Common Problem Research Articles

Sleep Apnea and Your Child

Patient Education| 2021 Sleep Apnea and Your Child Connected Content Translation: La apnea del sueño y su hijo: (Sleep Apnea and Your Child) Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Sleep Apnea and Your Child. Pediatric Patient Education 2021; 10.1542/peo_document090 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All AAP SitesAll PublicationsPediatric Patient Education Search Advanced Search Topics: obstructive sleep apnea, sleep apnea syndromes If your child has these symptoms, he may have a condition known as sleep apnea. Sleep apnea is a common problem that affects an estimated 2% of all children, including many who are undiagnosed. If not treated, sleep apnea can lead to a variety of problems. These include heart, behavior, learning, and growth problems. Symptoms of sleep apnea include Frequent snoringProblems breathing during the nightSleepiness during the dayDifficulty paying attentionBehavior problems If you notice any of these symptoms, let your pediatrician know as soon as possible. Your pediatrician may recommend an overnight sleep study called a polysomnogram. Overnight polysomnograms are conducted at hospitals and major medical centers. During the study, medical staff will watch your child sleep. Several sensors will be attached to your child to monitor breathing, oxygenation, and brain waves. An electroencephalogram (EEG)... © 2003 American Academy of Pediatrics, Updated 10/2012. All rights reserved. You do not currently have access to this content.

The Next Era of Assessment: Can Ensuring High-Quality, Equitable Patient Care Be the Defining Characteristic?

Previous eras of assessment in medical education have been defined by how assessment is done, from knowledge exams popularized in the 1960s to the emergence of work-based assessment in the 1990s to current efforts to integrate multiple types and sources of performance data through programmatic assessment. Each of these eras was a response to why assessment was performed (e.g., assessing medical knowledge with exams; assessing communication, professionalism, and systems competencies with work-based assessment). Despite the evolution of assessment eras, current evidence highlights the graduation of trainees with foundational gaps in the ability to provide high-quality care to patients presenting with common problems, and training program leaders report they graduate trainees they would not trust to care for themselves or their loved ones. In this article, the authors argue that the next era of assessment should be defined by why assessment is done: to ensure high-quality, equitable care. Assessment should place focus on demanding graduates possess the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and adaptive expertise to meet the needs of all patients and ensuring that graduates are able to do this in an equitable fashion. The authors explore 2 patient-focused assessment approaches that could help realize the promise of this envisioned era: entrustable professional activities (EPAs) and resident sensitive quality measures (RSQMs)/TRainee Attributable and Automatable Care Evaluations in Real-time (TRACERs). These examples illustrate how the envisioned next era of assessment can leverage existing and new data to provide precision education assessment that focuses on providing formative and summative feedback to trainees in a manner that seeks to ensure their learning outcomes prepare them to ensure high-quality, equitable patient outcomes.

Analysis of Reported Adverse Events Related to Hemospray: An FDA MAUDE Database Study.

Topical hemostatic powder is a mineral powder that forms an adherent barrier and coagulates active bleeding in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Hemospray is the first hemostatic powder approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States. Hemospray has been increasingly used to manage GI bleeding. However, data on the adverse events of hemostatic powders are lacking. Therefore, we aim to report and analyze adverse events associated with Hemospray using the FDA's "Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience" database. We analyzed the postmarketing surveillance data from the FDA's Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database for Hemospray, initially known as TC-325, from June 2018 through April 2022. Results of the search were classified into device-related technical issues, patient-related adverse events and health care staff-related adverse events. Five hundred two medical device reporting claims were identified from June 2018 through April 2022. Seven duplicate claims were identified, and some claims included more than one event type. Therefore, there were 558 device-related problems, 28 patient-related adverse events, and 2 adverse events in health care staff members. The most common device-related problems were activation failure or failure to fire (n = 385, 70.0%) and obstruction of carbon dioxide flow (n = 121, 21.7). The most common patient-related adverse events included tissue injury or bleeding (n = 21) and perforation (n = 5). Although Hemospray is a valuable tool in the armamentarium for endoscopists in managing GI bleeding, endoscopists must be mindful of deice-related problems and potential patient-related adverse events.

MoReVis: A Visual Summary for Spatiotemporal Moving Regions.

