Economic Difficulties Research Articles

제주도 폭염 직접 피해 원인의 사회적 부검

Due to consistent temperature rise, damages from heatwaves are steadily increasing as time passes. Consequently, national attention towards heatwaves has heightened, leading to a significant rise in preliminary research aimed at analyzing this phenomenon. However, previous research on heatwaves has been limited to topics within climatology, impact variables, risk assessment, and related subjects in meteorology and vulnerability. In this study, the concept and methodology of social autopsy were introduced to analyze the causes of heatwave damage from a sociological perspective through social and environmental analysis. Firstly, the heatwave damage indicator selected for analysis was the number of heat-related illness cases, and the region chosen for the application of social autopsy was Jeju Island, where heat-related illnesses are most pronounced in the country. For the selected area, a control group was identified by contrasting areas with similar environmental conditions but significant differences in the prevalence of heat-related illnesses. Social and environmental factors were then analyzed based on personal social relationships, socioecological structures, and geographical characteristics to analyze heat-related illnesses in different regions. In a quantitative study analyzing the socio-ecological structure using social capital assessments, the results showed that in areas with a high incidence of heat-related illnesses (Hwabuk-dong, Gujo-eup), the probability of experiencing heat-related illnesses increased by 3.2 times when personal organizational trust and residential relationships increased. In contrast, the probabilities decreased by 91.5% and 95.1%, respectively, with an increase in mobile communication and participation in elections. Next, for the analysis of individual temperament and living environment, qualitative research through in-depth interviews was conducted with direct victims who sought medical attention for heat-related illnesses. The results revealed that all subjects exhibited high responsibility, diligence, and proactiveness, with a low level of awareness of the risk of heat-related illnesses. Additionally, growing up in environments with economic difficulties during childhood and youth was associated with a sense of responsibility and diligence, demonstrating a connection to the burden of taking responsibility for family and home, and continuing to work without stopping despite exposure to risks (heat-related illnesses). Finally, an analysis of the geographical characteristics of the region revealed that areas with a higher incidence of anti-Japanese movements and victims of the April 3rd incident had a higher prevalence of heat-related illnesses. This confirmed that the environmental characteristics of Jeju Island were responsible for the majority of heat-related illnesses in the Gujo-eup and Jocheon-eup areas. Based on these findings, it was concluded that the occurrence of direct heatwave victims, namely heat-related illness patients, is influenced not only by meteorological factors but also by a complex interplay of social, environmental, and individual temperament factors. Consequently, it is suggested that instead of a uniform approach to heatwave damage reduction implemented by the government, region-specific and systematic mitigation measures tailored to each locality are necessary.

Changes in Family Economic Difficulties and Family Conflict Due to COVID-19: Targeted at Middle and High School Students

Changes in Family Economic Difficulties and Family Conflict Due to COVID-19: Targeted at Middle and High School Students

Application of Narrative Therapy in a Social Work Group of Caregivers with Mental Health Disorders

Social workers from China found in their community service and interview: Caregivers of individuals with people with mental disorders Lack of sense of meaning in life. They showed simple narration content, narration style, pessimism, low identity recognition. Caregivers think Causing their life stress, family economic difficulties. the psychological pressure is because of their have a mental illness person in. family. Social workers follow the concept of helping people to help themselves, hoping to improve the sense of meaning of life for these caregivers and change their perception. Thirty family carers of the mentally disabled have been chosen to receive life narration treatment in a social work group. this is the main content of social work practice research. In practice, Social worker which has adopted various kinds of narration methods such as life narration, sand table narration, story narration, drawing narration, etc. The practice of This social work group helps carers discover their life meaning from the experiences of care mental illness. this is a valuable practice of social work service for families with mental disorder. This is done with application value of promotion.

