Effect Of Particle Size Research Articles

Structure-function relationship of oat flour fractions when blended with wheat flour: Instrumental and nutritional quality characterization of resulting breads.

The present work investigated the structure-function relationship of dry fractionated oat flour (DFOF) as a techno-functional ingredient using bread as a model system. Mechanically, DFOF fractions (F), that is, F1: <224µm, F2: 250-280µm, F3: 280-500µm, F4: 500-600µm, and whole oat flour (F5) were blended with white wheat flour at 10%, 30%, and 50% substitution levels for bread making. The blended flours, doughs, and bread samples were assessed for their techno-functional, nutritional, and structural characteristics. The results of Mixolab and the Rapid Visco Analyzer show that the 50% substituted F3 fraction exhibits the highest water absorption properties (69.53%), whereas the 50% F1 fraction exhibits the highest peak viscosity of the past slurry. Analysis of bread samples revealed a lower particle size of DFOF fractions and higher supplementation levels, increased β-glucan levels (0.13-1.29g/100 bread (db), reduced fermentable monosaccharides, that is, glucose (1.44-0.33g/100g), and fructose (1.06-0.28g/100g). The effect of particle size surpassed the substitution level effect on bread volume reduction. The lowest hardness value for F1 is 10%, and the highest value for F2 is 50%. The total number of cells in the bread slice decreased from the control to the F4 fraction (50%). Multi-criteria analysis indicated that DFOF fractions produced breads with similar structure and higher nutritional value developed from white wheat flour. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The use of mechanically fractionated oat flours fractions in white wheat flour breads can improve the nutritional profile without affecting the physical properties of the bread product. Based on the oat flour fractions, bakers and food processing companies can tailor the bread formulations for high β-glucan, high fiber, and low reduced sugar claims.

Effect of Particle Size on Optical and Electrical Properties of Thin Films – A Simulation Approach

Abstract This work presents a simulated investigation of the relationship between surface roughness and particle size as well as the resulting impact on the thin film's physical, optical, and electrical properties. Non-porous thin films are created through computer simulation for a range of particle sizes. Random deposition with a surface relaxation technique is used for the generation of non-porous thin films. The fundamental data of two well-known materials, ZnO and CdSe, were used for the theoretical calculation of different parameters like bandgap, absorption coefficient, refractive index, dielectric constant conductivity, or others. It is also shown that the pre-assumed values of all these parameters are well matched with the experimental results reported by different groups. This is probably the first effort to develop a direct relation between the particle size with different fundamental optical or electrical properties of different materials. This would definitely help the experimental researchers in the field of material science to design their experiments as per the desired requirements.&amp;#xD;&amp;#xD;

Effect of Mineral Composition and Particle Size on the Failure Characteristics and Mechanisms of Marble in the China Jinping Underground Laboratory

In deep underground engineering, the deformation, failure characteristics, and mechanism of surrounding rock under the influence of grain sizes and mineral compositions are not clear. Based on CJPL-II variously colored marbles, the differences in grain size and mineral composition of the marble were analyzed by thin-section analysis and XRD tests, and the effect of intermediate principal stress on the mechanical properties of marble was investigated. Both SEM and microfracture analysis were coupled to reveal the failure mechanisms. The results highlight that the crack initiation strength, damage strength, peak strength, and elasticity modulus of Jinping marble exhibit an increasing trend with an increase in intermediate principal stress, while the peak strain initially increases and subsequently decreases. Moreover, this study established negative correlations between marble strength, brittleness characteristics, and fracture angle with grain size, whereas positive correlations were identified with the content of quartz, sodium feldspar, and the magnitude of the intermediate principal stress. The microcrack density in marble was found to increase with larger grain sizes and decrease with elevated quartz and sodium feldspar content, as well as with increasing intermediate principal stress. Notably, as the intermediate principal stress intensifies and grain size diminishes, the transgranular tensile failure of marble becomes more conspicuous. These research findings contribute to the effective implementation of disaster prevention and control strategies.

