Economic Base Research Articles

Social capital in transactions: The role of economic and social trust in the specialty beef production system in Brazil

Abstract This study aims to understand the social capital inherent in agents and the role of social and economic trust in transactions between beef cattle producers and slaughtering cooperatives in the specialty beef production system in Paraná state, Brazil. This qualitative research involved 31 semi-structured interviews with beef cattle producers, cooperatives, and key agents. Results revealed that social capital, comprising networks and informal norms, favors the condition of trust, enabling the construction of a hybrid governance structure under a complex institutional environment. Social and economic trust between agents facilitates transactions, reduces behavioral and market uncertainties, enables ex-post adaptations, and consequently, reduces monitoring costs and transaction costs. Trust based on social aspects, i.e., social trust, was more relevant for the construction of arrangements, while trust based on economic aspects, i.e., economic trust, had a greater impact on the continuity of arrangements. This reveals that looking at only one of them is not enough to understand contractual arrangements. Thus, this study highlights that unfolding the concept of trust and investigating whether it comes from an economic or social basis is important to understand the complexity of such arrangements, which may influence specialty beef production system design and coordination efficiency.

Single-phase thermosyphon heat transport device, a future prospect for heat removal applications: An experimental comparison with heat pipe and two-phase closed thermosyphon

Over the years, the passive mode of heat transportation has gained immense popularity, which includes two-phase devices viz. Heat pipe (HP) and Two-phase closed thermosyphon (TPCT). But recently, the thermosyphon heat transport device (THTD) entered the pool, wherein the heat transfer fluid (HTF) in liquid phase transports heat by natural circulation (thermosyphon). Hence, to gauge their efficacy, in the present experimental investigation, the three devices (with the same geometry and HTF) are compared by imposing isothermal (40°C–90 °C) and isoflux (50–900 W) heating conditions.In isothermal mode, HP transports heat with a minimal temperature gradient compared to TPCT and THTD. The thermal resistance (TR) of TPCT and THTD is 5.4 to 10.1 times and 6.6 to 10.1 times respectively greater than HP. For isothermal temperatures below 80 °C, the TR of THTD is less than TPCT (viscous limit). Later the trend reverses as the TPCT outperforms, while THTD experiences HTF boiling. Further, the heat extracted by HP is 2.1 to 3.9 times and 3 to 3.5 times greater than TPCT and THTD respectively. Hence, its application is justified if cost is not a concern, while THTD (with high-temperature HTF) is suggested over TPCT on an economic basis. Even the isoflux mode showed a similar trend of TR. The system response (based on time constant) depicted both HP and TPCT have similar and nearly constant values over the heat load range, while in THTD, it decreases with an increase in heat load and approaches the other two. Hence, a high-temperature HTF would lead to competitive results. Further, concerning the heat transport distance, as the TR of THTD remained the same compared to the increment in TPCT, the application of the former is justified in long-distance heat transportation. Ultimately, HP is the front-runner, while TPCT and THTD perform on par depending on operating conditions and geometry.

Shifting between Pragmatism and Ideology: Communist Czechoslovakia and Haile Selassie's Ethiopia during the Cold War, 1955–1974

Abstract Czechoslovakia was one of the most active members of the Soviet bloc in sub-Saharan Africa, with a policy oscillating between euphoric activism and pragmatism. Officials in Prague sought to establish good relations with many African countries, generally on a pragmatic economic basis, as in the case of Ethiopia. The Czechoslovak Communists gave high priority to Ethiopia because of the country's strategic position and its long-standing cooperation with Czechoslovakia. Although ideological factors played some role, economic pragmatism was the dominant feature of Czechoslovak policy in Africa in the 1950s and early 1960s. Not until the mid-1960s did the Soviet Union become the primary architect of the Soviet bloc's “Africa policy.” After the 1974 coup in Ethiopia, which saw the overthrow of the Haile Selassie regime, Czechoslovakia's relations with Ethiopia markedly improved for both ideological and pragmatic reasons.

Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Development: An International Perspective

Abstract The present study examines the patterns of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Kazakhstan and draws comparisons with global trends. Based on statistical data spanning from 2000 to 2022, the study reveals that the growth of FDI in Kazakhstan has exhibited greater volatility and speed compared to developed nations. However, it is strongly associated with global FDI inflows and the growth of gross domestic product (GDP). This article aims to examine the patterns and determinants influencing FDI in Kazakhstan and to juxtapose these patterns with global trends. The main approach used in the study was systematic. The article’s contribution lies in its provision of novel insights into the dynamics of FDI in Kazakhstan and its correlation with economic growth. Furthermore, the article elucidates the various factors that contribute to the expansion of FDI in Kazakhstan, while also offering suggestions for the development of public policy in this domain. The article provides a comprehensive examination of FDI patterns in Kazakhstan, comparing them to global trends and identifying the factors that influence the dynamics of FDI. Furthermore, the article offers suggestions for expanding the economic base of Kazakhstan beyond its reliance on the oil and gas industry, enhancing focus on high-tech and innovative sectors, and enhancing the institutional framework.

Examining the role of ruminants in sustainable food systems

AbstractSustainable food systems provide food security while stewarding economic, social, and environmental bases in ways to meet future generations' needs. Sustainable food systems encompass the health of animals, people, and ecosystems. Healthy and productive ruminants can produce meat and milk products with fewer resources, and consequently, often fewer greenhouse gas emissions are produced. Ruminant livestock faces the dual challenge of being impacted by and contributing to climate change, while also experiencing increased demand for ruminant meat and milk products due to growing global population and increased incomes. This challenge presents different ways forward depending upon solutions and how one values certain aspects of sustainability, ranging from simply building upon past improvements in ruminant agriculture to dramatic reductions in ruminant livestock populations. Better understanding the concerns with ruminant's role in sustainable food systems is important, as is understanding the different viewpoints and interpretation of evidence both for and against ruminant agriculture. This review provides a brief overview of some of the key issues related to the role ruminant animals play in sustainable food systems, including greenhouse gas emissions, feed‐food competition and land use, and human nutrition. The review also highlights how improved animal health outcomes can enhance ruminants' role in sustainable food systems. Ultimately, ruminants make unique contributions to human flourishing via providing nutrition, livelihoods, and ecosystem services from forage resources and grassland landscapes. However, the status quo is unlikely to meet the challenges of the coming decades, thus investing in research and development into sustainable ruminant systems is required.

Optimal coordinated energy management in active distribution networks considering battery energy storage and price‐responsive demand

AbstractContemporary distribution networks can be seen with diverse dispatchable and non‐dispatchable energy resources. The coordinated scheduling of these dispatchable resources with non‐dispatchable resources can provide several techno‐economic and social benefits. Since battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and microturbine units are capital intensive. A thorough investigation of their coordinated scheduling on a purely economic basis will be an interesting and challenging task while considering dynamic electricity price and uncertainty of renewable power generation and load demand. This paper proposes a new methodology for optimal coordinated scheduling of BESSs and microturbine units considering existing renewable energy resources and dynamic electricity price to maximize daily profit function of the utility. In this study, a recently explored modified African buffalo optimization algorithm is employed. The key attributes of the proposed methodology are comprised of mean price‐based adaptive scheduling embedded within a decision mechanism system to maximize arbitrage benefits. Decision mechanism system keeps a track of system states as a‐priori thus guides the artificial intelligence‐based solution technique for sequential optimization. This may also reduce the computational burden of complex real‐life engineering optimization problems. Further, a novel concept of fictitious charges in coordination with BESS management algorithm is proposed to restrict the counterproductive operational management of BESSs. The application results investigated and compared on a benchmark 33‐bus test distribution system highlights the importance of the proposed methodology.

Catch-rate triggers as a fisheries management tool for short lived species: Can they achieve MEY?

Fisheries based on short lived species are notoriously difficult to manage using traditional effort or catch quota controls. Such fisheries are often characterised by high fecundity, requiring only a small spawning stock to potentially produce a large biomass the following year. This stock, or at least its availability, is driven by unpredictable environmental conditions to a large extent, with the available biomass depleted over the fishing season though both natural and fishing mortality. In most instances, management of these fisheries has focused on ensuring sufficient escapement at the end of the season to allow sufficient recruitment the following year. Catch-rate triggers are one such management tool to determine when fishing should cease. In this study, the use of such triggers in the banana prawn sub-fishery of the Australian Northern Prawn Fishery are assessed. The fishery has an explicit objective of achieving maximum economic yield, and the triggers are set on an economic basis during the season based on price and cost information provided by the industry. The in-season estimates provided by industry were highly correlated with information derived retrospectively through an economic survey, with the industry-provided estimates generally resulting in a more conservative (i.e., higher) break-even catch-rate level. It is the profit maximising behaviour of the fishers, however, that results in the greatest benefits, with most boats leaving the fishery before the trigger catch-rate is reached. The catch-rate trigger operates more as a “safety-net” for the fishery, and possibly a nudge encouraging vessels to maximise their profits given their individual cost structures.