Variability of Social Inclusion Patterns Involving Personal, Family and Social Characteristics in Latino Migrant Families in Spain

ABSTRACTMigration entails important changes for families. Despite existing evidence on the process of adaptation, little is known about the degree of social inclusion in a context of high cultural affinity. We examine the variability of social inclusion patterns, indexed by personal, family and social conditions, in 263 Latin American families, with at least one child under 12 years, migrating to Spain. Three profiles of social inclusion were identified using cluster analysis: High inclusion (32%), characterized by a good financial and job situation, low perception of economic difficulty, good social support and medium scores in attraction to neighbourhood and community belonging and high scores in neighbourly relationship. Partial inclusion (35%) was characterized by ratings of extreme economic difficulties and lack of job, high scores in perceived economic hardship, high scores in all types of social support (instrumental, emotional and affectionate support and positive social interaction) and high scores in attraction to neighbourhood and community belonging, and medium scores in neighbourly relationship. Finally, Low inclusion cluster (33%) was characterized by moderate economic difficulties and lack of a job, high scores in perceived economic hardship, low scores in all types of social support and low neighbourhood cohesion in all the factors. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that a model comprising family composition, size of social networks and years of residence in the community increased the probability of belonging to the Partial or Low inclusion profiles compared with the High inclusion one. In conclusion, the heterogeneity in the patterns of social inclusion and their intersection with family conditions suggests the need for targeted intervention actions to reduce the risk of social exclusion.

Вплив «сільських» поведінкових стратегій населення України на якість життя в умовах війни

The purpose of the article is to analyse and understand how «rural» behavioural aspects of the Ukrainian population influence the perception and adaptation to the conditions of armed conflict. The novelty of the study lies in the analysis of those rural behavioural aspects that are common to the entire population and may impact adaptation strategies and the improvement of quality of life during military events. In the context of modern conflicts and war scenarios, the study of population behaviour and its impact on the resilience of quality of life becomes particularly significant. Military conflicts not only threaten the safety and stability of society but also sharply increase the importance of understanding population behavioural aspects in the conditions of armed conflict and their impact on the quality of life. The examination of population behaviour during an extreme period of armed conflict potentially provides answers to how effectively the Ukrainian population can adapt to economic difficulties and overcome them. For the investigation of the impact of «rural» behavioural aspects on the quality of life of the population in Ukraine, a combination of specialized and general scientific methods was employed. These include the monographic method, bibliometrics, and content analysis. Additionally, forecasting and modelling methods were utilized to predict the impact of fullscale military actions on poverty, a key indicator of quality of life. After the conducted research, it can be noted that in the conditions of a full-scale invasion by Russian forces, the «rural» behavioural characteristics of Ukrainians exhibit numerous advantages, arising from the close interaction between rural and urban existence. It is demonstrated that a potentially significant portion of the country’s population, particularly those of rural origin, possesses skills in land management. The presence of relatives in villages and small towns, who have large living spaces and substantial land plots, enabled the acceptance of many forcibly displaced individuals during the war. The study confirms that behavioural traits such as the tradition of stockpiling food supplies, maintaining habitable housing conditions in rural areas, and the existence of close familial and social ties have significantly mitigated the impact of the war on the population.

Temporal characteristics and associated factors of discontinuation and outcomes after percutaneous coronary intervention.

Background: Medication adherence in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is suboptimal, and discontinuation is common. Information on the temporal characteristics and associated factors of discontinuation and outcomes after PCI is insufficient to improve medication adherence interventions. Methods: We conducted a single-center retrospective study of post-PCI patients by telephone survey and medical record extraction. Temporal characteristics and associated factors of discontinuation and outcomes were examined by survival curve analysis, Cox regression, or time-dependent Cox regression. Results: Discontinuation and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) after PCI had similar temporal characteristics, with the highest incidence in the first year, followed by a decline. Temporary discontinuation was associated with pre-PCI medication nonadherence (HR 1.63; 95% CI: 1.09-2.43), lack of medication necessity (HR 2.33; 95% CI: 1.44-3.78), economic difficulties (HR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.26-3.47), routine disruption (HR 2.09; 95% CI: 1.10-3.99), and emotional distress (HR 2.76; 95% CI: 1.50-5.09). Permanent discontinuation was associated with residence in rural areas (HR 4.18; 95% CI: 1.84-9.46) or small to medium-sized cities (HR 4.21; 95% CI: 1.82-9.73), lack of medication necessity (HR 10.60; 95% CI: 6.45-17.41), and side effects (HR 3.30; 95% CI: 1.94-5.62). The MACE after PCI was associated with pre-PCI hypertension (HR 1.42; 95% CI: 1.04-1.96), two coronary stents (HR 1.42; 95% CI: 1.01-1.99) or three coronary stents (HR 1.66; 95% CI: 1.11-2.49) compared to one coronary stent up to this PCI, and temporary discontinuation (≤60 months HR 2.18; 95% CI: 1.47-3.25; >60 months HR 8.82; 95% CI: 3.65-21.28). Conclusion: Discontinuation and MACE after PCI have similar temporal characteristics, temporary discontinuation and permanent discontinuation have different associated factors, and the former is associated with MACE. These findings may provide guidance for medication adherence interventions.