Laboratory investigation and prediction of permeability of fresh to five-year-old municipal solid wastes of low and high food contents

The permeability of municipal solid wastes (MSWs) is important for the design and operation of landfills. This study presented the experimental investigation of the permeability of low food content- (LF-) and high food content- (HF-) MSWs prepared in laboratory-scale bioreactors for up to 5 years. The permeability of MSWs with diverse degrees of decomposition (DOBs), void ratios, and permeation liquids was measured (288 tests). The measured permeability was compared to that predicted from the (modified) Kozeny-Carman (K-C) equations in four different forms. The results indicated that the permeability of both LF- and HF-MSWs decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with decomposition under a given void ratio. The predicted permeability using the original K-C equation fitted well with that of fresh MSWs. The permeability of decomposed MSWs was closer to the predicted results using the modified K-C equation with the effective void ratio. This can be attributed to the increase in the fine fractions due to degradation. The reduction in the effective voids was more significant with HF-MSWs. The parameters required in the (modified) K-C equations showed a good correlation with DOB and effective particle size (d10). The predicted permeability based on the relationship between DOB (or d10) and equation parameters was within 3 times the difference compared to the measured values. The above results indicated that the modified K-C equation can be adopted to predict the permeability of fresh and degraded MSWs while more field-scale experiments should be conducted to further evaluate its feasibility.

Polystyrene Plastic Particles Result in Adverse Outcomes for Hyalella azteca When Exposed at Elevated Temperatures

Micro- and nano-plastics are pervasive pollutants in global ecosystems, yet their interactions with aquatic wildlife and abiotic factors are poorly understood. These particles are recognized to cause subtle detrimental effects, underscoring the necessity for sensitive endpoints in ecotoxicological exposure studies. We investigated the effects of particle uptake, size, and temperature on Hyalella azteca. Organisms were exposed to blue fluorescent polystyrene beads (500 nm and 1000 nm in diameter) at 0.43 mg/L for 96 h at temperatures mirroring climate predictions (21 °C, 24 °C, 27 °C). Besides survival and growth, particle uptake, visualized via confocal microscopy, and swimming behavior were analyzed. Mortality rates increased at 27 °C, and particle presence and temperature affected organism growth. Particle treatments influenced various behaviors (thigmotaxis, cruising, movement, acceleration, meander, zone alternation, and turn angle), with hypoactivity observed with 1000 nm particles and hypo- as well as hyper-activity responses with 500 nm particles. Particle uptake quantities were variable and increased with temperature in 500 nm treatments, but no migration beyond the gut was observed. Particle size correlated with uptake, and relationships with behavior were evident. Elevated temperatures exacerbated particle effects, highlighting the urgency of addressing plastic pollution in light of climate change for aquatic organism welfare and ecosystem health.

Effect of particle size on liver MRI relaxometry: Monte Carlo simulation and phantom studies.

To investigate the effect of particle size on liver by Monte Carlo simulation and phantom studies at both 1.5 T and 3.0 T. Two kinds of particles (i.e., iron sphere and fat droplet) with varying sizes were considered separately in simulation and phantom studies. MRI signals were synthesized and analyzed for predicting , based on simulations by incorporating virtual liver model, particle distribution, magnetic field generation, and proton movement into phase accrual. In the phantom study, iron-water and fat-water phantoms were constructed, and each phantom contained 15 separate vials with combinations of five particle concentrations and three particle sizes. measurements in the phantom were made at both 1.5 T and 3.0 T. Finally, differences in predictions or measurements were evaluated across varying particle sizes. In the simulation study, strong linear and positively correlated relationships were observed between predictions and particle concentrations across varying particle sizes and magnetic field strengths ( ). The relationships were affected by iron sphere size ( ), where smaller iron sphere size yielded higher predicted , whereas fat droplet size had no effect on predictions ( ) for constant total fat concentration. Similarly, the phantom study showed that measurements were relatively sensitive to iron sphere size ( ) unlike fat droplet size ( ). Liver is affected by iron sphere size, but is relatively unaffected by fat droplet size. These findings may lead to an improved understanding of the underlying mechanisms of relaxometry in vivo, and enable improved quantitative MRI phantom design.