Business Intelligence and Decision-Making in Micro Small and Medium Enterprises in Africa

A strong business intelligence strategy can deliver accurate data and reporting capabilities faster to business operators; help them make better quicker business decisions. Holding this statement constant, the researchers investigated business intelligence and decision making in MSMEs in Africa. The study is qualitatively done with six participants who responded to an unstructured questionnaire employed to gather the needed relevant data. The collected data were meticulously transcribed and analyzed. After completion, the numerous data entry forms underwent internal validation to guarantee that the replies were accurately categorized before being harmonized and divided into two main categories- competitive advantage and operational efficiency. The Study found that business intelligence is pivotal for timely decision-making in firms especially in the MSMEs sector of the Nigeria economy as it is a strategy used by owner-managers in the organization to achieve operational efficiency and competitive advantage in a tense business environment like Nigeria. It is evident, therefore, that Africa especially Nigeria is not doing badly in the MSMEs sector of the economy and to sustain this stride, governments at all levels must factor in MSMEs and technology into their policy formulation and implications. It is only when that is done that Africa in general and Nigeria, in particular, can boost of not only registering its name in the global economic map but will have a viable economic base that will continue to attract foreign direct investment.

Public debt and economic growth in the West African monetary zone (WAMZ)

In this paper, we revisit the relationship between public debt and economic growth with a spotlight on the West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ). In the re-examination, we pursue three undertakings using both panel data and time series modelling techniques. First, we examine the linear relationship using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model for time-series data and the fixed (or random) effect model for the panel data counterpart. Second, we assess the nonlinear relationship by incorporating the squared term of the debt variable as an additional explanatory variable in the models. Third, we identify the level of public debt/GDP ratio beyond which public debt becomes unsustainable using threshold regression techniques. The findings show a negative relationship across the linear models. We also establish that the debt-economic growth relationship is non-linear, and we obtain the points of inflection for the WAMZ countries. These levels are 71.9 % for Gambia, 55.8 % for Ghana, 91.5 % for Guinea, 83.7 % for Liberia, 38.45 % for Nigeria and 38.6 % for Sierra Leone. We make suggestions for the WAMZ countries to expand their economic bases by channelling funds to infrastructure development and the development of human capital in order to optimize the benefits of debt accumulation in the long run.

INTERACTION BETWEEN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS AND THE POLICE IN ENSURING THE VITAL FUNCTIONS OF THE REGION AND CREATING A SECURE ENVIRONMENT UNDER MARTIAL LAW: LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS

The article applies a scientific and methodological approach to the analysis of the regulatory framework, forms of interaction between local self-government bodies and the police in the area of ensuring the vital functions of the region and creating a safe environment under martial law, as well as the state of their economic support, and as a result, suggested areas for their improvement. The purpose of the study is to clarify the legal, economic and organisational bases of interaction between local self-government bodies and the police in the area of ensuring the vital activity of the region and creating a safe environment under martial law. The methodological basis of the study is the dialectical method, the application of which allowed to comprehensively reveal the nature of forms and methods of interaction between local self-government bodies and the police. Results. The study has shown that the key areas for improving cooperation between local governments and the police in areas close to military operations are as follows: creation of voluntary public order units that, together with the police, can be used by citizens to protect public order in streets, parks, squares and adjacent areas in the evening; establishment of police cooperation with the security services of strategic enterprises (energy and life support facilities) to identify persons who control the aggressor's weapons and energy and life support facilities from among the employees of these enterprises; monitoring the state of lighting of road infrastructure facilities and contacting the relevant local authorities to install additional lighting at night; surveillance of public places and other objects of citizens' life that are not under the supervision of police video observation systems; involvement of additional law enforcement forces in patrolling public places (including officers and cadets of departmental institutions of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and other agencies) who have the appropriate skills and permits for such activities; development of an effective system of local financial distribution, taking into account the balance between ensuring the economic development of the region by creating appropriate conditions for business, sufficient social security, education and health care, and creating a system of defence capability and ensuring a safe environment for citizens.