SPOOC (Sensor for Periodic Observation of Choline): An Integrated Lab-on-a-Spoon Platform for At-Home Quantification of Choline in Infant Formula.

Choline is an essential micronutrient for infants' brain development and health. To ensure that infants receive the needed daily dose of choline, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has set requirements for choline levels in commercialized infant formulas. Unfortunately, not all families can access well-regulated formulas, leading to potential inadequacies in choline intake. Economic constraints or difficulties in obtaining formulas, exacerbated by situations like COVID-19, prompt families to stretch formulas. Accurate measurement of choline in infant formulas becomes imperative to guarantee that infants receive the necessary nutritional support. Yet, accessible tools for this purpose are lacking. An innovative integrated sensor for the periodic observation of choline (SPOOC) designed for at-home quantification of choline in infants' formulas and milk powders is reported. This system is composed of a choline potentiometric sensor and ionic-liquid reference electrode developed on laser-induced graphene (LIG) and integrated into a spoon-like device. SPOOC includes a micro-potentiometer that conducts the measurements and transmits results wirelessly to parents' mobile devices. SPOOC demonstrated rapid and accurate assessment of choline levels directly in pre-consuming infant formulas without any sample treatment. This work empowers parents with a user-friendly tool for choline monitoring promoting informed nutritional decision-making in the care of infants.

Wanprestasi oleh Koperasi Simpan Pinjam: Bagaimana Dampak Hukumnya?

The development of the national economy and the changes that occur in the business environment, including the savings and loan cooperative unit, which is directed to always encourage and play an active role in increasing the income of its members in order to be able to overcome existing social inequality. Cooperatives are a joint business entity that struggles in the economic field by taking the right and steady path with the aim of freeing itself from the economic difficulties generally suffered by its members. However, in reality, this cooperative has not been maximized in controlling credit so that the ability to generate Residual Income (SHU) is still less effective and must enter the realm of court because of defaulting on its customers. Therefore, this research will analyze legal protection in the event of default by the company in this context is the Cooperative. This research is normative (legal) research. The results of this study conclude that the Cooperative Law does not specifically mention legal protection for customer funds while for customers the protection is seen in article 7 and article 8 of Government Regulation Number 33 of 1998 concerning Participation Capital in Cooperatives and the protection of customers is not regulated with certainty so that regulations are needed to resolve defaults committed by business actors of Savings and Loan Cooperatives.

Exploring how people achieve recommended levels of physical activity, despite self-reported economic difficulties: a sense of coherence perspective

BackgroundThe salutogenic theory forms the basis for health promotion and describes health as a continuum from a dis-ease pole of health to an ease pole. The core concept for the salutogenic theory is sense of coherence (SOC). For a strong SOC, general resistance resources, such as solid economic situation, are essential. The aim was to explore how people – despite self-reported economic difficulties – comprehend, manage and find it meaningful to achieve the level of physical activity recommended by World Health Organisation (WHO).MethodThe study is based on interviews with people achieving the recommended physical activity (PA) level despite economic difficulties. The interviews were conducted at primary health care centres and family centres after a targeted health dialogue. We used a qualitative deductive content analysis based on sense of coherence as the main category, with the three generic categories of comprehensibility, manageability and meaningfulness.ResultThe findings elucidate a pattern of a process. In this process, the participants comprehend their knowledge of the health benefits of PA and have a plan for performing their PA. They utilise their resources in order to manage to apply their knowledge and plan for PA in their lives despite their challenges. When PA becomes meaningful to them, they have an intrinsic motivation to perform it and experience its benefits.ConclusionThis study suggests a possible process that might help in achieving the recommended PA level among people with economic difficulties and other challenges. The findings might be used in health promotion work, such as targeted health dialogues in primary health care, to reduce health inequalities when supporting people who are not achieving the recommended levels of PA.Trial registrationNot applicable.

