China Research Articles

Corporate social credit rating as a tool for ensuring the state economic security

Aim. The work aimed to reveal the mechanisms of the social credit rating in China and evaluate its effectiveness.Objectives. The work seeks to determine the economic problems that social credit rating system is able to solve in China; to identify the main advantages and disadvantages of this tool in managing the state economy; to consider how this system is used to resolve the issue of interaction between the state and business to ensure economic security.Methods. The study employed general methods of scientific cognition to discuss the policy of China in the field of digitalization of economic management and the processes of interaction between the state and private business in various aspects.Results. The corporate credit rating system is an effective tool for tracking potential fraudulent schemes and economic crimes. It also helps to provide targeted subsidies to promising companies that meet the necessary requirements from the state for the purpose of economic growth and innovation, thereby reducing the risk of ineffective investments.Conclusions. The introduction of a corporate social credit rating enables to systematize the information about companies in the People’s Republic of China (PRC) and increase transparency in monitoring of state subsidies. Such an initiative allows for more targeted allocation of budget funds, which helps to achieve greater results with less resource expenditure.

The use of AI large language models by university students for assignment preparation.

Using an opportunity where students were explicitly permitted to use artificial intelligence (AI) applications to prepare an assignment, we compared the practices and beliefs of two distinct student cohorts: second-year science students at a large metropolitan university in Australia and students at a partner institution in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Data from an anonymous survey revealed that over 50% of students employed AI tools, primarily for idea generation and initial drafting, instead of using these tools as a source of text they would use in the assignments without editing or attribution. Reasons for use showed differences between native English speakers, their nonnative speaking classmates, and their classmates attending the PRC campus. Across the cohorts, there was a measured engagement with AI tools when preparing assignments. Notably, all cohorts declared a greater willingness to use such tools if institutional licenses were made available. Most students believed that they would use AI in their future professional roles and that their institutions should be providing guidance on the proper use of AI tools. At the Australian campus, sanctioning the use of AI in preparing the class assignment was not associated with any change in the average assignment marks from those gained by a cohort from the previous year where no sanction was in place. At the same time, there was a significant improvement in the average mark for the PRC students, which was associated with the same sanction.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We compared second-year science students at an Australian university and a partner institution in China on their use of AI tools for assignments. Over 50% used AI for idea generation and drafting. Notably, PRC students showed improved grades when AI was permitted, while Australian students saw no change. Most students expressed a willingness to use AI in their future careers and called for institutional guidance on AI use, especially if official licenses were provided.

Biochar and pyroligneous acid contributed to the sustainable reduction of ammonia emissions: From compost process to soil application.

Biochar and pyroligneous acid contributed to the sustainable reduction of ammonia emissions: From compost process to soil application.

What is left of queer anti-militarism? Queer fatalism, Sinocentrism, and Taiwanese sovereignty

ABSTRACT Since the early 2000s, the United States’ (US) War on Terror has facilitated a transnational turn in queer theory. By thinking through the ramifications of gender, sexuality, and nationalism in times of war, queer theorists have pushed the field from a domestic critique of US liberalism and assimilationism to a broader analysis of transnational geopolitics. This move, in turn, has allowed for the discipline’s expansion outside of the US, where non-Western concepts of gender and sexuality are incorporated into queer theoretical production. However, the focus on the US as the primary object of critique and epistemological center of how war is understood neglects the agency of contested states such as Taiwan. This article problematizes how US-centric queer theory combined with the discipline’s implicit Sinocentrism has dismissed queer politics in Taiwan as an assimilationist movement toward the US empire and conceptualized the movement as a Cold War confrontation against “socialist China.” By tracing the changing knowledge production of queer scholarship in Taiwan vis-à-vis the concept of war, this article aims to highlight the critical position of queer Taiwan studies in the context of war and imperial rivalries in an attempt to think alternatively about war, militarism, and security.

Efficacy and safety of doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in HIV treatment: a real-world single-center study in China.

