Stroke is a major cause of long-term disability, requiring active caregiver involvement in rehabilitation. In low-income communities, limited access to formal training reduces caregiver competence in performing motor exercises such as Range of Motion (ROM), which are essential for preventing joint stiffness and promoting recovery. This study aimed to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of INBELMOTO, a print-based educational intervention, in improving the knowledge and motor training skills of stroke caregivers. A one-group pretest–posttest design was conducted on 40 caregivers of stroke inpatients at Purwokerto Islamic Hospital, Central Java. The booklet was validated by 12 multidisciplinary experts (I-CVI = 0.958). Caregivers used the material during a three-day inpatient period. Knowledge and motor skills were assessed before and after the intervention. Mean knowledge scores increased from 87.48 to 90.78, and motor skills from 23.75 to 28.78. Knowledge improvement was not statistically significant (p = 0.070), but motor skills showed a significant increase (z = –4.278; p < 0.001; r = –0.98). INBELMOTO is a promising low-cost educational tool for enhancing caregiver motor training skills. Future efforts should integrate this approach with audiovisual and hands-on guidance for better outcomes.

Learning to speak English fluently is widely recognized as one of the most challenging aspects of language learning. AI tools provide a low-pressure environment for practice, which enhances fluency and learner confidence, crucial for EMI students’ speaking performance. Therefore, this study intends to describe how students feel about using AI-based speech recognition to enhance speaking skills. Besides, it is to outline the challenge faced by students when using AI-based speech recognition as autonomous learning tools. This study employed qualitative methodology and descriptive research design. Ten students of Arabic Education of Islamic University in Central Java, Indonesia in the academic year 2025/2026 participated in this study. They were students of International Class Program that used English as a Medium of Instruction in teaching learning process. Interviews and documentation were used as data gathering methods. Data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification were done using data analysis techniques. Based on the findings, students view AI-based speech recognition as tools for autonomous learning to support their learning in speaking outside the classroom. Further, it can help them improve their vocabulary, pronunciation, and grammar as well as confidence in speaking and demonstrate enhanced quality of discussion during classroom activity. However, the use of AI-based speech recognition has some challenges, such as limited free features, insufficient offline capability, and an excessive dependency on instant feedback and internet limited access.

The growth of the blue economy in Indonesia is inseparable from the role of coastal communities, especially fishermen's cooperatives, which are the main forum in the management of fisheries businesses and the distribution of marine products. However, financial management practices in fishermen's cooperatives still face various challenges, such as low financial literacy of management, weak transparency of records, and limited access to formal capital institutions. This study aims to evaluate the financial management practices of coastal fisher cooperatives and examine their contribution in supporting blue economic growth. The research method uses a mixed approach, with the collection of quantitative data from the financial statements of fisher cooperatives and qualitative data through in-depth interviews with administrators and members. A total of 12 fishermen's cooperatives in the coastal areas of Central Java and South Sulawesi were selected purposively with the 2020–2023 observation period. The results of the study show that cooperatives that have a neater financial recording system, a savings and loan mechanism run well, and are able to access revolving funds from the government and Islamic financial institutions have succeeded in increasing working capital, expanding environmentally friendly fishing and aquaculture businesses, and contributing to marine resource conservation. In contrast, cooperatives with traditional financial management and dependence on member dues often experience limited liquidity, internal conflicts, and difficulty adapting to blue economy programs that demand efficiency and sustainability. These findings confirm that strengthening financial management practices through financial literacy education, the use of digital accounting technology, and regulatory support can strengthen the role of fishermen's cooperatives as key actors in supporting an inclusive and sustainable blue economy.

Various studies using physical, chemical, and biological parameters have shown that the Babon River is lightly to heavily polluted. Using the Babon River as a raw water source for drinking water requires better and stricter management to control river pollution. This study aimed to determine the pollution load, assimilation capacity, and pollution status of the Babon River using TSS, TDS, nitrate, phosphate, total phosphate, metals Cd, Cr, and Pb. Water sampling was conducted three times a year at two-month intervals at seven stations representing the upstream, middle, and downstream parts of the river. This study showed that the pollution load of Babon River exceeded the assimilation capacity for TSS, nitrates, Cd, Cr, and Pb. For TSS, phosphate, and total phosphate, the pollution load was within the river's assimilation capacity. The water pollution index of the Babon River ranged from 3.884 to 5.395. This indicates that the Babon River was polluted at mild to moderate levels from the upstream to the downstream regions.

This study investigates how Soft and Hard Quality Management (QM) practices influence business sustainability and competitive advantage among creative manufacturing SMEs, with organizational culture as a mediating variable. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected through structured questionnaires from 210 SMEs engaged in creative manufacturing linked to tourism in Yogyakarta and Central Java. Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS) was applied to analyze the relationships between constructs. The results reveal that both Soft and Hard QM significantly enhance business sustainability, with Soft QM having a stronger impact. Organizational culture also mediates the relationship between QM practices and business sustainability. Furthermore, sustainable business performance positively affects competitive advantage. The model confirms that an integrated approach to QM, which combines technical systems and behavioral values, produces better strategic outcomes. The findings encourage SMEs to balance technical improvements with internal cultural development. Government and support institutions should design interventions that address both system implementation and value-based capacity building.