Mental health in genocide: Balancing between posttraumatic distress and growth among displaced Yazidi mothers

Background. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) committed genocide of the Yazidis in Sinjar 2014, resulting in dispersion and enslavement. Research shows severe mental health problems, such as posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among survivors, but less is known about their resources and strengths, conceptualized as posttraumatic growth (PTG). Aims. are to examine the balance between symptoms and strengths among Yazidi women caring for their infants by identifying groups differing in PTSD and PTG, and analyze how demographic, obstetric, and infant-related factors associate with the groups. Method. Participants were 283 Yazidi mothers with their 1-18-month-old infants displaced in Kurdish Region of North Iraq. PTSD symptoms were measured by Harvard Trauma Questionnaire and PTG by the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory. Results. identified four groups: “Severe symptoms and low growth” (39%), “Low symptoms and moderate growth” (38%), “Moderate symptoms and very high growth” (13%), and “Moderate symptoms and low growth” (10%). Low education, economic difficulties and obstetric problems related to the “Severe symptoms and low growth” group, whereas newborn and infant health problems did not have an impact. Conclusion. Effective help for genocide survivors should both alleviate suffering and encourage resources through tools of recreating a sense of cultural security and pride.

First year and adjustment in university life: A qualitative study to determine the needs of first year university students

This study was conducted to identify the adjustment needs of first-year university students during their transition to university. The first year at university is a time when students review and organize their needs, their expectations from the university, the quality of their communication with other students, academic and administrative staff, the rules and working methods of the new academic environment, and the personality traits that students bring to the university. In the first year, most university students have to deal with many stress factors such as economic difficulties, academic difficulties, loneliness and homesickness, and difficulties in establishing social relationships. Based on this information, this study aims to explore in depth the needs and experiences of first-year university students in Turkey. In this study, the case study model, which is one of the qualitative research methods, was used to determine the adjustment difficulties and first-year needs of first-year university students. The participants were asked 11 open-ended questions with a semi-structured interview form. Content analysis, which is a qualitative data analysis method, was conducted by creating themes and codes for the data obtained from the interviews. The findings from the research were discussed in the context of the literature.

Перспективы трансформации системы международных расчетов в Российской Федерации на базе цифровых валют центральных банков

Fragmentation of the global financial and economic space and difficulties in the organization of international settlements cause the restructuring of the international settlement system of the Russian Federation. Russia’s need for a reliable system of international settlements is due to its rapid involvement in the system of international trade, the need for high-tech imports, sales of raw materials and high-grade goods. One of the most promising options for a new design of payment infrastructure protected from sanctions pressure is the creation of an international payment system based on the peer-to-peer model using central bank digital currencies (CBDC). The Committee on Payment Infrastructures is actively theorizing this model. To date, the Russian Federation (digital ruble) and the People's Republic of China (digital yuan) demonstrate a high level of readiness to make settlements in the CBDC. The creation of a payment system based on CBDC fundamentally changes the entire landscape of international settlements, not only reducing the cost of transactions, but also ensuring their reliability, transparency and protection from the negative influence of other countries. Of particular interest is the model of clearing using CBDC in BRICS countries, which will allow for centralized netting of mutual positions of the countries in national currencies and gradual displacement of currencies of developed countries from mutual settlements.

Sustainability of debt in the football industry: One, nobody and one hundred thousand owners

Today, football is widely regarded as one of the most significant leisure activities in people's lives, given its considerable impact in terms of fostering social cohesion, promoting physical and mental health, generating economic and financial benefits, as well as attracting millions of viewers globally. The football industry is a major industry with a plethora of stakeholders that support a complex and dynamic multi-billion-euro industry. However, the unique and unpredictable nature of the football industry presents ongoing challenges to debt management and financing strategies. Debt in the football industry, especially at the club level, is a matter of concern and discussion among academics, as well as politicians, financial investors, and organizations. This study aims to analyse the financial and economic performance of Italian football clubs, their trends, and perspectives in comparison to their European counterparts. The results in the table show clear economic and financial difficulties facing the professional Italian football industry. Our findings and our reflections on the operational strategic consequences may be useful for both practitioners, who might know the impact of their sports-related choices in their clubs' debts, and policymakers.

A design framework for Food Small Medium Enterprises resilience and performance in Indonesia

For small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) in Indonesia, the post-pandemic economic challenges are particularly severe, even with the numerous government initiatives that have been put into place over the last two years. Most SMEs, including food SMEs, are finding it difficult to overcome the health crisis and the uncertainty of impending economic difficulties. While food SME players must concentrate on their business performance—both financial and non-financial, such as environmental performance—in order to survive and endure in the competitive landscape. The aim of this paper is to identify resilience factors and performance measurement for food SMEs in Indonesia that are facing economic challenges. Using a literature review, this paper recommends a framework that integrates food SME resilience factors with business market challenges identified in Indonesia as drivers of food SMEs performance. Additionally, this paper offers researchers and policy makers a framework for creating plans that will increase the performance and resilience of food SMEs. This research implies that in order to improve food SMEs performance, actors must work together and in concert.