Experimental study and numerical simulation on porosity dependent direct reducibility of high-grade iron oxide pellets in hydrogen

The transition to more environmentally friendly steel production methods has intensified research into hydrogen-based direct reduction (HyDR) of iron oxide pellets. The aim of this study is to systematically investigate the kinetics of the reduction process, the evolution of porosity and the resulting microstructural changes on the reduction behavior of high-quality pellets during HyDR of iron ore at different temperatures. A modified mathematical model is developed based on the shrinkage kernel model, taking into account both mass and heat transport in a hydrogen atmosphere. The effects of temperature, particle size and time on the reduction behavior of the pellets are investigated. The simulated results are validated and discussed by the results of a batch of iron oxide pellets consisting of ten almost spherical pellets subjected to the direct reduction process with pure hydrogen. The results show that the total energy input to the HyDR process is a complex balance of factors, including chemical reaction rates, diffusion dynamics and entropy generation. The increase in free volume and simultaneous decrease in pore diameter reflect the dynamic nature of the microstructure, which includes additional free volume and defects due to the volume discrepancies and associated stresses between the reactant and product phases. Furthermore, the data show that higher temperatures accelerate the reduction reactions, especially the transformation of wustite into metallic iron. This phase transition is characterized by a significant volume change that cannot be accommodated by elastic deformation alone, leading to the development of lattice defects such as cracks, creep pores and dislocations that serve as stress relief mechanisms. The trends for porosity change at 950 °C and 1000 °C observed in the experimental results are correct and in good agreement with the numerical and simulated results.

Inkjet Printing of Long-Range Ordering Two-Dimensional Magnetic Ti0.8Co0.2O2 Film

The value of two-dimensional (2D) materials in printed electronics has been gradually explored, and the rheological properties of 2D material dispersions are very different for various printing technologies. Understanding the rheological properties of 2D material dispersions plays a vital role in selecting the optimal manufacturing technology. Inkjet printing is suitable for small nanosheet sizes and low solution viscosity, and it has a significant advantage in developing nanosheet inks because of its masklessness, high efficiency, and high precision. In this work, we selected 2D Ti0.8Co0.2O2 nanosheets, which can be synthesized in large quantities by the liquid phase exfoliation technique; investigated the effects of nanosheet particle size, solution concentration on the rheological properties of the dispersion; and obtained the optimal printing processing method of the dispersion as inkjet printing. The ultrathin Ti0.8Co0.2O2 nanosheet films were prepared by inkjet printing, and their magnetic characteristics were compared with those of Ti0.8Co0.2O2 powder. The films prepared by inkjet printing exhibited long-range ordering, maintaining the nanosheet powders’ paramagnetic characteristics. Our work underscored the potential of inkjet printing as a promising method for fabricating precisely controlled thin films using 2D materials, with applications spanning electronics, sensors, and catalysis.

Ration particle size has different effects on digestive but not production parameters in higher-yielding (Holstein) compared to lower-yielding (Girolando) cows.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of total mixed ration particle size (length) and breed of cow on intake dynamics, animal performance and CH4 emissions, comparing high yielding Holstein and low yielding Girolando cows. The experimental design was 2 × 2 Latin Square arranged as a crossover factorial scheme with two diets (short particle size, SPS and long particle size, LPS) and the two breed compositions. The design comprised two periods of 26 d each, where all data collection was performed at cow level. No influence of the particle size occurred for the passage rate, neutral detergent fiber digestibility, performance and milk composition, methane emissions or ruminal fermentation parameters. Girolando cows had greater dry matter intake (DMI) when fed SPS, while Holsteins had the same (P < 0.05). Girolando cows had lower dry matter digestibility when fed LPS compared to SPS, while Holsteins had the opposite effect (P < 0.05). Also, the digestibility of crude protein and non-fibrous carbohydrates decreased in Girolando cows fed LPS, but not in Holsteins (P < 0.05). Girolando cows reduced DMI by 10.6% when fed LPS diet (P < 0.05). Girolando had an increased eating rate (+24 g of DM/min; P < 0.05) compared to Holstein cows, but Holstein cows had a lower CH4 intensity (by 29.7%: P < 0.05). Girolando cows increased the dry matter intake when fed a diet with short particle size, while the same did not happen in Holsteins. Dry matter digestibility increased in Holsteins when fed long particle size, while the opposite was observed in Girolando cows. Nutrient digestibility was reduced in Girolando cows when fed short particle size. Particle size did not influence eating time, eating rate, feed trough visits, visits with intake, milk yield and composition regardless of the breed. Reducing particle size increased CH4 intensity in both breeds.