The single-tablet regimen Doravirine/Lamivudine/Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate (DOR/3TC/TDF) has been included in international guidelines and recommendations and was approved by China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) in early 2021 for adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infections. This study presents real-world results of a retrospective analysis of patients who initiated DOR/3TC/TDF at a Chinese HIV center. This retrospective analysis was carried out on patients who received DOR/3TC/TDF (initial or switch) at the outpatient clinic of the Infection Center in Beijing Youan Hospital in China. Patients' baseline characteristics, reasons for switching to DOR/3TC/TDF, along with the preliminary clinical, laboratory - based efficacy, safety, and tolerability data, were collected. All evaluations were in strict accordance with the protocols of our center. The statistical analysis was mainly descriptive, aiming to assess the changes in laboratory parameters from the baseline to the data - collection deadline, which was December 31, 2024. From May 16 to October 29, 2024, 205 patients were prescribed DOR/3TC/TDF, either as an initiation or a switch. The cohort consisted mainly of males (96.1%), with a median age of 36.0 (31.0, 41.0) years. By the analysis deadline, the entire group had used DOR/3TC/TDF for 149.0 (90.0, 202.0) days. Among them, 40 patients were treatment-naïve, with a median HIV-1 ribonucleic acid (HIV-1 RNA) of 4.1 (3.7, 4.6) log10 copies/mL. At weeks 12 and 24, 64.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 45.4, 80.8%] and 91.3% (95% CI: 72.0, 98.9%) of the participants achieved HIV-1 RNA < 50 copies/mL. Subgroup analysis showed that high viral load (VL) (≥105 copies/mL) and low CD4 counts (< 200 cells/μL) at baseline did not affect virological efficacy. The results of immune reconstitution were also satisfactory, with CD4 counts increased from 350 (264, 465) cells/μL at baseline to 541.0 (415.8, 789.5) cells/μL by the end of the follow-up (p > 0.05). 165 patients (80.5%) had treatment experience, and the most common cause for switching was treatment simplification (40%). After the switch, an equally high proportion of patients [97.6% (95% CI: 93.7, 99.3%) vs. 96.4% (95% CI: 92.2, 98.7%)] achieved HIV-1 RNA undetectable or <50 copies/mL (p > 0.05). Compared to baseline, there were no significant changes in liver enzymes and renal function (p > 0.05), while body weight, random blood glucose and blood lipid levels decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Among patients with central nervous system (CNS) symptom, both the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) scores, as well as the proportion of patients with scores greater than 7 points, decreased significantly post-switch (p < 0.05). We provided an observational report on the effectiveness and safety of the short-term use of DOR/3TC/TDF in routine clinical practice.

Limited predictive power of known resistance genes for phenotypic drug resistance in clinical Mycobacterium abscessus complex from Beijing in China.

Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC) is an emerging pathogen with intrinsic multidrug resistance. Genomic sequencing technology has been widely applied to predict bacterial resistance in other bacteria, but the catalog of known resistance-determining genes to explain phenotypic resistance in the MABC is incomplete for many antibiotics. Eighty-one MABC strains were isolated from sputum samples of patients with pulmonary disease in the Beijing Chest Hospital. All isolates were tested for minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to eight antibiotics and underwent whole-genome sequencing (WGS). Of the total 81 MABC isolates, six strains exhibited clarithromycin (CLM) resistance by day 3 in culture, but only one (16.7%, 1/6) contained a mutation in the rrl gene. All M. abscessus strains contained the erm (41)28T (100.0%, 49/49) polymorphism and exhibited CLM-induced resistance after 14 days in culture. Of the 61 imipenem-resistant strains, 12 (19.7%, 12/61) had mutations in the bla gene. Although there were four (4.9%) amikacin-resistant, nine (11.1%) linezolid-resistant, eight (9.9%) clofazimine-resistant, 23 (28.4%) bedaquiline-resistant, and 27 (33.3%) cefoxitin-resistant strains, no known mutations associated with resistance to these antibiotics were found. These results suggest that the explanatory power of known resistance genes for clinical MABC resistance is limited and that other unidentified genes or novel resistance mechanisms may be involved.

