Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Research Articles

The effect of fish oil rich in cetoleic acid on the omega-3 index and skin quality

Objective: The objective of the study was to provide preliminary data on the effect of a long chain monounsaturated oil rich in cetoleic acid on the omega-3 index, a validated measure of EPA and DHA in blood cells, as well as a potential effect of the oil on skin quality.Design: Two intervention studies were performed, each as double blinded, placebo controlled, randomised nutritional trials. The CetoIndex study (N=55) measured omega-3 index using a blood spot collection kit (Omegaquant). The Optihud study (N=28) measured skin quality parameters in healthy women using the VISIA system. The CRO was an oil derived from North Atlantic fish with a predominance of long chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids including cetoleic acid (C22:1 n-11) and gondoic acid (C20:1 n-9).Results: In a placebo-controlled study, the omega-3 index in healthy volunteers was increased similar to that seen with an oil with higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids. In a separate placebo-controlled study, the CRO reduced erythema in skin, which is a marker of inflammation.Conclusions: The results of this pilot study suggest that the use of a CRO increases the omega-3 index more than expected from the levels of EPA and DHA in the oil. The CRO reduced may potentially have benefits on skin inflammation.Summary: Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are commonly taken as dietary supplements for a range of health benefits. Other marine fatty acids may also provide health benefits and it is of interest to understand their activity. Long chain mono-unsaturated fatty acids (LCMUFA) have shown biological activity in studies of metabolic health in animal models. Here, we report two intervention studies using a fish oil with a high LCMUFA content where cetoleic acid is the predominant fatty acid (Cetoleic rich oil: CRO). In CetoIndex, a placebo-controlled study in 55 healthy volunteers, the omega-3 index increased similarly to that seen with an oil containing higher levels of omega-3 fatty acids. In Optihud, a placebo-controlled study in 28 female volunteers, the CRO reduced erythema in skin, which is a marker of inflammation. The results of this pilot study support the use of a CRO for increasing the omega-3 index with potential benefits on skin inflammation.

Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 modulates mitochondrial function in breast cancer cells

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles that respond to cellular stress through changes in global mass, interconnection, and subcellular location. As mitochondria play an important role in tumor development and progression, alterations in energy metabolism allow tumor cells to survive and spread even in challenging conditions. Alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics have been recently proposed as a hallmark of cancer, and positive regulation of lipid metabolism constitutes one of the most common metabolic changes observed in tumor cells. Acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4) is an enzyme catalyzing the activation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids with a strong substrate preference for arachidonic acid (AA). High ACSL4 expression has been related to aggressive cancer phenotypes, including breast cancer, and its overexpression has been shown to positively regulate the mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, involved in the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism genes. However, little is known about the role of ACSL4 in the regulation of mitochondrial function and metabolism in cancer cells. In this context, our objective was to study whether mitochondrial function and metabolism, processes usually altered in tumors, are modulated by ACSL4 in breast cancer cells. Using ACSL4 overexpression in MCF-7 cells, we demonstrate that this enzyme can increase the mRNA and protein levels of essential mitochondrial regulatory proteins such as nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1), voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (VDAC1) and respiratory chain Complex III. Furthermore, respiratory parameters analysis revealed an increase in oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and in spare respiratory capacity (SRC), among others. ACSL4 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells led to the decrease in OCR and in SCR, supporting the role of ACSL4 in the regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics. Moreover, ACSL4 overexpression induced an increase in glycolytic function, in keeping with an increase in mitochondrial respiratory activity. Finally, there was a decrease in mitochondrial mass detected in cells that overexpressed ACSL4, while the knockdown of ACSL4 expression in MDA-MB-231 cells showed the opposite effect. Altogether, these results unveil the role of ACSL4 in mitochondrial function and metabolism and expand the knowledge of ACSL4 participation in pathological processes such as breast cancer.

Membrane lipid remodeling eradicates Helicobacter pylori by manipulating the cholesteryl 6'-acylglucoside biosynthesis.