154 Reduction of particle size of field peas increases net energy and digestibility of starch when fed to growing pigs

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to test the hypothesis that particle size of field peas and location of production may affect the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch, the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA), and net energy (NE). One source of peas from the U.S., and two sources from Canada were procured. The U.S. peas were ground to 265, 457, or 678 µm, whereas the two Canadian peas were ground to 411 and 415 µm, respectively. A basal diet containing corn and soybean meal as the sources of energy, starch, and AA, and five diets containing corn and soybean meal and 50% of each source of peas were formulated. Pigs were fed the same diets in Exp. 1 and 2, but an N-free diet was also used in Exp. 1. In Exp. 1, barrows [n = 7; initial body weight (BW) = 60.6 kg; SD = 2.1] that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were allotted to a 7 × 7 Latin square design with seven diets and seven periods. Ileal digesta were collected and analyzed for Cr and AA. In Exp. 2, pigs (n = 24; initial BW = 30.8 kg; SD = 1.0) were used in a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six calorimetry chambers and six periods. To determine NE, feces and urine were quantitatively collected and O2 consumption and CO2 and CH4 productions were measured. In both Exp. 1 and 2, the statistical model included diet as the main effect and pairwise comparisons were used to separate the means. Contrast coefficients were also used to determine linear effects of particle size within the U.S. peas. Results from Exp. 1 indicated that the SID of AA was not influenced by the origin of the peas or by particle size, except that the SID of Arg was linearly (P = 0.042) increased (Table 1) as particle size of U.S. field peas was reduced. The AID of starch in the U.S. peas ground to 265 µm was greater (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than in the two Canadian sources, and the AID of starch and NE in diets were linearly (P &amp;lt; 0.001) increased as particle size was reduced. The NE in U.S. peas ground to 678 µm was less (P &amp;lt; 0.05) than in all other pea samples. In conclusion, AID of starch, SID of AA, and NE did not differ between field peas grown in Canada and peas grown in the U.S., but reducing the particle size of field peas resulted in improved digestibility of starch and energy by pigs.

Revealing the percolation–agglomeration transition in polymer nanocomposites via MD-informed continuum RVEs with elastoplastic interphases

This contribution builds the concluding step of a multiscale approach to effectively capture the mechanical behavior of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs), in this case, silica-modified polystyrene. By introducing continuum-based representative volume elements (RVEs) that employ previously identified elastoplastic property gradients for the interphases surrounding the fillers, the effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, and agglomeration on the mechanical performance are investigated. Uniaxial tension tests are simulated with the respective finite-element RVEs, and stress–strain curves are derived. The elastic and plastic material properties of the RVE can then be extracted and analyzed quantitatively by fitting the stress–strain curves with a Voce-type elastoplasticity formulation.At small degrees of agglomeration, i.e., good particle dispersion, in combination with sufficiently large particle volume fraction, percolation bands form, leading to improved elastic and plastic properties. Higher degrees of agglomeration or particle clusters behave like large single particles, which has an adverse effect, i.e., the nanoscale size effect is thereby neutralized. Therefore, the precise MD-informed elastoplastic interphase representation of our RVEs enables the investigation of the transition from beneficial percolation to unfavorable agglomeration. Ultimately, this contribution establishes a link between the effects of particle size, particle volume fraction, agglomeration, and percolation, which have so far only been discussed separately in the literature.Our methodology offers new insights into the structure–property relations of PNCs and their resulting mechanical behavior. The underlying multiscale approach with a systematic transition from molecular to microscopic scales is required to complement experimental observations and exploit the full potential of PNCs.

Dielectric And Mechanical Properties Of PLA-Carbon Composites

This study focuses on the development and characterization of Carbon-based Polylactide (PLA) composites for 3D printer filaments. The aim is to enhance the electrical and mechanical properties of PLA by incorporating recovered carbon black (RCB) in different mesh sizes (500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 mesh). Electrical impedance spectroscopy and dielectric constant measurements were performed to investigate the electrical properties of the composites. Results showed that the addition of RCB increased the dielectric constant, with values ranging from 2.5 to 7.1, indicating improved electrical performance. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed the dispersion of carbon particles within the composites, enhancing their electrical conductivity. The effect of RCB particle size on electrical properties was also explored, with smaller particle sizes (2000 mesh) resulting in the highest conductivity of 6.2 S/m. Tensile testing demonstrated that the addition of RCB increases the tensile strength of PLA, with values ranging from 28.6 MPa to 47.2 MPa, and the elastic modulus, ranging from 832 MPa to 1.56 GPa, depending on the mesh size. The optimal combination of RCB content and mesh size resulted in a composite with a tensile strength of 43.8 MPa. Overall, this research provides insights into the development of Carbon-based PLA composites with improved electrical and mechanical properties.