INTERNATIONAL PRACTICE AND STANDARDS OF LAND VALUATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE LAND PLOTS MARKET PRICE

The article analyses international practices and land valuation standards, highlighting their significance in forming market prices for land plots. The authors consider the importance of harmonising national valuation standards with international ones, which will be an essential step toward ensuring transparency, fairness, and efficiency in the land market. The focus is on the impact of internationally recognised standards such as IVS, RICS, and TEGoVA on the land pricing process in different countries. The article discusses in detail the mechanisms through which standardised evaluation methods contribute to increasing the investment attractiveness of land resources, strengthening the confidence of investors and land owners, and improving the legal and economic basis of the land market. The authors emphasise that an adequate assessment of the land that meets international standards is critical for ensuring effective management of land resources, conducting sustainable land use, and preserving the ecological balance. The study reveals the potential advantages and challenges of adopting international assessment standards in Ukraine. In particular, we consider the issues of the need for retraining appraisers, the adaptation of national legislation and regulatory framework, and the potential for increasing transparency and stabilisation of the land market. The article points out the importance of international cooperation and exchange of experience for the successful integration of Ukraine into global market relations, boosting its investment attractiveness and fostering the sustainable development of land resources. The article provides a valuable contribution to understanding the main aspects of international experience in land valuation and its impact on market price formation mechanisms. It calls for further research and discussion of ways to adapt and implement international standards in Ukraine as a necessary prerequisite for developing an open, fair, and efficient land market. The study significantly contributes to the scientific understanding of the harmonisation processes of national approaches to land valuation with international standards and practices, which is relevant in the context of globalisation and market integration. Keywords: international valuation standard, land value, land plot, land cadastre.

Deciphering the resource wealth enigma: Unraveling the interplay of institutional quality, economic diversity, and R&D in mitigating the resource curse

The study explores the multipart dynamics of resource wealth, institutional quality, economic diversity, R&D outputs and their interplay with “resources curse” by analyzing data from 2008 to 2019 for 18 G member countries. The study discovers that natural resource abundance can be a double-edged sword, potentially restricting R&D operations and offering the financial ability to fund these ventures. It clarifies that the “curse” depends on a wide range of economic, institutional, and sociopolitical conditions rather than an inevitable result. The strength of the institutions and economic diversity stand out as important mitigating factors among these elements. The study emphasizes how crucial institutional stability and openness are to protecting R&D projects from the resource curse's damaging effects. It encourages them to create a varied economic basis that fosters innovation and protects against resource-based vulnerabilities. The study also highlights how green, sustainable R&D activities can promote economic growth and environmental protection. It envisions a balanced growth trajectory in which natural resource riches are deliberately used to build a sustainable, innovation-driven future. The study promotes proactive policy initiatives and global collaboration among G20 economies to turn the resource curse into a driver for innovation and sustainable economic growth. This study provides valuable insights for policymakers, academics, and practitioners by demonstrating the nuanced relationship between natural resource richness and R&D activity in G20 economies. It adds to the conversation about sustainable economic development by challenging the international community to reconsider the myth of resource plenty and how it affects creativity.

Peran Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk (CWLS) dalam Pemerataan Ekonomi dan Kesejahteraan di Indonesia

Wakaf was the economic base of the Mamluk dynasty. Wakaf undergoes transformation with the needs of the times because wakaf has a higher value of flexibility compared to zakat, one of which is the use of productive wakafs, like money wakaf. One of the innovations of the money waqf is the presence of Cash Waqf Linked Sukuk where the urgency of the publication of CWLS among other things strengthens the financial economic capacity of the Shariah, strengthens management of the national wahaf institutions, supports the achievement of SDGs, and encourages social investment. This research uses a kind of library research method by gathering data from a variety of literature. The CWLS can prove that even though the wahaf value is not high, it still brings tremendous benefits. From the first publication of the Wakaf chapter to the present day, the CWLS results have contributed significantly to the economic sector or other sectors, such as post-pandemic economic recovery, development and provision of health facilities, empowerment of farmers, and various other tools programmes. CWLS could be a leading product in the future and a reserve for Indonesian economic development.