Helicobacter pylori, the main cause of various gastric diseases, infects approximately half of the human population. This pathogen is auxotrophic for cholesterol which it converts to various cholesteryl α-glucoside derivatives, including cholesteryl 6'-acyl α-glucoside (CAG). Since the related biosynthetic enzymes can be translocated to the host cells, the acyl chain of CAG likely comes from its precursor phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) in the host membranes. This work aims at examining how the acyl chain of CAG and PE inhibits the membrane functions, especially bacterial adhesion. Eleven CAGs that differ in acyl chains were used to study the membrane properties of human gastric adenocarcinoma cells (AGS cells), including lipid rafts clustering (monitored by immunofluorescence with confocal microscopy) and lateral membrane fluidity (by the fluorescence recovery after photobleaching). Cell-based and mouse models were employed to study the degree of bacterial adhesion, the analyses of which were conducted by using flow cytometry and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. The lipidomes of H. pylori, AGS cells and H. pylori-AGS co-cultures were analyzed by Ultraperformance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) to examine the effect of PE(10:0)2, PE(18:0)2, PE(18:3)2, or PE(22:6)2 treatments. CAG10:0, CAG18:3 and CAG22:6 were found to cause the most adverse effect on the bacterial adhesion. Further LC-MS analysis indicated that the treatment of PE(10:0)2 resulted in dual effects to inhibit the bacterial adhesion, including the generation of CAG10:0 and significant changes in the membrane compositions. The initial (1h) lipidome changes involved in the incorporation of 10:0 acyl chains into dihydro- and phytosphingosine derivatives and ceramides. In contrast, after 16h, glycerophospholipids displayed obvious increase in their very long chain fatty acids, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids that are considered to enhance membrane fluidity. The PE(10:0)2 treatment significantly reduced bacterial adhesion in both AGS cells and mouse models. Our approach of membrane remodeling has thus shown great promise as a new anti-H. pylori therapy.

Metabolic engineering of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plants using different ∆6- and ∆5-desaturases co-expressed with LPCAT from the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum

Continuous research on obtaining an even more efficient production of very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) in plants remains one of the main challenges of scientists working on plant lipids. Since crops are not able to produce these fatty acids due to the lack of necessary enzymes, genes encoding them must be introduced exogenously from native organisms producing VLC-PUFAs. In this study we reported, in tobacco leaves, the characterization of three distinct ∆6-desaturases from diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum, fungi Rhizopus stolonifer and microalge Osterococcus tauri and two different ∆5-desaturases from P. tricornutum and single-celled saprotrophic eukaryotes Thraustochytrium sp. The in planta agroinfiltration of essential ∆6-desaturases, ∆6-elongases and ∆5-desaturases allowed for successful introduction of eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5∆5,8,11,14,17) biosynthesis pathway. However, despite the desired, targeted production of ω3-fatty acids we detected the presence of ω6-fatty acids, indicating and confirming previous results that all tested desaturases are not specifically restricted to neither ω3- nor ω6-pathway. Nevertheless, the additional co-expression of acyl-CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT) from Phaeodactylum tricornutum boosted the proportion of ω3-fatty acids in newly synthesized fatty acid pools. For the most promising genes combinations the EPA content reached at maximum 1.4% of total lipid content and 4.5% of all fatty acids accumulated in the TAG pool. Our results for the first time describe the role of LPCAT enzyme and its effectiveness in alleviating a bottleneck called ‘substrate dichotomy’ for improving the transgenic production of VLC-PUFAs in plants.

Fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes in carries of rs174544 polymorphism of FADS1 gene and rs174583 polymorphism of FADS2 gene from central region of the Russian Federation before and after supplementation of their diet with ω-3 PUFAs