Pengingkaran Umat Islam terhadap Kewajiban Zakat Mal dan Analisis Pandangan Al-Qur’an Q.S. At-Taubah:60

The aim of this research is to study the phenomenon of Muslims' denial of their zakat mal obligations and analyze the perspective found in the Al-Qur'an in surah At-Taubah: 60 regarding this matter. Studies show that many Muslims ignore zakat mal, even though Islamic teachings explain it clearly. Factors such as lack of religious understanding, economic difficulties, and lack of socialization about the social and economic benefits of implementing zakat can cause this neglect. Analysis of verses from the Koran, searching related literature, and collecting data from respondents representing various levels of Islamic society are qualitative research methods. The focus of the analysis is Verse 60 of Surah At-Taubah in the Qur'an, which determines who is entitled to receive zakat mal and how it is carried out. The research results show that zakat mal plays an important role in building social justice, reducing poverty, and supporting various aspects of life in Islamic communities. Even though the Qur'an clearly determines who is entitled to receive zakat mal, actual practice often deviates from these provisions. Therefore, to overcome the rejection of zakat malls, education, use of technology, legal supervision, and increasing mass media awareness are solutions. To conclude, a deep understanding of Islamic teachings, especially zakat mal, is very important so that Muslims can carry out this obligation correctly. In accordance with its teachings, Islamic society can produce a more just and prosperous society with shared awareness and commitment

Political Campaigns and Social Media: The Lok Sabha Elections 2019

Abstract: In the 2019 Indian Lok Sabha elections, political campaigns underwent a major transformation due to the widespread use of social media. This research examines the relationship between social media and political campaigns in the 2019 elections, emphasising important trends, challenges, and consequences. Over 900 million eligible voters participated in the 2019 elections, making it the largest democratic election in the world. Political parties and candidates realised the potential of social media platforms like Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and WhatsApp to reach voters, influence public opinion, and garner support. The political parties across India, irrespective of national, state or local status, leveraged the social media platforms to their benefit and reaped the most out of their presence on social media. Major differences reflected through the use of social media to campaign and bolster respective parties' election agenda, spreading their words of promise of welfare for the citizens while trying to reach the farthest corner of the country. The larger use of the same could be seen in case of national parties like that of Bhartiya Janata Party (BJP) and Indian National Congress (INC), while they leveraged the use of social media to strengthen their presence amongst the voters, the smaller parties like the state parties and local parties used the social media but to limited extent as, in most of the cases the presence of the larger parties could be felt more. By using targeted advertising, data analysis, and engaging content, the political parties’ social media campaigns could effectively spread their message and connect with larger audiences. With impactful visuals, memorable slogans, and interactive content, the parties successfully promoted their message of welfare of the citizens, nationalism, growth, and cultural heritage, finding support among the voter base throughout India. The political parties in India, including national parties like Indian National Congress, Trinamool Congress faced challenges in competing with the ruling party's digital presence. Despite using social media for outreach, the opposition parties couldn't match the BJP's effective communication and failed to address issues like economic troubles, inequality, and unemployment. The 2019 election was also plagued by fake news, misinformation, and divisive content on social media, which threatened the electoral process. The unchecked spread of misinformation and sensationalist content on social media has intensified societal divisions, eroded trust, and lowered the calibre of public debate. This raises concerns about the detrimental effects of social media on democratic principles and institutions. The 2019 Lok Sabha elections highlight the urgent need for increased transparency, responsibility, and regulation in political campaigns on social media. Combating misinformation, protecting the fairness of elections, and promoting digital understanding are crucial for safeguarding the integrity of democratic processes and fostering informed voter participation.