Expressions of Nationalism Among Chinese Peranakan in Java's Rural Areas

This study examines the nationalist attitudes of the Chinese Peranakan community in rural Java, Indonesia, focusing on the community in Lasem. The research explores two key questions: how nationalism is expressed among the Chinese Peranakan in Lasem and what factors influence their sense of national identity. Using qualitative methods with an ethnographic approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Spradley’s cultural content analysis model. The findings reveal that the Chinese Peranakan in Lasem possess a strong sense of nationalism, viewing Indonesia their homeland while maintaining cultural respect for the People’s Republic of China (PRC) as their ancestral land. Their loyalty to Indonesia is shaped by three main factors: historical awareness, cultural accommodation, and the spirit of reform. The study concludes that their deep-rooted national identity serves as significant social capital, contributing to the development of social harmony and community cohesion.

Biodiversity Conservation and Challenges in Wetland Ecosystems

Wetlands are vital ecosystems that support rich biodiversity and offer critical ecological services. However, climate change, urbanization and human activities have made wetlands increasingly endangered, and their conservation has become a pressing global issue. This paper examines wetland conservation strategies through a comparative analysis of China and international approaches. By investigating cases such as the Ramsar Convention and China's National Wetland Conservation Plan, the study evaluates policy frameworks, implementation effectiveness, and existing challenges. The findings of this paper show that international strategies tend to emphasize biodiversity preservation and climate regulation, whereas China prioritizes legal protections and ecological restoration. Despite these initiatives, both face persistent issues including habitat degradation, invasive species, and insufficient policy enforcement. The study underscores the importance of enhanced international collaboration, more effective policy execution, and the integration of sustainable management practices. These findings provide actionable recommendations and serve as a valuable reference for improving wetland conservation efforts worldwide.

Prevalence and possible causes of crying and mild gastrointestinal and skin symptoms in infants reported by healthcare professionals - worldwide data

ObjectiveMany infants experience crying, mild gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (such as regurgitation, constipation, and diarrhea) and skin symptoms during the first year of life. However, little is known about the prevalence and the management of these symptoms. The aim of this study was to gather insights in the experiences, prevalences, and potential causes of mild-to-moderate crying and GI and skin symptoms in healthy infants (< 12 months) as reported by health care professionals (HCPs) globally.MethodsThe study was conducted among HCPs from six regions (China (CN), Europe (EU), Mexico (MX), Middle East (ME), Russia (RU), and the United States (US)). During qualitative interviews with selected experts, alignment on the definitions of crying and GI and skin symptoms and consensus on the survey were reached. The quantitative survey consisted of questions on the reported prevalence of study-defined symptoms in infants, potential causes, treatments, and the role of nutrition in these symptoms Descriptive statistics were used to describe the prevalence, potential causes, and management of study-defined symptoms.ResultsDefinitions of crying, GI, and skin symptoms were formulated, supported by 17 in-depth expert interviews. Survey responses from 1047 HCPs were analyzed. The prevalence of study-defined symptoms was reported to be 60%; gas/bloating (22%) was the most prevalent GI symptom, followed by regurgitation (19%) and unexplained crying/colic (18%). The not yet fully developed infants’ GI tract and the type of infants’ nutrition were reported as the main causes of study-defined symptoms. To address infants’ symptoms, HCPs most often recommend changes in feeding regimen (volume, position of the infant, feeding scheme) or in infants’ nutrition, followed by parental advice and/or education.Conclusion: HCPs reported that more than half of the infants experience at least one symptom in the first year of life. The ongoing development of the infant’s GI tract and infant’s nutrition were reported to be the main causes of study-defined symptoms. To manage infants’ GI symptoms, HCPs recommend a change in feeding regimen or infants’ nutrition along with parental education.What is known?• Infants experience unexplained crying and gastrointestinal (GI) and skin symptoms in the first year of life.• The infant’s gastrointestinal tract needs time to develop.What is new?• Health care professionals’ (HCPs) consensus on the definitions of mild crying and GI and skin symptoms.• The reported prevalence of those symptoms is 60%, which is approximately twice as high as the prevalence of functional gastrointestinal diseases (FGIDs).- To manage those symptoms, HCPs give parental advice or education, or they recommend a change in feeding regimen or type of infants’ nutrition.

Mercury Level in Worldwide Poultry Food Products: a Systematic Review.