Spatial and temporal interactions are central and fundamental in many activities in our world. A common problem faced when visualizing this type of data is how to provide an overview that helps users navigate efficiently. Traditional approaches use coordinated views or 3D metaphors like the Space-time cube to tackle this problem. However, they suffer from overplotting and often lack spatial context, hindering data exploration. More recent techniques, such as MotionRugs, propose compact temporal summaries based on 1D projection. While powerful, these techniques do not support the situation for which the spatial extent of the objects and their intersections is relevant, such as the analysis of surveillance videos or tracking weather storms. In this article, we propose MoReVis, a visual overview of spatiotemporal data that considers the objects' spatial extent and strives to show spatial interactions among these objects by displaying spatial intersections. Like previous techniques, our method involves projecting the spatial coordinates to 1D to produce compact summaries. However, our solution's core consists of performing a layout optimization step that sets the size and positions of the visual marks on the summary to resemble the actual values on the original space. We also provide multiple interactive mechanisms to make interpreting the results more straightforward for the user. We perform an extensive experimental evaluation and usage scenarios. Moreover, we evaluated the usefulness of MoReVis in a study with 9 participants. The results point out the effectiveness and suitability of our method in representing different datasets compared to traditional techniques.

Aggression among Preschool Children within the Framework of Temperament, Attachment and Parental Attitudes

Aggression is a common problem in preschool children. The relationship between aggressive behaviors in early ages and psychopathologies in later years has been shown in previous studies. Therefore, it is imperative to understand both the causes of childhood aggression and identify the sustaining factors. This review discusses aggression in the context of temperament, parental attitudes, and attachment factors. The concept of temperament was explained with the terminology of difficult and easy temperament, emotionality, activity, sociability, and impulsivity factors, especially from the perspectives of Thomas and Chess, Goldsmith and Plomin, and Cloninger, and associated with aggression in the preschool period. In addition, possible causes of aggression in children were assessed with attachment theory. Finally, the relationship between parents, their attitudes towards aggression, socioeconomic determinants in the family, and the possible relationship between aggression in children were discussed. This study examines the determinants of preschool children's aggression to solve aggression problems, focusing on family and temperamental characteristics. A more holistic assessment of aggression with child and parent characteristics is intended.

Gender considerations in innovation platforms in the livestock sector in Mali

ABSTRACT Innovation platforms (IPs) are spaces for coordination, mutual learning, and consultation among different actors in a value chain to diagnose and solve common problems. They were set up as part of USAID Feed the Future Mali Livestock Scaling Technology Program to address the challenges of the ruminant livestock sector in Mali, including low visibility and weak participation of women in livestock production and marketing. Our purpose in this paper is to report gender considerations in the process of supporting women farmers empowerment embedded in IPs. Qualitative data was collected from project sites over a six-month; 50 iterative interviews were conducted, including 21 in-depth individual interviews, 7 focus groups, 2 participatory workshops and 20 key informant interviews. All interviews were conducted in total with 106 individuals, including 49 men and 14 women livestock farmers. Our results show that the empowerment of women livestock farmers was not systematic with IPs, but rather depends on gender relations and dynamics in the specific social contexts in which these IPs were implemented.

Shape factor analysis of a magnetohydrodynamics mixed convective Nimonic 80A/water nanofluid flow over a moving wedge in the presence of thermal radiation

One of the most common problems faced in the industries is the lack of proper heat energy and temperature distribution management systems. The study of the effects of thermal radiation and magnetohydrodynamics on a water-based nanofluid flow with various shapes of the nanoparticle Nimonic 80A, over a moving wedge, is yet to be studied by any researcher. Being a superalloy of nickel–iron–chromium, Nimonic 80A is often used in exhaust systems and chemical plants as an anti-corrosive agent. The mathematical model presented in this article was transformed using similarity transformations and solved using MATLAB bvp4c code. All the results and graphs were formulated after a positive outcome of our results with that available in the existing literature. Increases in velocity and temperature were observed with the increase in empirical shape factors of the nanoparticle for various parameters. Local Nusselt number and skin-friction coefficients decreased under the influence of augmenting shape factors of the nanoparticles. The velocity profile decreased at a rate of 1.5% while the temperature profile augmented by 0.24% for an augmenting magnetic parameter from M = 0.6 to 0.8 while the velocity profile increased for an increase in radiation parameter. An increment in the nanoparticle concentration resulted in incrementing streamline values and skin friction coefficient by 0.38% and 6.83%, respectively.