Numerous publications have demonstrated that polymorphisms in FADS1 and FADS2 gene cluster influence the levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC PUFAs) synthesized in the body from essential precursors. They can be consumed through the diet as well. These LC PUFAs perform important plastic and regulatory functions in the body. The associations between the polymorphisms of FADS genes and the fatty acid (FA) composition of the body with some inflammatory and chronic diseases were shown. To date, very few studies in the Russian Federation researched the distribution of polymorphic variants in FADS1 and FADS2 genes and no studies examined the effects of these polymorphisms on the level of FAs in tissues.So, the purpose of this paper was to study the frequency of genotypes and alleles of the rs174544 polymorphism of the FADS1 gene and the rs174583 polymorphism of the FADS2 gene and their influence on the FA composition of erythrocyte membranes in residents of the Central region of the Russian Federation (RF). Additionally, the effect of ω-3 PUFAs fortified food products on this composition was examined. MethodsThe study included 70 volunteers aged 23–69 years from Moscow region who provided informed consent. They were genotyped for rs174544 polymorphism of FADS1 gene and rs174583 polymorphism of FADS2 gene by real-time PCR. The participants of the study consumed fruit or vegetable smoothies enriched with either vegetable (chia seeds flour) or animal (fish oil flour) sources of ω-3 PUFAs for 1 month. The fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes in some of the volunteers was analysed using gas-chromatography before and after fortification of their diet with ω-3 PUFAs. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 23. ResultsThe frequency of genotypes and alleles of polymorphisms studied were similar to those published for the European region. For rs174544, the genotype frequencies were CC (61%), CA (29%), and AA (10%), frequency of allele A was 24%. For rs174583, the genotype frequencies were CC (51%), CT (39%), and TT (10%), frequency of allele T was 29%. Carriers of minor alleles of both polymorphisms studied had significantly higher levels of ω-6 and ω-3 LC PUFAs in erythrocyte membranes compared to those carrying other genotypes. This differs from the results of other studies where carriers of minor alleles as were shown to be slow converters of precursors to LC PUFAs. The reason of the discrepancy was most likely associated with the obesity and dietary preferences of our study participants who carry the minor alleles. Over the period of one-month consumption of food sources providing an additional intake of either 2 g/day ω-3 PUFAs from fish oil or 6.5 g/day of ω-3 PUFAs from chia seed flour markedly reduced the incorporation of ω-6 PUFAs into erythrocyte membranes in carriers of minor alleles. Additionally, there was an increase in the content of saturated palmitic acid in the membranes that noticeably changed the fatty acid composition of erythrocyte membranes. ConclusionOur results confirm the observation that blood fatty acid composition related to polymorphisms of FADS gene is highly influenced by BMI. The incorporation of ω-6 PUFAs into erythrocyte membranes decreases when the diet is fortified with ω-3 PUFAs. This decrease can help reduce the formation of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and the risk of various inflammatory and chronic diseases, especially in carriers of minor alleles of the genetic polymorphisms studied.

Harvesting optimization and Omega-3 recovery improvement from Schizochytrium DT3 using surfactant-aided dispersed air flotation: Response surface methodology

Microalgae's potential to produce high value bioactives is contingent on the cost-effective harvesting of algal biomass. The use of CTAB (cetyl trimethylammonium bromide) assisted dispersed air flotation as a harvesting technique for Schizochytrium biomass, was optimized as a cost-effective means for recovery (R) and concentration factor (CF) using Response Surface Methodology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to employ surfactant assisted dispersed air flotation (SDAF) in the recovery of a heterotrophic thraustochytrid strain. A Box-Behnken design of experiment investigating the operating parameters of CTAB amount, air flow rate and volume on Schizochytrium was employed. Initially, both responses were analyzed individually and then used to simultaneously maximize both variables. The optimized conditions of CTAB (500 mg/L), air flow of 2 L/min and volume of 600 mL resulted in a R of 91 % and CF of 19 times. Although a secondary step is necessary for further concentration, this technique utilizes 70 times less energy as compared to conventional centrifugation techniques which are used to recover Schizochytrium sp. This is significant as this technique can be easily adapted to existing bioreactors, as they are already equipped with gas spargers. In addition, the presence of surfactant carried through demonstrated an improvement in the recovery of long chain poly unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) by 6 %, particularly in DHA and DPA which was not observed in washed biomass.

AM404 Analogs as Activators of the 20S Isoform of the Human Proteasome.

The proteasome is a multisubunit protease system responsible for the majority of the protein turnover in eukaryotic organisms. Dysregulation of this enzymatic complex leads to protein accumulation, subsequent aggregation, and ultimately diseased states; for that reason, positive modulation of its activity has been recently investigated as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative and age-related diseases. The small molecule AM404 was recently identified as an activator of the 20S isoform of the proteasome and further exploration of the scaffold revealed the importance of the polyunsaturated fatty acid chain to elicit activity. Herein, we report the investigation of the aromatic region of the scaffold and the evaluation of the small molecules in a variety of proteasome activity and protein degradation assays. We found that derivatives A22 and A23, compared to AM404, exhibit enhanced proteasome activity in biochemical and cellular proteasome assays and more favorable cellular viability profiles. Additionally, these compounds demonstrate the ability to degrade intrinsically disordered proteins, regardless of their molecular weight, and the ability to restore the proteasome activity in the presence of toxic oligomeric α-Syn species in a biochemical setting.