Mercury is a metal known for its toxic effects on environmental, animal and human health. The presence of Hg in poultry and its potential impact on food safety still need to be explored, especially considering that poultry is the most consumed source of protein in the global population. This study aimed to systematically review mercury and methylmercury levels in poultry meat and eggs worldwide. The searches were conducted in the Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus databases, resulting in 123 studies, of which only 30 were deemed suitable. Studies were found across sixteen countries: India, Thailand, Malaysia, China, Poland, Egypt, Ghana, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Iran, USA, Italy, Colombia, Romania, Tanzania, Algeria, and Saudi Arabia. Five poultry species were reported, with chicken being the most recorded species in 16 countries. Among biological samples, eggs and liver were the most used for measuring mercury and methylmercury levels. Levels above those permitted by regulatory organizations such as the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), China's National Health Commission (NHC), and Thailand's Ministry of Public Health - set at 0.05, 0.05, and 0.02mg.kg-1 respectively - were observed in 12 of the 17 countries, with the highest concentrations detected in chicken eggs from Colombia. Therefore, poultry production is not Hg-free and contamination by this metal must be monitored.

Production promotion versus liquidity constraints: Agricultural production loans and farmers' staple crop storage behavior

AbstractExtensive research has documented the benefits of agricultural production loans, yet limited studies address the impacts of liquidity constraints during harvest season due to loan repayment obligations. This study examines how agricultural production loans influence farmers' crop storage decisions. Based on a theoretical two‐period household model, we demonstrate that the net effect of such loans on grain storage behavior is ambiguous, contingent upon the relative dominance of liquidity constraint relief versus production enhancement incentives. Utilizing data from the China National Fixed‐Point Survey (2004–2014), our empirical analysis using fixed‐effect models corroborates the theoretical predictions. Specifically, we find that agricultural production loans negatively affect wheat storage and the storage‐to‐output ratio for wheat. Conversely, these loans positively correlate with storage levels and storage‐to‐output ratios for maize and soybeans. Additionally, our results indicate a negative impact on rice storage but no significant effect on the rice storage‐to‐output ratio. Further analysis reveals that, compared with wheat and rice, maize and soybeans have a higher output return of capital input. Furthermore, we find agricultural production loans raise household income and consumption.

Mortality risk of short-term air pollution exposure in urban and rural Chinese populations: A nationwide time-stratified case-crossover study, 2008-2020.

Mortality risk of short-term air pollution exposure in urban and rural Chinese populations: A nationwide time-stratified case-crossover study, 2008-2020.

Soft nationalism in China: The case of Hanfu style

The issue of nationalism has long attracted scholarly attention, focused primarily on the relationship between nationalism and modernity, and ‘hot’ and top-down forms of nationalism. In this article, we focus on what we call ‘soft nationalism’, which is a softly spoken yet highly affective and passionate form of ‘ground up’ nationalism frequently found in online participatory practice. Soft nationalism, we argue, is especially prevalent in China, in the context of a recent resurgence of Chinese nationalism. The article investigates the phenomenon of Han minzu fuzhuang or Hanfu , whereby participants dress in the imagined aristocratic style of pre-Manchurian, Han dynasty China and post images of themselves to social media. While previous accounts have tended to understand Hanfu style through the lens of anti-Manchurian, pro-Han nationalism, through interviews with 23 Hanfu enthusiasts, we show that participants understand Hanfu style in complex, nuanced ways consistent with the practice of soft nationalism. Hanfu emerges as an affective practice based in a quietly spoken yet assertive nationalism that has been, to an extent, de-ethnicised and domesticated as it is accommodated within wider state nationalist agendas, oriented less to internal ethnic rivalries than to the problem of outside influence.

Combating syphilis resurgence: China&apos;s multifaceted approach

Syphilis, a chronic infection caused by Treponema pallidum, is experiencing a global resurgence, posing significant public health challenges. This study examined the escalating trends of syphilis in the United States, China, and some other countries highlighting the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in sexual behavior, coinfection with the other infectious diseases such as AIDs, and the role of public health funding. The analysis revealed a stark increase in syphilis cases, particularly among high-risk groups such as men who have sex with men (MSM). China's National Syphilis Control Program (NSCP), initiated in 2010, is a comprehensive approach to syphilis management that incorporates health education, access to testing and treatment, partner notification, safe sex promotion, community interventions, and stigma reduction. The success of the NSCP in reducing early syphilis incidence rates and congenital syphilis in Guangdong Province, that may be served as a model for international syphilis control efforts. This study highlights the necessity for targeted public health interventions and the importance of robust healthcare infrastructure in combating the syphilis epidemic.