This study addresses the inconsistency in research findings regarding the influence of digital marketing on repurchase intention, particularly for MSME products sold online. The research uses a quantitative approach with a positivist methodology and a conceptual model that requires empirical validation. Data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to 300 MSME consumers in Central Java, a region selected for its high repurchase intention for online MSME products. The findings show that while digital marketing does not directly and significantly influence repurchase intention, it has a strong, positive, and significant effect on electronic word of mouth marketing (eWOM). The study reveals that the impact of digital marketing on repurchase intention is only significant when it is mediated by electronic relationship marketing (ERM). This means that digital marketing's effectiveness in driving repeat purchases depends on its ability to first build trust, foster emotional connections, and create customer loyalty through digital platforms. The research concludes that for long-term success, businesses should focus on digital marketing strategies that nurture and develop customer relationships after the initial sale, rather than solely on attracting consumers for a first-time purchase.

The study analyzes the influence of infrastructure and the Regional Competitiveness Index (IDSD) on Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) in 13 districts/cities in Central Java Province for the period 2018–2024. The variables analyzed include GRDP as the dependent variable, as well as the number of schools, road length, hospital number, public transportation, market number, and IDSD as independent variables. The research method uses multiple linear regression with panel data, which combines a seven-year time series and cross-section in 13 districts/cities. The results show that infrastructure and IDSD simultaneously have a significant effect on GRDP. Partially, the number of schools, hospitals, and public transportation have a significant positive effect, while the number of markets, road length, and IDSD are not significant. This condition is assumed to be due to the quality of markets and roads not optimally driving regional productivity. These findings provide important insights for the equitable distribution of regional economic contributions.

This study aims to examine how SMA Negeri 2 Ungaran implements the zoning system and the New Student Admission System (SPMB) with various challenges and the role of Islamic education in responding to the existing issues. The method used in this study was a qualitative approach with a phenomenological method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation with the subjects of the study, including 10th-grade students as the main respondents, an Islamic Religious Education teacher, and the SPMB committee as reinforcement. Data analysis was conducted by data collection, data analysis, reduction, and presentation based on Miles and Huberman's theory. In its implementation, the zoning system runs optimally following the technical instructions from the Education Office of Central Java, although facing several insignificant constraints. Based on the students' real experiences, the existing diversity becomes an encouragement of the social adaptation process and strengthens a tolerant attitude and religious discipline. Islamic Religious Education learning that is adaptive, humanistic, inclusive, and emphasizes religious character values, such as love for the environment, tolerance, friendship, anti-bullying, love of peace, strong determination, and social concern can be developed sustainably.

Cassava production contributes significantly to local food resilience in Pati Regency, Central Java. However, challenges such as fluctuating yields and inconsistent input use pose a threat to long-term sustainability. This study examines the determinants of cassava production and its sustainability, employing a descriptive quantitative approach. The Cobb-Douglas model, estimated using Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), was employed to identify production factors, while sustainability was measured using the coefficient of variation (CV). Data were collected from 136 farmers across three major cassava-producing subdistricts. The results show that land area, seed quantity, and fertiliser have a significant influence on production, while labour and pesticides have no significant effect. Production sustainability is generally moderate, with variations across regions. Diversification practices, technology adoption, cooperative participation, and farming experience significantly enhance yield stability, whereas access to extension services shows no significant impact. Based on these findings, strengthening cassava sustainability requires integrated strategies, including the application of appropriate technologies such as site-specific fertiliser recommendations and simple mechanisation tools, as well as institutional reinforcement through farmer cooperatives, collective input procurement, and structured technology adoption programs. These operational measures are crucial for building a more adaptive, productive, and resilient cassava farming system that supports local food security.

Identification and Occurrence Rate of Gastrointestinal Parasites in Slaughtered Sheep at the Alexandria Abattoir in Magelang, Central Java, Indonesia

Indonesia's agrarian structure remains shaped by its colonial legacy, particularly in the plantation sector, where large-scale land concessions (Hak Guna Usaha, HGU) often overlap with community and customary lands. These persistent disputes reveal the shortcomings of agrarian reform in addressing historical injustices and weak land governance. This study examines two plantation-based conflicts involving PTPN IX in Kendal and Sragen, Central Java, where farmers—despite long-term cultivation—face limited legal recognition. In Kendal, the unenforced Supreme Court ruling has prolonged uncertainty, while in Sragen, farmers' attempts to reclaim post-HGU expiry land triggered state-backed repression. Using resource conflict theory and distributive-procedural justice frameworks, the study finds that the main drivers of conflict are misaligned state-community land claims, the rigidity of legal formalism, and the absence of effective conflict-resolution mechanisms. The main result shows that legal victories do not translate into material justice when governance institutions fail to implement decisions, resulting in continued dispossession, insecurity, and weakened rural livelihoods. The paper recommends strengthening agrarian governance through: (1) accelerated and inclusive agrarian reform prioritizing historical land claims; (2) partial release of HGU land and fair partnership schemes; (3) a task force to review unproductive or overlapping HGUs; (4) institutionalizing participatory mediation; and (5) enhanced legal protection to end criminalization of farmers. These measures are essential to reduce conflict, safeguard food security, and support sustainable rural welfare.