A blend of microalgae and cyanobacteria produced from industrial waste outputs for the enrichments of Artemia salina: Effects on growth performance, antioxidant status and anomalies rate of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae

The recent fast development of the microalgae-related biotechnologies has enabled the availability of sustainable and nutrients-rich raw materials to be used as substitution of conventional sources in aquafeed formulation. However the cost of energy of the photobioreactors used to produce these microorganisms still constrained their wider inclusion into aquafeed compounds. By exploiting industrial waste outputs, Nannochloropsis sp. and Spirulina sp. were produced and utilised to formulate two experimental enrichments (LM1 and LM2). During a 60 days trial, their efficacy have been tested as Artemia metanauplii enrichments in the diet of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) larvae, in comparison to a commercial control. Larvae were fed with isonitrogenous and isolipidic dietary treatments. Each dietary treatment presented a specific profile for the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ARA, DHA and EPA. Ratio of DHA/EPA in enriched Artemia of 4:1 as in the case of LM1 and LM2 in the presence of 1.4% of ARA (as a % on total fatty acid) guaranteed equal results to the control which displayed a ratio of DHA/EPA of 2:1 with 2.2% of ARA. No significant effects of the dietary treatments were detected in final survival, growth performance and incidence of skeletal anomalies. Regarding oxidative status, larvae fed with LM2 enrichment presented lower catalase activity than control larvae with no signs of oxidative damage, suggesting a potential antioxidant effect of LM2. The present study contributes to expanding the existing literature on successful utilisation of microalgae and cyanobacteria, used to produce valuable nutrients, in a perspective of circular nutrients economy.

Stearidonic acid improves eicosapentaenoic acid status: studies in humans and cultured hepatocytes

BackgroundAhiflower oil from the seeds of Buglossoides arvensis is rich in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and stearidonic acid (SDA). ALA and SDA are potential precursor fatty acids for the endogenous synthesis of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), which are n3-long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-LC-PUFAS), in humans. Since taurine, an amino sulfonic acid, is often associated with tissues rich in n3-LC-PUFAS (e.g., in fatty fish, human retina), taurine may play a role in EPA- and DHA-metabolism.ObjectiveTo examine the capacity of the plant-derived precursor fatty acids (ALA and SDA) and of the potential fatty acid metabolism modulator taurine to increase n3-LC-PUFAS and their respective oxylipins in human plasma and cultivated hepatocytes (HepG2 cells).MethodsIn a monocentric, randomized crossover study 29 healthy male volunteers received three sequential interventions, namely ahiflower oil (9 g/day), taurine (1.5 g/day) and ahiflower oil (9 g/day) + taurine (1.5 g/day) for 20 days. In addition, cultivated HepG2 cells were treated with isolated fatty acids ALA, SDA, EPA, DHA as well as taurine alone or together with SDA.ResultsOral ahiflower oil intake significantly improved plasma EPA levels (0.2 vs. 0.6% of total fatty acid methyl esters (FAMES)) in humans, whereas DHA levels were unaffected by treatments. EPA-levels in SDA-treated HepG2 cells were 65% higher (5.1 vs. 3.0% of total FAMES) than those in ALA-treated cells. Taurine did not affect fatty acid profiles in human plasma in vivo or in HepG2 cells in vitro. SDA-rich ahiflower oil and isolated SDA led to an increase in EPA-derived oxylipins in humans and in HepG2 cells, respectively.ConclusionThe consumption of ahiflower oil improves the circulating levels of EPA and EPA-derived oxylipins in humans. In cultivated hepatocytes, EPA and EPA-derived oxylipins are more effectively increased by SDA than ALA.

Assessment of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acid profiles and ratio of omega-6/omega-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens fed diets enriched with omega-3 rich vegetable oil

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6) fatty acids in egg and the ratio of n-6/n-3 of white eggs produced by laying hens (Hy-Line white) fed diets enriched with n-3 fats. In this study, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) levels of the dietary treatments ranged from 0.3 to 6% energy. Grain-based diets containing a low linoleic acid (LA) content were selected to prepare a basal diet to optimize the conversion of ALA into n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). The results showed that the level of all n-3 LCPUFA in eggs improved (P < 0.01) by increasing the levels of dietary ALA. Importantly, eggs produced from laying hens fed diets containing 6%en ALA significantly increased (P < 0.01) the total of n-3 fats by approximately nine-fold. Diets enriched with ALA significantly reduced (P < 0.01) the ratio of n-6/n-3 of the eggs. The n-6/n-3 ratio of eggs decreased from 7.17% in the 0.3%en ALA diet to 1.29% in the 6%en ALA diet. In conclusion, white laying hens fed ALA-enriched diets produced eggs higher in n-3 fatty acids and lower n-6/n-3 ratio, which provides an alternative n-3 rich food for consumers and have beneficial health effects.