Applications of Autonomous Navigation Technologies for Unmanned Agricultural Tractors: A Review

The development of unmanned agricultural tractors (UAT) represents a significant step towards intelligent agricultural equipment. UAT technology is expected to lighten the workload of laborers and enhance the accuracy and efficiency of mechanized operations. Through the investigation of 123 relevant studies in the literature published in recent years, this article reviews three aspects of autonomous navigation technologies for UATs: perception, path planning and tracking, and motion control. The advantages and deficiencies of these technologies in the context of UATs are clarified by analyzing technical principles and the status of current research. We conduct summaries and analyses of existing unmanned navigation solutions for different application scenarios in order to identify current bottleneck issues. Based on the analysis of the applicability of autonomous navigation technologies in UATs, it can be seen that fruitful research progress has been achieved. The review also summarizes the common problems seen in current UAT technologies. The application of research to the sharing and integrating of multi-source data for autonomous navigation has so far been relatively weak. There is an urgent need for high-precision and high-stability sensing equipment. The universality of path planning methods and the efficiency and precision of path tracking need to be improved, and it is also necessary to develop highly reliable electrical control modules to enhance motion control performance. Overall, advanced sensors, high-performance intelligent algorithms, and reliable electrical control hardware are key factors in promoting the development of UAT technology.

Is it time for a precision health approach to the management of newborn hyperbilirubinemia?

Newborn hyperbilirubinemia during the first two weeks of lifeis one of most common problems requiring management decisions by a pediatrician. However, high bilirubin levels in the circulation have been associated with neurologic injury under a variety of conditions encountered in the newborn infant, such as hemolysis. The risk for developing dangerous hyperbilirubinemia is multifactorial and is determined by a complex set of factors related to a newborn infant's genetic capacities as well as intra- and extrauterine exposures. To this end, a precision health approach based on the integration of prenatal genetic and postnatal diagnostic measures might improve the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Causes associated with school dropping of students

School dropouts, terminal efficiency, and low performance rates continue to be some of the concerns of educational institutions, managers, teachers, parents, and the entire educational system in Mexico. The results show that the most common problems were related to health problems as the main cause of school dropout, as a second cause they refer to the predominant family problems among students, followed by economic problems and unjustified absences on the part of students. young people for hanging out with their classmates during classes.

Health Risks Assessment of Heavy Metal Concentration in Cultured Chanos chanos (Bangus) and Scylla serrata (Mudcrab) in Selected Municipalities in Northern Samar

One of the common problem in fishponds is heavy metal contamination. Though there are some heavy metal elements that are naturally occurring, but due to human activities, their concentration goes beyond what is normal. In this study, health risks analysis using Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Total Hazard Quotient (THQ), Target Cancer Risk (TCR) were done to assess if the quantities of the heavy metals, such as: Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Lead, and Mercury, impose risks to consumer. Arsenic had the highest concentration among all other heavy metals in crab aligue, having 46.83 mg/kg. The consumption of bangus meat may result in an EDI that is greater than PTDI, especially for Arsenic [15.22731-18.10317 μg kg−1 BW d−1]. Similarly, consuming crab aligue may also result to a high EDI for Arsenic [2.48197-5.27841μg kg−1 BW d−1]. THQ was also evaluated as well as the sum of individual heavy metal values which is the Hazard Index (HI) that exceeded to 1 multiple times. In terms of TCR levels, all of the heavy metals exceeded the acceptable limit for cancer risks. Shapiro-Wilk Test had shown non-normal distribution of data for EDI, THQ, and TCR. Spearman’s Correlation Test, meanwhile, suggested that there is a significant relationship between the quantities of heavy metals in bangus meat and crab aligue as well as EDI, THQ, and TCR. In general, based on the health risks assessments (EDI, THQ, and TCR), Arsenic, an established carcinogen, can be the greatest contributor in developing risks and disease, while the varying concentration of Chromium and Cadmium in the samples may also pose risks to consumers. This implies that strict management measures should be implemented to mitigate or lessen the discharge of these heavy metals in the aquatic systems.

Application and challenges of artificial intelligence in cybersecurity

This paper delves into the multi-faceted role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the field of cybersecurity. It conducts an in-depth analysis of two common security problems, spam email and DDos/Dos attacks. It focuses on the application of AI in resolving these problems and further on Event Management (SIEM) and Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). Furthermore, this article outlines and discusses five key challenges that AI may encounter throughout its development, including issues related to reliability, unidentified threats, data privacy, ethical considerations, and the importance of an explainable AI. The paper underscores the remarkable potential of AI to improve our defences against emerging cybersecurity threats. It highlights the growing importance of addressing ethical and legal issues in the evolving technological environment. Finally, the article offers a comprehensive summary and valuable insights into the future prospects of AI in the realm of cybersecurity, confirming its crucial role in shaping the security landscape in the digital era.

