Corrosion Of Mild Steel Research Articles

Exploring the Synthesis and Application of a Pyrazole Derivative in Corrosion Protection: Theoretical Modeling and Experimental Investigations

This research investigates the inhibitory performance of BM-02, a synthesized pyrazole derivative (R)-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-diphenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole, against the corrosion of mild steel in a 1 M hydrochloric acid solution. A comprehensive array of experimental techniques, including weight loss analysis, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, were employed to assess the inhibitory effectiveness. BM-02 is identified as a mixed inhibitor, showcasing a remarkable efficiency of 91.5% at a concentration of 10−3 mol/l. The adsorption behavior of the BM-02 molecule was investigated, revealing a physical adsorption model in accordance with the Langmuir isotherm. Furthermore, ATR-IR, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectra were acquired, complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to gain deeper insights into the molecular interactions and corrosion inhibition mechanism.

Corrosion inhibition of acid pickling –descaling-cleaning action on mild steel using aqueous hydroxyethyl cellulose

The corrosion inhibition capability of aqueous Hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) on mild steel corrosion in 1 M HCl solution proposed for mild steel pickling, industrial cleaning, and descaling was evaluated at different concentrations and immersion times using gravimetric measurement. HEC demonstrated efficiency in mild steel corrosion inhibition with a maximum inhibition efficiency of 87% for a 300 ml acid pickling, industrial cleaning, and descaling solution composed of 20% aqueous solution of 0.01 M HEC and 80% of 1 M HCl solution, within an immersion time of 120 hours. The inhibition efficiency was found to increase with the increase in the concentration of HEC implying that HEC’s inhibition action is concentration and time-dependent. The mechanism of adsorption of HEC was identified to be chemisorption with hydroxyl (-OH) moiety donated to the active sites of mild steel coupled with HEC molecules encapsulation of chloride ions on mild steel surface thus preventing the corrosive action of Cl ions on the mild steel.

CUCURBITA PEPO FLOWER EXTRACT AS A CORROSION INHIBITOR FOR MILD STEEL IN ACIDIC MEDIUM

An investigation into the corrosion inhibition potentials of the flower of Cucurbita pepo was undertaken. The gravimetric and gasometric methods of corrosion measurements were employed at temperatures of thirty and sixty degree celcius. Ethanoic extract of the flower of Cucurbita pepo was used as a corrosion inhibitor in 0.5 M HCl and the results revealed that it mitigated the corrosion of mild steel in the acidic medium. The inhibition efficiency of the plant increased with concentration and it is temperature dependent. The experimental data fitted to the Temkin adsorption isotherm model. A mechanism of physical adsorption is proposed for the corrosion inhibition process. This work provides novel information on the possibility of using the flower of Cucurbita pepo as a corrosion inhibitor.

Corrosion inhibition of mild steel by Praecitrullus fistulosus (tinda fruit and peel) extracts

Metal corrosion has recently emerged as a growing concern, impacting both local and industrial operations and disrupting conventional production methods. The utilization of green inhibitors to mitigate the metal degradation has garnered extensive attention from researchers and industrial professionals due to their prominent advantages: high efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and eco-friendliness. A novel ecofriendly inhibitor was prepared from Praecitrullus fistulosus (tinda fruit and peel) for mild steel (MS) corrosion in 1 M HCl. The presence of phenol, 3,5-bis (1,1-dimethyl ethyl)-, 9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester, hexadecanoic acid 15-methyl-, methyl ester, 9, 12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester, 9, 12, 15-octadecatrienoic acid, methyl ester, (Z,Z,Z-), ascorbic acid, and phytol were identified as major constituent through LC/MS analysis of tinda extracts. The existence of these compounds was further confirmed through FTIR analysis, which shows the presence of various functional groups, such as -OH, CO, C-O-C, CC, and aromatic rings in the tinda extracts. Electrochemical and gravimetric analyses were used to investigate the inhibitory effect of tinda extracts. Outcomes of Tafel analysis revealed that both tinda extracts significantly reduced the corrosion current as compared to blank and achieved 83.73 % and 87.59 % inhibition efficiencies at 200 mg L−1 of tinda peel extract (TPE) and tinda fruit extract (TFE), respectively. The change in corrosion potential (Ecorr) was within an ±85 mV range compared to that of the uninhibited system, indicating that both tinda extracts demonstrated a mixed-type inhibition behavior. During adsorption studies, the best fit was obtained for the Langmuir adsorption model. The obtained values of standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°ads) for TPE and TFE lie between −20 and − 40 kJ mol−1 but close to −20 kJ mol−1, which reveals preferential physical adsorption of the extracts on the metal surface. Thermodynamic parameters, including activation energy, enthalpy, and entropy, were computed across the temperature range of 303 to 323 K, suggesting that corrosion occurs spontaneously by the endothermic process. FESEM analysis depicted that inhibited systems exhibited smooth and crack-free surfaces as compared to blank system. AFM images demonstrated that surface roughness was significantly reduced for the inhibited system. In EDX analysis, the weight percentage of Cl was reduced in the presence of tinda extracts as compared to blank, and in XRD analysis, iron chloride (FeCl2) peak did not appear in the presence of inhibitor but it was in the uninhibited system. All surface-related findings signify that tinda extracts are adsorbed on the MS surface and form a protective layer that separates the metal from the corrosive solution.