Differential DHA and EPA Levels in Women with Preterm and Term Births: A Tertiary Hospital Study in Indonesia.

BACKGROUND Preterm birth is one of the main causes of neonatal death worldwide. One strategy focused on preventing preterm birth is the administration of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) during pregnancy. Omega-3 LCPUFAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential in metabolic and physiological processes during embryonic and fetal development. This study aimed to compare DHA and EPA levels in 44 women with preterm births and 44 women with term births at a tertiary hospital in West Java Province, Indonesia, between November 2022 and March 2023. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 88 patients in this study consisted of 44 patients with term births (≥37 gestational weeks) and 44 patients with preterm births (<37 gestational weeks) at a tertiary hospital in West Java Province, Indonesia. This observational, cross-sectional study was conducted from November 2022 to March 2023. Using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, maternal DHA and EPA levels were investigated. IBM SPSS 24.0 was used to statistically measure outcomes. RESULTS Average maternal DHA and EPA levels in patients with preterm births were significantly lower than those in term births. Preterm labor risk was further increased by DHA levels of ≤5.70 µg/mL (OR=441.00, P=0.000) and EPA levels ≤3971.54 µg/mL (OR=441.00, P=0.000). CONCLUSIONS Since the average maternal DHA and EPA levels were significantly lower in patients with preterm births, adequate intake of omega-3 LCPUFA in early pregnancy and consistency with existing nutritional guidelines was associated with a lower risk of preterm delivery for pregnant women.

Antioxidant capacity and lipid composition of Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia enriched with a mixture of different post-processing formats of Navicula salinicola and Isochrysis galbana and lipid emulsions

AbstractLive prey used by the aquaculture industry are usually poor in some essential nutrients including long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) and must be enriched to improve their nutritional value prior to larval feeding. Standard enrichment protocols are commonly based on lipid emulsions, being associated to a high oxidative stress condition. The combination of microalgae and lipid emulsion can palliate this situation, where the oxidative stress can be partially compensated by the antioxidant compounds present in microalgae. The maintenance of living microalgae in culture facilities is laborious, and the produced biomass may present fluctuating properties, leading to a serious bottleneck in the cultivation of live prey. Hence, substitutes for live microalgae including pastes or dried formats are receiving increasing research attention due to its nutritional stability, longer shelf-life and easy handling. In this study four different microalgae formats combined with a lipid emulsion are tested as enrichment products for Brachionus plicatilis and Artemia. Thus, fresh, frozen and spray-dried Navicula salinicola (NFRE, NFRO and NSD, respectively), and spray-dried Isochrysis galbana (ISD) were mixed with a commercial oil concentrate (IncromegaTM) or a marine lecithin (LC 60®), and added for 5 h to the rotifer or Artemia culture media. The antioxidant capacity of the microalgae extracts and the live prey activity of antioxidant enzymes, peroxides index (PxI) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were evaluated. The lipid profile of microalgae formats and enriched live preys was also determined. Ethyl acetate extract was the most antioxidant active extract of all microalgae formats. In addition, overall, I. galbana seems to be better than any N. salinicola format for a more effective protection against oxidative stress and for live prey lipid enrichment. Both rotifer and Artemia cultured with the mixture of I. galbana and the lipid emulsion generally showed higher DHA/EPA and EPA/ARA ratios. Moreover, the combination of the microalgae with LC 60® lipid emulsion highly favored Artemia´s polar lipid and DHA incorporation. Among microalgae products, both spray-dried formats better enhanced live prey n-3 LC-PUFA content. Our results highlight the great potential of new microalgae-derived products to improve effectiveness of current live prey lipid enrichment protocols used in aquaculture.