A statistical model for estimating porosity based on various parameters of flow through porous media

ABSTRACT Flow through porous media is a process with a momentous impact on the environment. Hydraulic conductivity, which depends on the particle size, shape, and porosity of the media, has applications in different fields of science, e.g., groundwater, seepage, and soil stability. Precise estimation of porosity leads to accurate computation of the hydraulic conductivity of porous media. The present study investigates the effect of particle size on the porosity of porous media, i.e., crushed quartzite, river gravel, marble chips, and sand. The influence of the wall effect on packing and porosity of porous media based on the diameter ratio, i.e., the ratio of permeameter-to-particle size (Dp/dg) has also been investigated. The hydraulic conductivity and the porosity of porous media are observed to increase with an increase in the particle size. The study postulates a dependable relation between hydraulic conductivity and porosity. The experimentally obtained and the model-generated porosity values for crushed quartzite, river gravel, marble chips, and sand range between 0.38–0.42 and 0.37–0.43, respectively. Experimental data have been used to derive a statistical model based on the diameter ratio (5.08 ≤ (Dp/dg) ≤ 254) for estimating the porosity of media. The validation of the statistical model using experimental data establishes the efficacy of the developed model.

Developing and Assessing Performance of a Laboratory-Scale Fluidized Bed Dryer

A laboratory-scale batch fluidized bed dryer with 75 mm bed diameter was designed, fabricated and evaluated to study the hydrodynamics of river sand as well as the drying of cassava mash and bitter kola particulates. The hydrodynamics properties such as minimum fluidization velocity, effect of bed height and pressure drop across the bed, effect of particle size  and density on minimum fluidization velocity and stability of the bed column of river sand were studied. Drying of cassava mash to edible garri was carried out at in fluidized bed dryer  at controlled temperatures. Drying characteristics of the laboratory fluidized bed dryer was compared with the laboratory WiseVen oven (model number: WOF - 105) using bitter kola particulate material sample. The experimental results from laboratory-scale fluidized bed dryer showed that the minimum fluidization velocity increases as material density increases and the value of the minimum fluidization velocity obtained from the fluidized bed gave good agreement with other empirical correlation such as Kozeny-Carman Equation. The fluidized bed dryer showed high rates of moisture removal over the conventional oven with the ratio of 1:29 under the same operating conditions. Drying of cassava mash to edible garri was achieved at lower drying temperatures of 83 oC \(\pm\) 3 oC at 55 minutes when compared to conventional frying temperatures of cassava mash to edible at 180 – 200 oC thereby saving energy cost. Hence, this fluidized bed dryer is recommended for use in demonstrating hydrodynamics and drying of particulate materials in the laboratory.

Effect of B4C content and particle sizes on the laser cladded B4C/Inconel 625 composite coatings: Process, microstructure and corrosion property

B4C/Inconel 625 composite coatings were successfully prepared on 20 pipeline steel by laser cladding, in which B4C ceramic was selected as reinforcement phase to improve the microstructure and corrosion property of Inconel 625 coating. The laser cladding parameters were optimized and the effect of B4C content and B4C particle sizes on the microstructure and properties of B4C/Inconel 625 composite coatings were studied in detail. With increasing liner energy density and decreasing powder feeding speed, the crack ratio of the composite coatings reduces. NiB phase forms due to the in-situ reaction of B4C with Ni element in Inconel 625, and a thin layer of planar crystal also forms at the coating/substrate interface. As the addition of B4C content ranged 5 wt.%∼10 wt.% and the particle sizes ranged 10 μm–60 μm, the quantities of equiaxed crystals increase obviously and the coarse columnar crystals are also refined, which contributes to the improved microhardness and corrosion resistance of the B4C/Inconel 625 composite coatings. When the B4C content is 10 wt.% and particle size is 10 μm, the maximum microhardness of the composite coating is about 567HV0.2, which is 241.2% to that of Inconel 625 coating. The optimal corrosion resistance of B4C/Inconel 625 composite coatings is obtained when the B4C content is 5 wt.% and particle size is 60 μm.