Corrosion inhibition behavior of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-benzothiazole on mild steel corrosion through design of experiments approach, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulation

Corrosion inhibition behavior of 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-benzothiazole on mild steel corrosion through design of experiments approach, quantum chemical calculations and molecular dynamics simulation

High‐potent trifunctional polybenzoxazines coatings for superhydrophobic cotton fabrics and mild steel corrosion protection applications

AbstractNew trifunctional polybenzoxazines were developed and utilized as a high‐potent coating material for superhydrophobic cotton fabrics and mild steel corrosion protection applications. New trifunctional benzoxazines resin have been synthesized using trihydroxytriphenylmethane (TTM) with dimethylaminopropylamine (dmapa), 1‐(3‐aminopropyl)imidazole (ipa) and aminoethoxyethanol (aee) as amine sources with paraformaldehyde through Mannich condensation. The structural confirmation of synthesized benzoxazines was ascertained by spectral studies. The ring opening polymerization of TTM‐Bzs was studied using DSC analysis. All the three TTM‐Bz monomers show curing temperature lower than 210°C. The thermo‐stability and water contact angle (WCA) of polybenzoxazines were studied using thermogravimetric analysis and goniometer, respectively. Among the TTM‐PBz studied, the poly(dmapa) exhibit better thermo‐stability and hydrophobic behavior when compared to rest of the synthesized polybenzoxazines. Poly(TTM‐dmapa)‐coated cotton fabric exhibits the superhydrophobic behavior and mild steel (MS)‐coated specimen possesses the higher charge transfer resistance value of 3.47 × 107 Ω cm2. It was also inferred that all the TTM‐PBz‐coated MS specimens exhibit higher corrosion protection behavior as well as good thermo‐stability and hydrophobic nature. Further, the obtained results suggested that these materials can be suitably exploited for hydrophobic anticorrosion applications with improved performance and enhanced longevity.

Self-forming barrier layer for carbon dioxide corrosion protection of mild steel in NaCl solution containing hydroxychavicol isolated from Piper betle L. leaf

Hydroxychavicol compound was isolated from Piper betle L. leaf and identified via preparative high performance liquid chromatography (Prep-HPLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Hydroxychavicol compound was demonstrated to be a potential inhibitor for mild steel corrosion in carbon dioxide-containing environments. This is due to the formation of a barrier layer on the steel surface. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy results indicated that the inclusion of hydroxychavicol in the aggressive environment made steel surfaces more homogeneous and smoother with a rough mean square roughness of 7.78 nm, whereas the steel surface was severely corroded in the blank solution. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed an enrichment of hydroxychavicol species combined with iron oxides and hydroxides on the mild steel surface. This can lead to the creation of a protective layer on the mild steel surface, thereby enhancing corrosion protection and localized inhibition. The work suggested a novel approach to isolate corrosion inhibitors from natural products, particularly agricultural by-products for mild steel in carbon dioxide and chloride ion environment with high inhibition performance.

Effect of the addition of two pyrazole derivatives on behavior of the corrosion of mild steel in a 1 M HCl medium using experimental and theoretical insights

Effect of the addition of two pyrazole derivatives on behavior of the corrosion of mild steel in a 1 M HCl medium using experimental and theoretical insights

Evaluating the performance of corn peptone in preventing the corrosion of mild steel immersed in HCl

AbstractThe effects of biodegradable corn peptone on the corrosion behavior of mild steel in 0.1M HCl were evaluated. The results from the weight loss experiments indicate that changing the amount of corn peptone from 50 to 500 ppm considerably decreased the corrosion rate of the coupons from 28.24 to 4.67 mpy. However, heating the solutions had negative effects on this trend. According to the calculations, dissolving the inhibitor modified the thermodynamic parameters of the corrosion phenomenon. In addition, the adsorption of corn peptone was best fitted with the Langmuir isotherm. The Tafel polarization plots revealed that the presence of corn peptone decreased the corrosion current density from 134.9 to 6.7 µA cm−2. This was compatible with the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data. Furthermore, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis confirmed the adsorption of the tested peptone on the surface of the working electrodes, which based on the atomic force microscope images, reduced the surface roughness of the specimens.

Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in simulated oil well waterby aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower

controlling the corrosion of mild steel in simulated oil well water (SOWW). Weight loss method reveals that 10 % v/v of the extract offers 82 % inhibition efficiency (IE) to mild steel (MS) immersed SOWW. The mechanistic aspects of corrosion inhibitive effect have been investigated by polarization study and AC impedance spectra. Polarization study reveals that the mixed type of inhibitor in the presence of inhibitor system. The corrosion inhibition effect is confirmed by the increase in the linear polarization resistance value and decrease in the corrosion current value. The protective layer is formed on the metal surface is confirmed by the AC impedance spectra. This is confirmed by the fact that there is increase in charge transfer resistance value and decrease in the double layer capacitance value. The adsorption of inhibitor molecule obey Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The protective coating is characterized by FTIR spectroscopy. It confirms that the inhibitor has coordinated with ferrous ion the metal surface through the active principle component of β-sitosterol, quercetin and kaempferol-3-xylosylglucoside. The surface morphology has been investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hence, aqueous extract of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis flower with simulated oil well water good corrosive inhibitive effect on pipeline made of mild steel.

Corrosion inhibition by fruit extracts -Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in simulated concrete pore solution prepared in sea water by an aqueous extract of apple juice- A Case study

The inhibition efficiency of  an aqueous extract of apple juice in controlling corrosion of mild steel  immersed in simulated concrete pore solution (SCPS) prepared in sea water, has been evaluated by weight loss method. Langmuir adsorption isotherm has been investigated. The mechanistic aspect of corrosion inhibition has been investigated by Electrochemical impedance spectra (AC impedance spectra). The protective film has been analysed by Fluorescence spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy and AFM. The SCPS system offers 60% inhibition efficiency to mild steel immersed in sea water. In presence of apple juice extract the inhibition efficiency increases as the concentration of the extract increases. When 10 ml of extract is added, 85% inhibition efficiency is obtained. Electrochemical impedance spectra (AC impedance spectra) reveal that a protective film is formed on the metal surface. In the presence of inhibitor system, charge transfer resistance value increases, impedance value increases, phase angle value increases whereas double layer capacitance value decreases as expected. The FTIR spectral study reveals that the protective film consists of complexes consisting of iron-active principles of the apple juice extract. AFM study reveals that when the inhibition efficiency increases the roughness of the surface decreases or in other words the smoothness of the system increases.

Corrosion inhibition of carbon steel by eucalyptus leaves in acidic media: An overview

This paper concerns the overview of previous studies on the corrosion and inhibition of carbon steel that is allowed to degrade in a corrosive medium by the extract of the eucalyptus plant, with an emphasis on the extract's adsorption behaviour. Many researchers have largely employed eucalyptus plant bark, oil, and leaf extracts to prevent the corrosion of mild steel in acidic environments under various temperature settings. According to the results, when the bark extract of the eucalyptus plant was added to HCl (5%) at a concentration of 900 ppm, the inhibitor's maximum efficiency was 98.2 %. The leaf extract, on the other hand, had the maximum inhibitory efficacy of 93.09 % at 600 mg/L extract concentration in the H2SO4 (0.5 M) medium. The extracts' potency was shown to diminish with increasing temperature. The mechanism for eucalyptus extract's protection of carbon steel from corrosion in diverse corrosive situations was largely associated with the adsorption of the extract's inhibitive components on the steel's surface to reduce the interaction between the metal and the corrosive surroundings. The majority of the reported inhibitive behaviour of the eucalyptus extract was consistent with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm model.