An In-depth Inquiry into the Complexities of Composition Writing Among Higher Education Students in Oman

This study digs into the specific writing challenges faced by higher education students in Oman, employing a mixed-methods approach including surveys, focus group interviews, and class observations. The research uncovers key difficulties in idea generation, such as students struggling to brainstorm topics, and issues with transitions, where many find it challenging to connect paragraphs coherently. It also reveals common problems in word choice, with students frequently using inappropriate or repetitive language, and in referencing, where inconsistencies and inaccuracies in citation styles are noted. Furthermore, the study identifies frequent spelling errors and grammatical inaccuracies, impacting the overall clarity of students' writing. The findings underscore the necessity for targeted writing instruction that focuses on these specific areas. The study advocates for the integration of comprehensive writing instruction into the curriculum and the implementation of support systems like online writing platforms and dedicated writing centers. These interventions aim to enhance students' writing skills, thereby preparing them better for academic and professional endeavors. The research offers valuable insights for refining curriculum design and teaching practices in Oman's higher education system, with a focus on improving students' composition writing abilities.

Fine-tuning Pre-trained Language Models to Detect In-game Trash Talks

Common problems in playing online mobile and computer games were related to toxic behavior and abusive communication among players. Based on different reports and studies, the study also discusses the impact of online hate speech and toxicity on players' in-game performance and overall well-being. This study investigates the capability of pre-trained language models to classify or detect trash talk or toxic in-game messages. The study employs and evaluates the performance of pre-trained BERT and GPT language models in detecting toxicity within in-game chats. Using publicly available APIs, in-game chat data from DOTA 2 game matches were collected, processed, reviewed, and labeled as non-toxic, mild (toxicity), and toxic. The study was able to collect around two thousand in-game chats to train and test BERT (Base-uncased), BERT (Large-uncased), and GPT-3 models. Based on the three models’ state-of-the-art performance, this study concludes pre-trained language models’ promising potential for addressing online hate speech and in-game insulting trash talk.

Türkiye'de Yerel Buğday Çeşitlerinin ve Ürünlerinin Yaygınlaştırılmasında Öncü Topluluklar

Modern wheat varieties developed since the 1960s have increased yields but have also brought with them serious ecological, social and health problems. Local wheat varieties must be produced, developed, conserved and disseminated by farmers. In this research the pioneering farmer/consumer communities in Çanakkale, Balıkesir and Kars provinces and some community supported agriculture groups in Izmir province active in dissemination of local wheat varieties and breads and other products are examined. Participatory action research methodology was used among producer groups and food communities. The research question was developed through common problems and solutions by involving producers and consumers during the field research in line with participatory action research. The local wheat production of producer groups and the processes of supplying their products to the market were carefully analyzed and this information was shared with food groups. In the food groups, ways to increase the consumption of local wheat products were sought with the information shared. As a result, it is seen that pioneer groups that ensure direct marketing of products from farmers to consumers, organize farmers, work holistically and increase women's participation are more successful in the geographical dissemination of local wheat varieties and ensuring seed sovereignty. In consumer groups, it was observed that understanding the production process and identifying problems related to consumption through focus group studies initially increased the consumption of local wheat products. However, the high cost of bread made from local wheat varieties constitutes one of the biggest obstacles. Collaboration between consumers and food groups with local producers can increase the spread of the production and consumption of local wheat. Local governments can also play an important role in promoting local wheat and its products. One of these supports could be participatory plant breeding.

Supporting best practice in reflexive thematic analysis reporting in Palliative Medicine: A review of published research and introduction to the Reflexive Thematic Analysis Reporting Guidelines (RTARG).

Reflexive thematic analysis is widely used in qualitative research published in Palliative Medicine, and in the broader field of health research. However, this approach is often not used well. Common problems in published reflexive thematic analysis in general include assuming thematic analysis is a singular approach, rather than a family of methods, confusing themes and topics, and treating and reporting reflexive thematic analysis as if it is atheoretical. We reviewed 20 papers published in Palliative Medicine between 2014 and 2022 that cited Braun and Clarke, identified using the search term 'thematic analysis' and the default 'relevance' setting on the journal webpage. The aim of the review was to identify common problems and instances of good practice. Problems centred around a lack of methodological coherence, and a lack of reflexive openness, clarity and detail in reporting. We considered contributors to these common problems, including the use of reporting checklists that are not coherent with the values of reflexive thematic analysis. To support qualitative researchers in producing coherent and reflexively open reports of reflexive thematic analysis we have developed the Reflexive Thematic Analysis Reporting Guidelines (the RTARG; in Supplemental Materials) informed by this review, other reviews we have done and our values and experience as qualitative researchers. The RTARG is also intended for use by peer reviewers to encourage methodologically coherent reviewing. Methodological incoherence and a lack of transparency are common problems in reflexive thematic analysis research published in Palliative Medicine. Coherence can be facilitated by researchers and reviewers striving to be knowing - thoughtful, deliberative, reflexive and theoretically aware - practitioners and appraisers of reflexive thematic analysis and developing an understanding of the diversity within the thematic analysis family of methods.

