengthening of internal surfaces of suspension parts of heavy-loaded machines by laser and high-frequency induction methods

In the article innovative methods of surface hardening of internal surfaces of machine parts by laser and highfrequency induction heating are presented. The relevance of applying the methods of laser and induction hardening for the internal surfaces of heavily loaded parts of quarry equipment is proved. The results of modeling and calculation of thermal and electromagnetic fields under the influence of an external electromagnetic field and laser radiation beams are presented. The original design of a complex of equipment for processing the internal surfaces of suspension parts by external electromagnetic field is described. The optimal designs of inductors with magnetic circuits made of various materials are shown. The study of the structure and properties obtained on the internal surfaces of heavily loaded suspension parts of cars, line of the BelAZ company, treated according to the optimal modes of surface induction exposure is given. The developed original technology and equipment of laser surface hardening, which makes it possible to increase the wear resistance of heavily loaded parts, is described. Data on the implementation of research results at JSC “BELAZ” – the Management Company of the Holding “BELAZ-HOLDING” for processing a wide range of heavily loaded suspension parts are given.

Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Field Radiation (50 Hz, 200 µT & 300 µT) to Increase Edamame Productivity and Safety Risks to Health

More and more research results report that exposure to Extremely Low Frequency (ELF) magnetic fields at low intensity can increase cell proliferation. The ELF magnetic field interacts directly with cell membranes, capable of increasing intracellular calcium and under certain conditions affecting cell proliferation. This study wanted to prove the potential of ELF magnetic field radiation with intensity of 200 µT and 300 µT on edamame productivity. The research design used a completely randomized design. The research sample was 250 edamame soybeans of the Ryokkoh-75 variety which were divided into 5 groups. Samples were soaked in warm water for 3 hours and then cured for about 12 hours and exposed to ELF magnetic fields of intensity of 200 µT and 300 µT with variations in exposure time of 60 minutes and 120 minutes. Then it is seeded and planted in the field. Observation of the number of edamame pods and the number of pods was carried out when they were already fruiting, namely day 29 to day 43. The results of the study proved that the number of pods and the number of edamame pods in the group exposed to the 200 µT and 300 µT ELF magnetic fields was higher than the control. It appears that the highest number of fruits and pods occurred in the sample group exposed to the ELF magnetic field intensity of 300 µT. The conclusion is that exposure to the ELF magnetic field intensity of 300 µT has the potential to increase edamame productivity

Using Modeling to Select the Type of Microwave Field Emitter for Dense-Layer Grain Dryers

The microwave field is used for drying and disinfecting grains during the pre-sowing seed treatment. The use of a microwave field in these installations leads to an increase in their productivity and a decrease in the energy consumed by them. In grain dryers, where the grain moves in a dense layer without being loosened, one of the challenges in using microwave fields is ensuring sufficient uniformity of the field distribution. In this article, waveguide design options that introduce microwave radiation into the grain layer are discussed. The objective of this study was to use application software to find the optimum type of transmitter from the three options presented. A mathematical simulation of the electromagnetic field distribution was performed with the use of CST Microwave Studio software 2019 in order to evaluate and compare horn-type, rectangular, and semicircular waveguides. The data on the standing wave ratio and radiation efficiency of these types of waveguides have been reported. The specific features of the microwave electromagnetic field distribution and radiation power in the output of these waveguides have been described. The results of mathematical simulations revealed that semicircular waveguides with slot-type radiators are preferable for processing dense grain layers.

Establishment of Biotesting System to Study Features of Innovative Multifunctional Biotextile

Abstract An established biotesting system designed to discover specific features of innovative multifunctional biotextile, encompassing integrated silica dioxide and succinite (Baltic amber) particles, is founded on reproducible, reliable, and relatively fast methods. The main idea starting this study was to create a system of test methods devoted to identification of specific features of biotextile materials designed to preserve living organisms from adverse environmental factors like enhanced electromagnetic radiation of different frequencies, without use of vivarium animals. Cultures of the freshwater macrophyte duckweed (Lemna minor) line Sta2 and fruit flies (Drosophila melanogaster) were chosen as model systems suitable for the study of the influence of electromagnetic field (EMF) radiation. The experiments showed changes of phenotypic features and growth parameters of test objects, as well as induction of point mutations of DNA (for example, insertions or deletions in chloroplast DNA and nucleotide substitutions in nuclear genes). The responses of test organisms induced by EMF were studied using microscopy, flow cytometry, and DNA sequencing methods. On the cell level, a new fast flow cytometry method for biotextile testing was developed: immature gametic (pollen) cell cultures were used as a highly sensitive model system (plant gametic cell response is comparable to human neutrophil response) to study the influence of EMF radiation. The method was based on the measurement of differences of fluorescence intensity between group of cells experimentally affected by EMF radiation and non-affected cells.

IDENTIFICATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS RADIATION INTENSITY ON MEDIUM VOLTAGE NETWORK EQUIPMENT

This research is about how to identify electromagnetic fields radiation intensity with measuring the electric fields and magnetic fields then compare it to the radiation exposure standards for public from ICNIRP. With the experimental method directly to the 15 randomize research sites in Pontianak city, each measurement  on 1 site done on 4 sides, front, back, right and left of the objects and each sides done measurement 5 times on different distance from 1 – 5 m.  The objects that has been measured are Transformer, which is very high value of electromagnetic fields compare it to any other medium voltage network equipment. The results still so much lower value than the exposure standards for public, but according to Anies reference there will be some effects about this if the public been exposed to radiation for too long, there are psychological and physicalogical effects. Hopefully this research could be referred to the public to consider the dangers exposed to radiation exposure of electromagnetic fields by medium voltage network equipment.