Supplementing lysolecithin in corn-oil based diet enhanced growth and improved body biochemical composition in juvenile stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus)

A 56-days nutritional trial was conducted to examine the influence of including a corn-oil based diet with lysolecithin (LL) on stellate sturgeon (Acipenser stellatus) juveniles. Fish were fed four experimental diets (44% crude protein, 15% crude lipid) containing graded levels of LL [0 (control), 0.5, 1 and 2%)]. One hundred and eighty juvenile fish (45.3 ± 0.1 g, mean ± standard deviation) were stocked in twelve 300 L-polyethylene tanks containing ground water at 18.9 ± 0.5°C. Feeds were offered to fish at apparent satiation four times daily. Fish fed 1% LL-supplemented diet had higher growth and better feed conversion ratio than the control group (P < 0.05). The amounts of protein and lipid levels in the whole body increased in fish fed LL-supplemented diets compared to control, whereas the levels of n-6 PUFA, particularly linoleic acid, increased in fish fed 0.5 and 1% LL-supplemented diets. Total long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids increased in fish fed 1% LL-supplemented diet. Regarding digestive enzymes, trypsin (alkaline pancreatic proteases) and pepsin (acid gastric protease) activities decreased with increasing LL in the diet. Overall, these results indicated that 1% LL is recommended for better growth performance of stellate sturgeon juveniles.

Effects of terrestrial animal fats replacing dietary fish oil on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity and lipid metabolism in juvenile Scylla paramamosain

Four experimental diets containing 45% crude protein and 11% crude lipid were formulated by replacing total fish oil (FO) with poultry oil (PO), beef tallow (BT) and lard oil (LO) to evaluate the effects of terrestrial animal fats (TAFs) replacing dietary FO in juvenile green mud crabs (Scylla paramamosain). A total of 120 female juveniles (initial body weight 43.23 ± 0.21 g) was randomly assigned to four diet (three replicates per diet) and stocked into single crab cells (0.23 m × 0.15 m × 0.33 m, width × height × length) with circulating seawater (25–29 °C) for 8 weeks. Compared to FO, crabs fed BT and LO group had about 20% lower weight gain, and significantly lower specific growth rate, feed efficiency and molting ratio, hepatopancreas and muscle lipid, hemolymph total triglyceride contents, and lipase activity, but had approximately 400% higher hepatopancreas aspartate aminotransferase and 100% higher alanine aminotransferase activities. There was no difference in growth performance and feed utilization between PO and other groups. The contents of linoleic acids (18:2n-6) in hepatopancreas and muscle were higher in PO group. TAFs groups had significantly lower docosahexaenoic acids (22:6n-3) and total n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids contents, as well as lower elongase of very long-chain fatty acids 4, acyl-CoA oxidase 3 and fatty acid transport protein 4 mRNA levels. BT and LO groups had lower mRNA levels of delta-6 fatty acyl desaturase, sterol regulatory element binding protein-1, fatty acid synthase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Therefore, dietary BT and LO could reduce the health status and lipid content via decreasing lipase activity, upregulating fatty acid β-oxidation, downregulating lipogenesis and inhibiting the transporting and metabolizing of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, thus decrease the growth performance of mud crab. Moreover, PO could be a potential FO substitute for juvenile S. paramamosain.

Trans isomeric fatty acids in human milk and their role in infant health and development.

It is well known that long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) play an important role in neurodevelopment in the perinatal life. The most important source of these fatty acids is the diet, however, they can also be formed in the human body from their shorter chain precursors, the essential fatty acids. Since the WHO recommends exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months after birth, the exclusive source of these fatty acids for breastfed infants is human milk, which can be influenced by the mother's diet. Unsaturated fatty acids can have either cis or trans configuration double bond in their chain with distinct physiological effects. Cis isomeric unsaturated fatty acids have several beneficial effects, while trans isomers are mostly detrimental, because of their similar structure to saturated fatty acids. Trans fatty acids (TFAs) can be further subdivided into industrial (iTFA) and ruminant-derived trans fatty acids (rTFA). However, the physiological effects of these two TFA subgroups may differ. In adults, dietary intake of iTFA has been linked to atherosclerosis, insulin resistance, obesity, chronic inflammation, and increased development of certain cancers, among other diseases. However, iTFAs can have a negative impact on health not only in adulthood but in childhood too. Results from previous studies have shown that iTFAs have a significant negative effect on LCPUFA levels in the blood of newborns and infants. In addition, iTFAs can affect the growth and development of infants, and animal studies suggest that they might even have lasting negative effects later in life. Since the only source of TFAs in the human body is the diet, the TFA content of breast milk may determine the TFA supply of breastfed infants and thus affect the levels of LCPUFAs important for neurodevelopment and the health of infants. In this review, we aim to provide an overview of the TFA content in human milk available in the literature and their potential effects on infant health and development.