Effect of particle size on microstructure and properties of Cu–Cr2O3 composites prepared by supercritical water in situ oxidation

Effect of particle size on microstructure and properties of Cu–Cr2O3 composites prepared by supercritical water in situ oxidation

Effect of Particle Size and Starch Gelatinization on the Mechanical and Metallurgical Performance of Jarosite Plus Blast Furnace Sludge Self-Reducing Briquettes

AbstractJarosite and blast furnace sludge (BFS) are two of the main wastes from hydrometallurgical zinc production and iron production by blast furnace, respectively. Jarosite is a hazardous material that can, however, be reused in the steel industry after the recovering of the iron contained within it through carbothermal reduction in which BFS is exploited as a reducing agent. Yet, both wastes have a powdery nature that makes it necessary to agglomerate them for industrial use. On the other hand, despite the advantages of producing a self-reducing product, the particle size of the starting powders and the level of gelatinization of the binder could play a crucial role on the mechanical and metallurgical performance and, consequently, on the industrial applicability of the briquettes. Accordingly, two powder particle sizes (very fine sand vs. coarse silt) and three degree of corn starch binder retrogradation (10%, 30% and non-gelatinized starch) were used to produce briquettes, and their influence was studied by experimental and statistical investigation. The results showed that gelatinization plays the main role on the mechanical properties of briquettes, while particle size affects both density and reduction behavior; in particular, although all the mixtures were able to recover iron at 950 °C the most optimal mixture were obtained by using a granulometry of 63–125 µm for jarosite and less than 63 µm for BFS, while the local maximum of mechanical performance was obtained for a 30% starch retrogradation level. Graphical Abstract

Effect of Mean Particle Size and Uniformity on Modulus Degradation of Nonlinearly Graded Marine Sands

Effect of Mean Particle Size and Uniformity on Modulus Degradation of Nonlinearly Graded Marine Sands

Effect of pressure, Mg content and AP size on the microscale flame structure of Mg-based propellant

The Mg-based propellant is considered to be a promising fuel for underwater propulsion, but the mechanism of the change of the burning rate is unclear. The Mg-based propellant was divided into two parts on the basis of the BDP multi-flame model: large-size oxidizer particle and pseudo-propellant consisting of fine oxidizer and other components, and the micro steady-state combustion model of Mg-based propellant was established. Quantitatively analysis on the gas-phase multi-flame structure was performed, which focused on the effect of pressure, Mg content, and oxidizer particle size on the burning rate. This model was verified by the results of combustion experiments on ammonium perchlorate (AP) /hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) composite propellant and Mg-based propellant, and the mean absolute percentage error between the burning rate obtained from the simulation and the experimental measurements was less than 5%. Results indicated that the flame structure of Mg-based propellant exhibited typical BDP flame characteristic. As pressure increased from 1 MPa to 4 MPa, the premixed AP flame and the preliminary diffusion flame were closer to the burning surface, which enhanced the heat feedback. And accordingly, the burning rate raised from 5.93 mm/s to 9.79 mm/s. Mg content mainly affect the combustion process of the pseudo-propellant. The premixed flame above the pseudo-propellant gradually disappeared as the Mg content increased from 15% to 63%, which led the burning rate to decrease from 17.45 mm/s to 7.83 mm/s. AP particle size affected the effectiveness of the preliminary diffusion flame on the burning surface and resulted in a change in the burning rate. These findings can provide theoretical guidance for the design of Mg-based propellant formulations.

Attrition and morphological analysis of CaCO3 corresponding to oxy-fuel circulating fluidized bed conditions

The specific surface area of CaCO3 has always been an essential parameter for various oxy-fuel combustion processes and chemical looping processes. However, the circulating of bed material through the furnace, cyclone and loop-seal in an oxy-fuel circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactor may trigger the particle size changes as a result of rapid collisions among particles and friction with the inner refractory wall. Rather than considering only the effect of initial particle size, it is significantly important to emphasize on the change in limestone particle size due to in-reactor attrition. In addition, the changes are further enhanced with calcination reaction that occurred under high-temperature conditions. Herein an investigative account of limestone in a lab-scale CFB process was presented by using two types of fluidizing media (Air, CO2) to determine its attrition and morphological changes under simulated operating conditions for riser and loop-seal. A significant difference in attrition index was observed as calcination of limestone occurred at high temperature under air atmosphere which was not observed under CO2 condition. With similar cross-sectional area observed for both the tested (CO2 condition) and re-carbonated limestone, it was concluded that re-carbonation of calcined lime at high CO2 concentration in the loop-seal resulted in a comparable abrasion resistance that further improved desulfurization performance by reducing the amount of ultra-fine particles generated from limestone.