The economic basis of a tax: the concept and the principle

The subject. The article investigates the legal content of the concept of the economic basis of a tax and the relevant principle. The reason for choosing this subject of investigation lies in the emerging practice of how the statutory principle applies which is set out in article 3(3) of the Russian Tax Code, according to which taxes and levies should have an economic basis. Purpose of the study. The article analyses the existing ideas about the economic basis of taxes, proposes and substantiates the legal definition of the concept, specifies the types of taxable economic benefit and discloses the content of the principle of the economic grounds of a tax.Methodology. The methodological framework comprises a systemic analysis of the provisions of Russian tax legislation, studying the practice of courts and administrative bodies, higher courts and opinions of experts, the historical background and the interrelation between the economic and legal aspects of taxation.Conclusions. The economic basis of a tax should be understood to mean gaining an economic benefit to which tax legislation pegs the emergence of the obligation to pay the tax. Economic benefit should be understood as a positive economic outcome. The article delves into the types of economic benefit, which includes the following: added value, profit, net profit and natural resource royalty. To impose a specific tax, the principle of economic basis of a tax means an imperative requirement for the taxpayer to have relevant economic benefit.

Interrelationship of tax liability with the principles of tax law

The article examines the relationship between tax liability and the principles of tax law in the current legislation and regulatory requirements of the European Union. The object of research is social relations that regulate the emergence, change, fulfillment, termination of tax liability in the context of the principles of tax law. The subject of the research is the norms of the Constitution of Ukraine, current tax legislation and other normative acts. During the research, various methods were used, in particular: historical-legal, systematic, comparative-legal, formal-legal, teleological, general scientific methods: analysis, synthesis, induction, deduction. It is indicated that the tax liability is the taxpayer's duty to pay the state a certain amount, which the taxpayer independently calculates and reflects in the tax return. It is noted that the principles of tax law and the principles of tax liability and taxation are mutually related and are reflected in regulatory acts of tax legislation or other regulatory documents. The Tax Code of Ukraine specifies the following principles: universality of taxation; equality of payers before the law, inevitability of liability; presumption of legality of the taxpayer's decisions: fiscal sufficiency; social justice; neutrality of taxation; stability; uniformity and convenience of payment; a unified approach to setting taxes and fees. Separate principles are defined in the Constitution of Ukraine - the principles of rule of law, legality, etc. The legal principle of the economy of taxation is manifested in the requirement for the economic basis of income taxation. In the tax law of the countries of the European Union, the presumption of legality of the taxpayer's decisions is expressed through the rules on the inadmissibility of various forms of tax abuse, which have a codified status. The development of these principles in the tax law of the member states of the European Union has recently taken place in the form of determining the criteria for the application of scientific doctrines in model taxation situations, based on specific court decisions in cases on determining the amount of tax liability.

Analisis Sektor Basis Ekonomi Potensial dan Peluang Kerjasama Regional (Kabupaten Ende - Kabupaten Ngada)

This study aims to find out (1) What economic sector is the basic sector in Ende and Ngada Regencies (2) What is the government's role in increasing the potential economic base and opportunities for cooperation in Ende and Ngada Regencies. The analytical tool used in this research is Location Questionnaire (LQ) analysis. The data used is secondary data in the form of GRDP values for Ende and Ngada Regencies and East Nusa Tenggara Province GRDP at constant prices in 2010 from 2017-2021. The results showed that there were seven (7) basic sectors in Ende Regency with an LQ > 1, namely the Mining and Quarrying, Wholesale and Retail Trade sectors; Car and Motorcycle Repair, Real Estate, Corporate Services, Government Administration, Defense and Compulsory Social Security, Educational Services and Other Services. Meanwhile, there are eight (8) base sectors in Ngada Regency with LQ > 1, namely Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery, Mining and Quarrying, Processing Industry, Water Procurement, Waste Management, Waste and Recycling, Construction, Financial Services and Insurance, Real Estate, Government Administration, Defense and Compulsory Social Security. Based on the percentage results of the two, Ende Regency has a score of 41.17% and Ngada Regency 47.0% which further strengthens local governments so that they need to cooperate for the two regions.