Experimental and Theoretical Approach for the Corrosion Deceleration of Mild Steel in Hydrochloric Acid Medium by Two Sulfonamide Derivatives

AbstractIn the pursuit to find corrosion inhibitors of superior efficacy, N‐(pyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐4‐[(quinazoline‐4‐yl)amino]benzene‐1‐sulfonamide (PQS) and N‐(4‐methylpyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐4‐[(quinazoline‐4‐yl)amino]benzene‐1‐sulfonamide (MQS) are the two new sulfonamides employed, which have decelerating effect on mild steel (MS) corrosion in a medium 0.5 M HCl and were found to have an efficiency of 98.7 % and 96.8 % respectively (303 K for 40 ppm concentration) deliberated through the electrochemical techniques (PDP and EIS). The inhibitory efficacy relies on the temperature of the solution and inhibitor concentration. PQS had greater stability than MQS at higher temperatures which is indicative in the obtained experimental data. The relative adsorption process was in consonance with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. The SEM, EDS, FT‐IR, and AFM analysis validated PQS and MQS to form a barrier on MS, opposing corrosion. The potential energy surfaces (PES) scan and a theoretical study for PQS and MQS were probed employing density functional theory (DFT) at B3LYP/6‐311+G(d, p) basis set level that explicated the formation of a complex between the sulfonamides and MS. The corrosion inhibition efficiency of PQS and MQS inferred from experimental and theoretical data comply, making them credible corrosion inhibitors.

Inhibition Efficiency of 1-Butoxypropan-2-ol against the Corrosion of Mild Steel Exposed to Marine Environment: An Experimental and Microstructural Study

Inhibition Efficiency of 1-Butoxypropan-2-ol against the Corrosion of Mild Steel Exposed to Marine Environment: An Experimental and Microstructural Study

Gallic acid-infused LDH nano-containers: A durable protection against mild steel corrosion in simulated seawater

A novel low-dimensional composite nanoparticle is created by using magnesium/aluminum layered double hydroxide (Mg|Al LDH) as a carrier for Gallic acid (GA). The GA is then integrated into the LDH, forming LDH/GA, at varying ratios. These composite systems are then evaluated for their ability to prevent corrosion on steel substrates in a neutral 3.5 wt.% NaCl environment at different concentrations.To understand the structural changes, the chemical composition of GA, LDH, and the crystal structures of LDH/GA are examined using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and Ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) tests. Also, the corrosion inhibition performance of these composite particles is assessed using Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and polarization tests, helping to elucidate the protective mechanism. The morphology of both corroded and protected substrates is visualized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM).EIS and polarization results indicate that the incorporation of 800 ppm GA into LDH significantly improves the corrosion inhibition performance, achieving up to 73 % and 78 % inhibition, respectively. Contact angle measurements reveal that the corroded samples exhibit hydrophilic characteristics, while the formation of a GA layer enhances their hydrophilicity. Increasing the concentrations of GA and LDH/GA also results in a higher degree of hydrophilicity.

“Exploring the Inhibitory Potential of Acetoxime-Zinc Chloride Adduct in Saline Environments for Mild Steel Corrosion Protection”

ABSTRACT In this work, acetoxime, zinc chloride and acetoxime adduct of zinc chloride, [ZnCl2.2{HON=C(CH3)2}] (ZA) were investigated as corrosion inhibitor's in 3.5%NaCl solution on mild steel. The electrochemical analysis was carried out using polarization measurements and electrochemical impedance technique and surface analysis was done by Scanning electron microscope coupled with Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Using surface analysis and electrochemical data it was concluded that an inhibition synergy was developed when ZA was taken instead of acetoxime or zinc chloride alone in solution phase. Scanning electron microscope methods were used to examine the samples surface in the presence of inhibited solutions. The efficiency of inhibition increases with the increasing concentration and attained the values of 97.18% for the 3mM concentration of ZA.

Self-formation of the protective film on mild steel surface in hydrochloric acid medium containing Papaya resin extract

Plant extracts have been considered to be an effective corrosion inhibitor due to their high inhibition performance, huge amount, regeneration, and nature, as well as biological sources. However, several steps in the plant extract processes and extracted solvents are still questionable. Therefore, Papaya resin - extract (PRE) was recommended, produced, and characterized as a mixed-type inhibitor for corrosion of mild steel in 0.1 M hydrochloric acid medium. The results indicated that the 2000 ppm of PRE inhibitor has significant effects on the inhibition efficiency, reaching a remarkable value of 98.08% for mild steel in the investigated solution. The potentiodynamic polarization results showed that the PRE inhibitor acts as a mixed-type inhibitor with a dominant anodic inhibitor for mild steel. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and linear polarization resistance results demonstrated that PRE molecules can form protective film, and increase charge transfer and polarization resistances, suggesting the improved steel corrosion resistances. The scanning electron microscope results indicated less occurrence of corrosion on the steel surface exposed to the inhibitor system. Meanwhile, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results demonstrated that PRE’s molecules were absorbed and created reactions with iron products to form a protective film on the steel surface. Furthermore, density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics simulation were used to calculate, suggesting that the conjugation effect of two double bonds in PRE’s molecules creates an electron-withdrawing effect on the reactive space around. Moreover, the results revealed the good adhesion and thermal stability of the absorbent protective layer, indicating an agreement with experimental characteristics. Therefore, this result suggests a contemporary design for developing the self-corrosion inhibitor based on natural products with less steps in the synthetic process.