Virgifigura deserti gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the Gurbantunggut Desert soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strain, SYSU D60014T, was isolated from a sandy soil sample collected from the Gurbantunggut Desert in Xinjiang, PR China. Colonies of SYSU D60014T were pink-coloured, crystalline, irregular edge with a rough surface. Phylogenetic analyses based on both the 16S rRNA gene and whole-genome sequences assigned strain SYSU D60014T belonged to the family Rhodospirillaceae, formed a distinct lineage and showed 92.5-91.0% similarity to closely related strains. Digital DNA-DNA hybridization, average nucleotide identity and average amino acid identity values between strain SYSU D60014T and members of its related species were 17.2-19.6%, 70.8-74.4% and 48.9-64.5%, respectively. The complete genome of strain SYSU D60014T was 5,100,926 bp with a DNA G+C content of 65.1%. Cells were oxidase-positive and catalase-negative. The strain could grow at 28-40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and in the presence of up to 3% NaCl (optimum, 1-1.5%, w/v) on R2A. The predominant menaquinone was Q-10. The main polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylmethyl ethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, unidentified aminophospholipid, unidentified aminolipid, unidentified phospholipid, four unidentified polar lipids and two unidentified phosphoglycolipids. Major cellular fatty acids were C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c, summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω7c and/or C18 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0. Based on the results obtained through genotypic and phenotypic analyses, we propose that strain SYSU D60014T represents a novel species and genus within the family Rhodospirillaceae, for which we propose the name Virgifigura deserti gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain SYSU D60014T=NBRC 112951T=CPCC 101030T).

Cross Strait Dynamics: India's Engagement in the Region

This paper aims to examine how cross-strait dynamics shape India’s policies toward the broader Northeast and Southeast Asian regions. The goal is to identify key scenarios in which India may find itself as cross-strait tensions evolve. India has followed the "One China Policy" since December 30, 1949, when it shifted its diplomatic recognition from the Republic of China (ROC) to the People's Republic of China (PRC). However, India's involvement in the region did not end there. India sought to act as a peace mediator during the missile crises of 1954-55 and 1958, though its efforts were sidelined due to broader geopolitical considerations by major powers (Gokhale, 2023, p. 19). One reason for India's attempt to mediate was the leadership of Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, who led the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM). Following this period, India's engagement with Taiwan (ROC) remained minimal until both sides mutually re-established economic and cultural ties in 1995 by opening representative offices, which function as de facto embassies. Since then, relations between India and Taiwan have grown significantly in the areas of education, culture, and politics. India’s border conflict with the PRC in 1962, and subsequent incidents over the years, did not lead to a shift in its "One China Policy." Historically, the Indian Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) avoided commenting on cross-strait issues. However, following the Galwan incident with the PRC in 2020, India’s stance shifted. In August 2022, the MEA expressed concerns about peace and stability in the region, urging all parties to exercise restraint and avoid unilateral actions. COVID-19 also accelerated India’s engagement with Taiwan, particularly through Taiwan’s early assistance in providing face masks and other medical supplies during the pandemic. The research will delve into the past studies of India’s engagement in the region, but also will highlight on why Cross-strait is important to India’s larger “Act East Policy”. Any Cross-strait contingency will affect India’s trade with other East Asian countries primarily with South Korea and Japan, both of which are strategic partners. The paper argues that, India’s changing stance on Cross-strait relations is a “strategic hedging” against China. As Taiwan faces territorial claims over its territories, India faces the same from PRC on its land borders, which makes India and Taiwan as somewhat natural partners with same set of common aggression faced by them. Key Words: India, Taiwan, China, Act East, One China

Industrial heritage tourism in Macau: reinventing the Iec Long firecracker factory