Green bonds and sustainable development: theoretical model and empirical evidence from Europe

ABSTRACT As a novel financial instrument, green bonds require further research to understand their causal effects and theoretical mechanisms on sustainable development fully. This paper constructs a theoretical model that characterizes the issuance of green bonds as the extent to which social planners prioritize environmental benefits in bond markets. In this model, we define sustainable development as the geometric mean of environmental factor inputs and final production output. By maximizing consumer utility, this model elucidates the direct and non-linear relationship between green bonds and sustainable development. The paper empirically investigates this proposition using data from 19 European countries between 2018 and 2022. The results indicate that: (1) Green bonds significantly promote sustainable development. This financial instrument, designed to raise funds for environmental projects, can indeed promote sustainable development through clean and green resource allocation. (2) The promotional effect of green bonds on sustainable development increases significantly with improvements in innovation efficiency, industrialization rates, and savings rates. This finding elaborates on the conditions under which the positive impact of green bonds on sustainable development is enhanced. (3) Green bonds only promote sustainable development when a country’s factor endowment structure reaches a specific threshold. Beyond this threshold, as the factor endowment structure becomes very high, the country’s sustainable development gains sufficient momentum, diminishing the role of green bonds. This finding suggests that the positive impact of green bonds on sustainable development is contingent upon certain properties reflecting the economic basis.

STEM EDUCATION POTENTIAL TO TRANSFORM THE POST-WAR UKRAINE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TYPE

The restoration of war-ravaged Ukraine’s infrastructure and the industrial complex on the post-Soviet economic system basis is non-perspective. Foreign experience demonstrates a close connection between economic development and education. These circumstances determine the relevance of studying the STEM education potential for the post-war Ukraine economic development type transformation. The research methodology is formulated by generalizing and synthesizing known scientific approaches. According to the national accounts systems, the GDP formation levels and the defining such levels elements that characterize their qualitative properties are determined. The economic development type is determined according to the coordinates of the national macro-system institutional-economic model. The approbation results of the proposed methodological approach are given in graphic form. The proposition that STEM education has a positive effect on economic development is theoretically substantiated. The practical experience of introducing STEM education to change the economic development type in Thailand and Ukraine is analyzed. The scientific statesmen’s task is to initiate a change in post-war Ukraine’s economic development type on an innovative basis. The educational scientists’ task is to develop and introduce STEM tools not only in general preschool and secondary education but also in professional and higher education in accordance with economic development programs.

Paired assistance and poverty alleviation: Experience and evidence from China.

This paper used the micro panel data from 2016 to 2019 of 2031 registered poor households in B Town, W County, Lu'an City of Anhui Province in China to analyze the diversified patterns and poverty alleviation effect of paired assistance based on the PSM-DID model. The empirical results show that paired assistance provided by social forces can significantly contribute to the poverty alleviation of poor households, promoting the poverty alleviation rate by 7.8%, which can be concluded through sample matching and control of relevant variables. Furthermore, based on the subsample of poor households with social assistance, we found that external social assistance subject to paired assistance can significantly improve the poverty alleviation rate of poor households by 14.26%, mainly hung on their economic base and strength of poverty alleviation.

Determinants that attract and discourage foreign direct investment in GCC countries: Do macroeconomic and environmental factors matter?

In general, foreign direct investments (FDIs) play a crucial role in driving a country's economic development, promoting diversification, and enhancing competitiveness. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, which heavily rely on the oil and gas sectors, are particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in commodity prices. However, these countries have recognized the imperative of economic diversification and have increasingly turned to inward FDIs to achieve it. By attracting capital, advanced technology, and expertise from foreign investors, FDIs enable the GCC countries to expand their economic base beyond the oil and gas sectors. This diversification not only creates employment opportunities but also fosters resilient economic growth, ultimately leading to an improvement in the living standards of the local population. This study investigates the macroeconomic and environmental factors that potentially attract foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows into the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries in the long run. Additionally, the study explores the causal relationship between these factors and FDI inflows. The panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach to co-integration is the primary analytical technique used, utilizing long time-series data from six GCC countries, including Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) during the period 1990-2019. The empirical results indicate that, in the long run, almost all independent variables significantly influence FDI in GCC countries. Variables such as GDP growth (GDPG), inflation (INFL), carbon dioxide emissions (CO2), and urbanization (URB) are found to be highly significant (p≤0.01) in their impact on FDI. Moreover, unemployment (UNEMP) also positively and significantly influences FDI in these countries in the long run. Based on the key findings, strategies aimed at reducing persistently high unemployment rates, maintaining population growth, viewing FDI as a driver for GDP growth, and continuing with infrastructure development and urbanization are expected to attract more FDI inflows into GCC countries in the long run. Additionally, fostering both long-term economic incentives and creating a conducive business infrastructure for investors are vital for attracting inward FDI into any nation, including those in the GCC. This research would benefit various stakeholders, including governments, local businesses, investors, academia, and the local society, by providing valuable knowledge and informing decision-making processes related to economic development, diversification, and investment promotion.