Quantum Chemical and Experimental Evaluation of a 4-Amino-Antipyrine Based Schiff Base as Corrosion Inhibitor for Steel Material.

Electrochemical experiments such as potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and gravimetric studies have been used to examine the corrosion inhibitory efficacy of 4-[(4-nitrobenzylidene)-amino]-antipyrine (4-NBAAP) on mild steel (MS) in 1 M HCl. 4-NBAAP inhibits the corrosion of MS through a mixed inhibition mechanism, according to the electrochemical investigation. The efficiency of 4-NBAAP increases with an increase in the inhibitor concentration and decreases with an increase in temperature. The adsorption of 4-NBAAP molecules on the MS surface follows the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. To find the relationship between the 4-NBAAP molecular structure and inhibitive effect, a few thermodynamic parameters were computed. The experimental results obtained from gravimetric and different electrochemical investigations prove the superiority of the inhibitor at higher concentrations in controlling the corrosion process of the steel in aggressive environments. Also, quantum chemical studies were performed to provide further insights into the inhibition mechanism.

Cysteine as an Eco-Friendly Anticorrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in Various Acidic Solutions: Electrochemical, Adsorption, Surface Analysis, and Quantum Chemical Calculations.

The corrosion of iron in acidic environments has a negative impact on global industry. Herewith, the inhibitory effect of cysteine (Cys.) on mild steel (MSL) corrosion in different acidic solutions (1 M HCl, 1 M H2SO4, and 1 M H3PO4) was investigated through weight loss, potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and theoretical calculations. The measurement results indicated that the adsorption of Cys. molecules on the metal surface caused corrosion inhibition. As a result, a protective layer or insoluble compound, or both, is obtained, blocking the active sites, preventing corrosion. The effectiveness (IE %) of the Cys. was enhanced by increasing concentration and lowering temperature. The maximum IE % of inhibition at 1 × 10-2 M of Cys. obtained are 97.3, 89.7, and 84.4% in HCl, H3PO4, and H2SO4 solutions, respectively. At the same inhibitor concentration, the double-layer capacity decreased, and the charge-transfer resistance increased from 17.17 to 188.5, 3.564 to 31.91, and 1.325 to 8.715 Ω cm2 in HCl, H3PO4, and H2SO4 solutions, respectively. Adsorption and PDP studies confirmed that it obeys the Langmuir adsorption isotherm and acts as a mixed-type inhibitor of physicochemical nature. The corresponding thermodynamic and kinetic parameters were also calculated and discussed. Moreover, the inhibitory effect on the surface was inspected by SEM. The findings demonstrated that the order of IE % using Cys as anticorrosion agent for MSL is HCl > H3PO4 > H2SO4 solutions.

Experimental and computational studies on the corrosion inhibition potential of a novel synthesized thiophene and pyridine-based 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrid against mild steel corrosion in 1 N HCl.

A convenient synthesis of a novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative, specifically known as, 2-(5-methylthiophen-2-yl)-5-(pyridin-3-yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole (MTPO), is reported along with a comprehensive evaluation of its ability to inhibit the corrosion of mild steel (MS) in a 1 N HCl environment using weight loss, EIS, PDP, SEM, EDX, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The investigated inhibitor expressed excellent inhibition efficiency (99.05% at 500ppm, 298K) with a mixed-type inhibitory mechanism as demonstrated by the PDP technique. Furthermore, MTPO followed Langmuir adsorption isotherm, which provides insights into the adsorption phenomena, demonstrating that it exhibits superior adsorption behavior on the MS surface compared. In silico investigations, using DFT computation and MD simulation complements the experimental outcomes revealing strong adsorbing attributes of the MTPO hybrid with the ω - and ω + values of 8.8882eV and 4.4787eV, respectively. In addition, the radial distribution function also addressed the chemisorption behavior of MTPO. This article also takes into consideration the various ways in which the inhibitor interacts with the mild steel, offering potential insights for developing strategies to mitigate metal dissolution in acidic environments.