Distinct patterns of postoperative fever in paediatric neurosurgery patients.

Postoperative fever is a common problem following neurosurgery but data on the causes among paediatric patients is sparse. In this report, we determined the incidence, causes, and outcomes of postoperative fever in paediatric neurosurgical patients (< 18years), and contrasted the findings with an adult cohort published recently from our unit. We recruited 61 patients who underwent 73 surgeries for non-traumatic neurosurgical indications over 12months. A standard protocol was followed for the evaluation and management of postoperative fever. We prospectively collected data pertaining to operative details, daily maximal temperature, clinical features, and use of surgical drains, urinary catheters, and other adjuncts. Elevated body temperature of > 99.9 °F or 37.7°C for > 48h or associated with clinical deterioration or localising features was considered as "fever"; elevated temperature not meeting these criteria was classified as transient elevation in temperature (TET). Twenty-six patients (35.6%) had postoperative fever, more frequent than in adult patients. TET occurred in 12 patients (16.4%). The most common causes of fever were aseptic meningitis (34.6%), followed by urinary tract infections (15.4%), pyogenic meningitis, COVID-19, and wound infections. Postoperative fever was associated with significantly longer duration of hospital admission and was the commonest cause of readmission. In contrast to adults, early temperature elevations in paediatric patients may portend infectious and serious non-infectious causes of fever, including delayed presentation with aseptic meningitis, a novel association among paediatric patients. Investigation guided by clinical assessment and conservative antibiotic policy in keeping with the institutional microbiological profile provides the most appropriate strategy in managing paediatric postoperative fever.

Cultural pathways to psychosis care: Patient and caregiver narratives from Puebla, Mexico.

The current study used the McGill Illness Narrative Interview (MINI) to explore patients' (n = 6) and caregivers' (n = 3) narratives about how they identified and sought care for psychosis. Participants were recruited from an outpatient clinic at the Hospital Psiquiátrico Dr. Rafael Serrano, a public psychiatric hospital in Puebla, Mexico. All participants consented to complete semi-structured interviews in Spanish. Thematic analyses were used to inductively identify common themes in participants' narratives. The results indicated that during the initial symptom onset, most participants noticed the presence of hallucinations but did not seek help for this hallmark symptom. Participants described seeking care only when they or their ill relative exhibited escalating aggressive behaviors or physical symptoms that were interpreted as common medical problems. As participants became connected to specialty mental health services, they began to develop a conceptualization of psychosis as a disorder of aggression. For some participants, this conceptualization of psychosis as an illness of aggression contributed to their ambivalence about the diagnosis. These results can be understood using a cultural scripts framework, which suggests that cultural norms are influenced by collective understandings of normalcy and valorization of behaviors. Implications for community campaigns are discussed.

Optimizing Patient Recruitment in Global Clinical Trials using Nature-Inspired Metaheuristics

A common problem seen in the ineffective execution of global multicenter trials is the frequent inability to recruit a sufficient number of patients. A myriad of barriers to recruiting enough patients timely exist and may include practical limits on the number of recruiting sites imposed by the various countries, as well as administrative, cost and unanticipated issues. The Poisson-gamma recruitment model is a widely accepted statistical tool used to predict and track recruitment at different levels of a trial and make inference. An optimal recruitment plan can be designed using mathematical optimization, however, the search is complicated with multiple nonlinear objectives and constraints that arise from regulatory and budgetary considerations. We review nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithms which are powerful, flexible, general purpose optimization tools and demonstrate their capability and utility in optimizing complex recruitment designs for global clinical trials using the Poisson-gamma model as an exemplary model. This research opens up new avenues for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of patient recruitment in clinical trials, thereby potentially accelerating the development of new medical treatments.

A Rare Combination of Cardiac Hydatid Cyst and Pulmonary Hydatidosis in a Child.

Hydatid disease is a common health problem in the sheep-farming countries of the Mediterranean, caused by infection with Echinococcus granulosus. The common sites are the liver and lungs. Cardiac hydatidosis is rare. Herein, we report a case of interventricular septum hydatid cyst with lung involvement in a four-year-old child. Cardiac hydatid cysts should be resected surgically even in asymptomatic patients since delayed diagnosis and treatment can lead to fatal outcomes. In spite of its rarity, the combination of cardiac and pulmonary hydatidosis can be managed with a single operation.