Conventional and occasional euphemisms in German economic journalism

This article examines the use of euphemisms in German journalistic texts on economic topics. Euphemisms include lexemes and expressions that soften the names of discordant designations of concepts. The consequences of the 2019-2020 pandemic and the Ukrainian conflict had a definite impact on the German economy and the standard of living of the German population. The rapid rise in prices and the energy crisis that has arisen in the country have led to financial problems reflected in the stratification of society into rich and poor, an increase in the number of protests due to unfavorable working conditions and even to forced closure of enterprises. Such economic difficulties are actively discussed in the German press. In order to switch the reader’s attention and smooth out the designation of acute problems, journalists use euphemized words and expressions in their articles. In a particular historical period, depending on political, economic or social changes, certain spheres of public life were subjected to productive euphemization. In this regard, it seems important to trace this process in diachrony, focusing on the economic problems of Germany in 2021-2023. The aim of the study is to identify euphemistically colored lexemes and expressions in German journalistic texts, as well as to identify groups of euphemisms and the reasons for their use. The research material included articles from the economic section of German electronic publications such as “Der Spiegel”, “Die Zeit”, “Süddeutsche Zeitung”, “Die Tageszeitung”, “Berliner Zeitung”, etc. The study revealed that such economic problems as poverty and wealth, mass protests, rising food and electricity prices, methods of limiting them, and the consequences of the energy crisis are being euphemized. The analysis made it possible to identify both conventional and occasional euphemisms, although it was found that the lexemes and expressions of the second group are noticeably prevalent in German journalism.

The Experience of Living with Multiple Sclerosis during the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Many studies have shown that psychological distress such as worries and anxiety is one of the causes of the development, recurrence, or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of patients with MS during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted using an interpretive phenomenological approach. The participants were selected from patients with MS in Tehran, Iran who were members of the Iranian MS Society in 2021. The research sample included 19 patients with MS who were selected using purposive sampling. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews until the data were saturated. The collected data were analyzed using Van Manen’s phenomenological approach, and the validity and truthfulness of the data were confirmed using the four criteria proposed by Lincoln and Guba. Results: Explication of the data revealed 22 subthemes and 5 main themes. The main themes identified were: Feeling of helplessness and fear of inadequacy in self-care, Economic concerns and financial problems, Ineffective interaction with family members, preoccupations and obsessions with the pandemic, and ambivalent and conflicting beliefs about others. Conclusion: The experiences of those affected by the pandemic were linked to personal and familial concerns, health issues, feelings of inadequacy in self-care, and economic difficulties. Additionally, participants were preoccupied with the pandemic and the social problems they faced. Gaining an understanding of these experiences can offer valuable insights to medical professionals, families of patients, and relevant organizations regarding the lived experiences of individuals with MS.

Prerequisites for the Recovery of Companies in Economic Difficulty by Concluding Agreements with Relevant Creditors

Insolvency prevention procedures have recently been reformed, in the context of aligning national legislation with the European requirements. To ensure an effective chance of recovery of viable debtors, more accessible and coherent out-of-court frameworks have been created. The restructuring agreement procedure gives distressed debtors the chance to restructure their debts, by means of an agreement with the relevant creditors in order to avoid insolvency. The initiative to make the agreement rests exclusively with the debtor, the law expanding the scope of those entitled to apply for this remedy. The attestation of the state of difficulty is made on objective grounds and not on simple presumptions, as a result of an assessment carried out by an insolvency practitioner and concretized in a report. The restructuring agreement is drawn up with the support of the restructuring administrator, who will ensure that its structure contains the mandatory elements stated by law. The approval of the agreement, negotiated in advance, is subject to the vote of the creditors whose claims are affected, according to the category to which they belong. The confirmation of the restructuring agreement by the syndic judge is carried out in a non-contentious procedure, with a legality control being carried out.

Portrait of Child Labor in Small-Scale Oil Palm Plantations: Dillemma Between Education and Work.

Amid increasing economic prospects and government support for oil palm plantations, oil palm plantations still have many social problems. The emergence of child labor in small-scale oil palm plantations (smallholders) is a fact. This article analyzes the dilemma related to the child laborers’ choice of working or continuing education in small-scale oil palm plantations in Seberu Village, Silat Hilir District, Kapuas Hulu District, West Kalimantan Province. We use an ethnographic approach to describe activities, behaviors, actions, conversations, and interpersonal interactions within social communities and small-scale farming family units. We found three main reasons why children consider education irrelevant to their daily needs and choose to work on small-scale oil palm plantations. The first factor is access, which is related to the distance to schools and inadequate road infrastructure. The second factor is the need for more imagination about the importance of going to school for the future. The third factor is lifestyle fulfillment rather than family economic difficulties.