Fish - a scoping review for Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2023.

The aim of this scoping review was to conduct evidence-based documentation between fish intake and health outcomes for food-based dietary guidelines (FBDGs) in the Nordic Nutrition Recommendations (NNR) 2023. For most health outcomes, the evidence for fish oil and n-3 long chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) supplementation was included when examining evidence between fish intake and health. In this review, conclusions from qualified systematic reviews (qSR) approved by NNR2023 are included. In addition, conclusions of a de novo systematic reviews on the topic of n-3 LC-PUFA, asthma, and allergy are included. Finally, a systematic literature search was performed limited to systematic reviews and meta-analysis published between 2011 and September 2021. In total, 21 papers from the systematic literature search, four qSR, and eight reports were included addressing the association between fish intake, fish oil, and n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation on several health outcomes. These included cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes, cancers (colorectal, breast, and prostate), metabolic syndrome, obesity, mortality, cognition and mental health, pregnancy-related outcomes (preterm birth and birth weight), and outcomes specific for children (neurodevelopment, and risk of food allergies, and asthma). In addition, intermediate risk factors such as blood lipids, glucose, C-reactive protein, and blood pressure were reviewed. Based on current evidence, fish consumption can have beneficial effects to prevent coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke incidence, and lower mortality from CVD, CHD, myocardial infarction (MI), and stroke, as well as total mortality risk. In addition, fish consumption is beneficial for preventing cognitive decline in adults (e.g. dementia and Alzheimer's disease). Fish intake may also prevent metabolic syndrome, supported by an observed association between fish intake and reduction in plasma triglycerides and increase in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Data from fish oil and n-3 LC-PUFA supplementation studies supports the conclusions on the effects of fish consumption on most of the health outcomes.

Abstract B053: Lipid metabolism and lipidomics of ovarian clear cell carcinoma: a comprehensive analysis

Abstract Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is a chemoresistant subtype of ovarian cancer accounting for 5-12% of all epithelial ovarian cancer cases. Lipid metabolism has been reported to be involved in platinum resistance and resistance to ferroptosis induction in various cancer types. However, the metabolomic and lipidomic landscape of OCCC has not been characterized. To explore the metabolic processes driving the aggressive nature of advanced OCCC, we carried out global metabolomic and lipidomic profiling on 64 early and advanced ovarian cancer samples, including tumors with corresponding metastases. Snap frozen tissue from 29 OCCC, 22 high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSOC), and 13 endometrioid ovarian carcinoma (EnOC) cases were included. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC)-mass spectrometry was performed to quantify the relative steady-state level of 318 unique metabolites. Principal component analysis (PCA) showed a distinct separation between OCCC and HGSOC/EnOC samples, mainly driven by short and medium chain acylcarnitine and hydroxylated acylcarnitine esters that were significantly more abundant in OCCC. Acylcarnitines are intermediaries of fatty acid beta-oxidation (FAO), and their enrichment in OCCC patient samples might indicate a difference in fatty acid utilization and lipid metabolism compared to OCCC and HGSOC/EnOC. FAO has been linked to redox homeostasis in cancer cells, acting as a protective factor against lipid peroxidation through selective depletion of certain lipid species. To explore whether deeper lipidomic changes in OCCC accompany increased acylcarnitine production, we performed global complex lipid detection on 7 OCCCs and 3 HGSOC tissue samples using reverse phase liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Six-hundred and fifty-seven unique lipid species were successfully identified. A comparison of lipid class abundances between OCCC and HGSOC uncovered increased levels of medium chain acylcarnitines in OCCC, corroborating the HILIC findings. Moreover, the levels of cholesterol esters and ceramides with polyunsaturated fatty acid chains were also more abundant in OCCC. Conversely, choline plasmalogens, a lipid class known to induce lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis cell death exhibited significantly lower abundance in OCCC. Additionally, saturated ethanolamine plasmalogens and ceramides containing saturated fatty acids were decreased in OCCC. In summary, our study reports significant differences in the lipid metabolism of OCCC compared to other major ovarian cancer subtypes. The observed decrease in peroxidation-prone lipid species might indicate the involvement of FAO in OCCC’s redox homeostasis and highlights FAO as a potential novel mechanism of platinum resistance in OCCC. Ongoing studies, presented at the meeting include the metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of a large panel of ovarian cancer cell lines to identify those that best model patient sample metabolism. These models will subsequently be used for in vitro and in vivo studies to evaluate FAO as a potential therapeutic target in OCCC. Citation Format: Agnes J. Bilecz, Roya AminiTabrizi, Hardik Shah, Ernst Lengyel. Lipid metabolism and lipidomics of ovarian clear cell carcinoma: a comprehensive analysis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Ovarian Cancer; 2023 Oct 5-7; Boston, Massachusetts. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(5 Suppl_2):Abstract nr B053.

Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and their bioactive lipids: A strategy to improve resistance to respiratory tract infectious diseases in the elderly?

Age-related changes in organ function, immune dysregulation, and the effects of senescence explain in large part the high prevalence of infections, including respiratory tract infections in older persons. Poor nutritional status in many older persons increases susceptibility to infection and worsens prognosis. Interestingly, there is an association between the amount of saturated fats in the diet and the rate of community-acquired pneumonia. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 LC-PUFAs) including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have well-known anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antimicrobial effects, which may, in theory, be largely induced by PUFAs-derived lipids such as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). In adults, preliminary results of studies show that ω-3 LC-PUFAs supplementation can lead to SPM generation. SPMs have a crucial role in the resolution of inflammation, a factor relevant to survival from infection independent of the pathogen’s virulence. Moreover, the immune system of older adults appears to be more sensitive to ω-3 PUFAs. This review explores the effects of ω-3 LC-PUFAs, and PUFA bioactive lipid-derived SPMs in respiratory tract infections and the possible relevance of these data to infectious disease outcomes in the older population. The hypothesis that PUFAs have beneficial effects via SPM generation will need to be confirmed by animal experiments and patient-derived data.

Experimental evidence that EPA and DHA are dietary requirements in a migratory shorebird, but they do not affect muscle oxidative capacity.

Dietary n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) are hypothesized to be natural doping agents in migratory shorebirds, enabling prolonged flight by increasing membrane fluidity and oxidative capacity of the flight muscles. Animals can obtain n-3 LCPUFAs from the diet or by conversion of dietary α-linolenic acid, 18:3 n-3. However, the capacity to meet n-3 LCPUFA requirements from 18:3 n-3 varies among species. Direct tests of muscle oxidative enhancement and fatty acid conversion capacity are lacking in marine shorebirds that evolved eating diets rich in n-3 LCPUFAs. We tested whether the presence and type of dietary fatty acids influence the fatty acid composition and flight muscle oxidative capacity in western sandpipers (Calidris mauri). Sandpipers were fed diets low in n-3 PUFAs, high in 18:3 n-3, or high in n-3 LCPUFAs. Dietary fatty acid composition was reflected in multiple tissues, and low intake of n-3 LCPUFAs decreased the abundance of these fatty acids in all tissues, even with a high intake of 18:3 n-3. This suggests that 18:3 n-3 cannot replace n-3 LCPUFAs, and dietary n-3 LCPUFAs are required for sandpipers. Flight muscle indicators of enzymatic oxidative capacity and regulators of lipid metabolism did not change. However, the n-3 LCPUFA diet was associated with increased FAT/CD36 mRNA expression, potentially benefitting fatty acid transport during flight. Our study suggests that flight muscle lipid oxidation is not strongly influenced by n-3 PUFA intake. The type of dietary n-3 PUFA strongly influences the abundance of n-3 LCPUFAs in the body and could still impact whole-animal performance.

Optimal omegas - barriers and novel methods to narrow omega-3 gaps. A narrative review.

Dietary intakes of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3LC-PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid are central to development and health across the life course. O3LC-PUFAs have been linked to neurological development, maternal and child health and the etiology of certain non-communicable diseases including age-related cognitive decline, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. However, dietary inadequacies exist in the United Kingdom and on a wider global scale. One predominant dietary source of O3LC-PUFAs is fish and fish oils. However, growing concerns about overfishing, oceanic contaminants such as dioxins and microplastics and the trend towards plant-based diets appear to be acting as cumulative barriers to O3LC-PUFAs from these food sources. Microalgae are an alternative provider of O3LC-PUFA-rich oils. The delivery of these into food systems is gaining interest. The present narrative review aims to discuss the present barriers to obtaining suitable levels of O3LC-PUFAs for health and wellbeing. It then discusses potential ways forward focusing on innovative delivery methods to utilize O3LC-PUFA-rich oils including the use of fortification strategies, bioengineered plants, microencapsulation, and microalgae.