Macau is a Special Administrative Region (SAR) located in the south of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Settled by the Portuguese it was the last European colony in Asia. Over the centuries as a maritime city Macau saw its fortunes coming as trade boomed in the 16–17th centuries; however, with the establishment of Hong Kong as a port city the importance of Macau decreased. The authorities resorted to gaming and tourism as key sources of tax revenues eventually in 2000s becoming ‘Las Vegas’ of Asia. As the pandemic hit China and the rest of the world, Macau was isolated, gaming revenues declined temporarily and the Macau authorities decided to diversify its offer of tourist attractions. Although Macau has already been recognised as a UNESCO heritage site with a well-preserved historic core since 2005, two new attractions were developed to help reposition Macau as a city with a rich cultural history. The two new sites that opened in 2023 were the long abandoned Iec Long firecracker factory (益隆炮竹厂) in Taipa and dilapidated Lai Chi Vun shipyards in Coloane. Iec Long firecracker factory is unique, as it blends an interface with nature (green space dominated by the century old trees), a public space and interpretative displays of how the industrial activities were performed. In this paper we use mixed methods approach to provide a ‘thick description’ of Iec Long firecracker factory as an interplay of affective and material elements. Drawing on the existing literature we further advance how assemblage thinking can contribute to analysis of industrial heritage sites as tourist attractions. Additionally, drawing on the first-hand empirical data and the context of ongoing urban revitalization in Macau we scrutinise heritage-tourism dichotomy and demonstrate how we can better understand the meanings of heritage co-created from below.

Review of Jiang (2024): Consumer Nationalism in China: Examining its Critical Impact on Multinational Businesses

Review of Jiang (2024): Consumer Nationalism in China: Examining its Critical Impact on Multinational Businesses

Co-opetition in the censored internet: a corpus-based critical discourse analysis of queer-feminist counterdiscourse in the Chinese context

ABSTRACT This study addresses a critical gap in understanding how queer and feminist counterpublics countered homophobic nationalism in China’s censored internet, as exemplified by the #WesternizedDaughter hashtag on Sina Weibo. Combining corpus-based critical discourse analysis (CDA) and van Dijk’s sociocognitive framework, we uncover both convergent and divergent resistance strategies: while both movements critique gender norms, Confucian values, and state censorship through evasive language, satire, collective identity appeals, and recontextualization, their tactical intensities starkly differ. Queer discourses prioritize lexical camouflage to exploit state ambivalence, whereas feminist discourses weaponize satirical hyperbole. These dynamics reveal a survivalist dialectic we term “co-opetition”: movements simultaneously compete for visibility in attention economies and collaborate to circumvent state erasure. This challenges the agonistic model of counterpublics as purely competitive spheres, instead reframing their relations under state censorship as strategically entangled. Our analysis complicates the “us-them” binary in both movements’ rhetoric—framing a “backward China” against a “progressive West”—by revealing underlying decolonial tensions. While strategic mirroring critiques dominant narratives, it also risks reinforcing Orientalist hierarchies. These insights highlight the need for inclusive advocacy in China, where effective resistance relies on tactical hybridity.

Journey to the east: Eduardo Galeano’s voyage to the New China in 1963

ABSTRACT During the Sixties, amid the ideological strife of the global Cold War, the Communist Party of China (CPC) pursued People’s Diplomacy, a foreign policy aimed at deepening cultural exchanges with regions like Latin America to expand its global influence. Uruguayan journalist Eduardo Galeano, a prominent figure of the New Left and critic of imperialism, traveled to the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in September 1963. His subsequent book, China 1964: Crónica de un Desafío, captured his experiences and furnished positive images of the PRC, aligning with the CPC’s objectives in its struggle against revisionism. This article uses Galeano’s journey as a case study to explore the cultural exchanges between the PRC and Uruguay, set against the backdrop of the Global Sixties. It argues that Galeano’s travelogue not only provided a window into the PRC for Latin American readers but also offered a nuanced perspective that transcended the binary East-West dichotomy, reflecting a more complex understanding of the PRC’s role in the world. Drawing on primary sources, including Galeano’s writings and Chinese officials’ perceptions, this research offers a unique analysis of Galeano’s experience, highlighting the complexities and nuances of cultural diplomacy during a pivotal era in international relations.