Lawa Cave is one of the geotourism sites located in Purbalingga, Central Java, specifically on the eastern slope of Mount Slamet. The large number of tourists visiting each year and the construction of several buildings inside the cave necessitate an assessment of how strong Lawa Cave is in terms of its load-bearing capacity. This study aims to analyze the compressive strength of the rock and provide recommendations on the safety level of the cave in withstanding the load from building structures and visitors. In this study, field observations and primary data collection were conducted, involving the collection of rock samples from several points within the cave. These rock samples were then analyzed at the Rock Mechanics Laboratory of the Mining Engineering Program at Institut Teknologi Nasional Yogyakarta. Rock compressive strength testing was conducted using the Point Load Index testing method. Conversion of the Point Load Index test results to rock compressive strength values was 11.21 MPa until 37.57 MPa. This value indicates that the Lawa Cave rock mass has adequate bearing capacity for structural buildings, suitable as a support layer for light to medium structures with recommended reinforcement such as rock bolts, wire mesh, and shotcrete.

Predatory insects are among the natural enemies that can significantly reduce Spodoptera frugiperda populations. This species has been reported to spread into Magelang Regency, Central Java. Therefore, this study aimed to study the diversity and spatial distribution of diurnal predatory insects associated with S. frugiperda in the region. The research was conducted from December 2023 to May 2024. Sampling sites were selected using a stratified method, while maize fields within each site were chosen purposively. Insects were collected using hand-picking and sweeping net methods. Environmental data were also collected. The diversity of predatory insects found was analyzed descriptively. The relationship between predator abundance and abiotic factors was analyzed using simple correlation and regression. The results showed that 15 species of predatory insects of S. frugiperda were found in Magelang Regency. The predatory insects found came from three orders: Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Dermaptera. The most abundant species found was Coccinella transversalis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). These predatory insects were found in almost every region in Magelang Regency with varying abundances. However, most predators were found in the western and southern regions. These results provide information on the presence of local predators that can be utilized in future S. frugiperda management programs sustainably.

Abstract The Maos Railway Bridge over the Serayu River, located in Maos Village, Cilacap Regency, Central Java, is a strategic infrastructure asset along the southern railway corridor of Java Island, operating since 1894. As part of the Trans-Java railway network constructed by the Staats Spoorwegen (SS), the bridge connects the main Yogyakarta–Cilacap railway line and plays a vital role in regional logistics distribution and passenger mobility. However, this 130-year-old structure is currently threatened by local scouring around its piers, which poses a significant risk of structural failure. This study aims to identify the potential scouring risks, analyze the influence of river flow on the morphology and depth of scour holes, and propose effective mitigation strategies. The methodology involves hydrological analysis, hydraulic modelling using HEC-RAS, and a comprehensive risk assessment encompassing physical impacts of a potential bridge collapse. Simulation results indicate that scour depths may reach up to -9.01 meters in piers and -17.95 in abutments. The bridge’s location on a river bend further intensifies scour due to secondary currents and velocity redistribution, highlighting the need for effective scour protection measures to ensure structural stability under extreme flow events.

Restaurants currently receive numerous government incentives for opening their businesses, as they can absorb labor and contribute to generating substantial taxes. The success of a restaurant business is achieved through product innovation and service processes provided to customers. The study aims to investigate the relationship between chef competence and restaurant performance, focusing on knowledge communication, restaurant menus, and process innovation. The results of data collection in the provinces of the Special Region of Yogyakarta, Central Java, and East Java amounted to 115 restaurant businesses. Researchers collected data by direct distribution and using Google Forms. Data processing was conducted using SmartPLS 4 to address all research hypotheses. The results showed that chef competency has a significant impact on process innovation, product innovation, and communication of knowledge. Restaurants have implemented process innovations that have a significant impact on increasing product innovation by 0.357, knowledge communication by 0.316, and restaurant performance by 0.218. Restaurant innovation of product occurs, which cannot have a significant impact on communication of knowledge, but has a significant impact on restaurant performance by 0.322. The chef's ability to effectively communicate knowledge can have a significant impact on restaurant performance. The research results provide practical contributions for restaurant managers to maintain an environment that facilitates knowledge sharing between senior and junior chefs, thereby promoting menu and process innovation that meets restaurant standards.

This study aims to examine variations in groundwater temperature and conductivity in the Ungaran geothermal area, which has unique geothermal characteristics. This area is known to have significant geothermal activity, which can affect the physical and chemical characteristics of groundwater. Temperature and electrical conductivity measurements were conducted at several spring locations. Data obtained from these groundwater temperature and conductivity measurements were analyzed to determine the relationship between the two parameters and for geological interpretation purposes. The results show significant variations in both temperature and groundwater conductivity in the Ungaran area. This finding indicates that temperature does not determine the value of groundwater electrical conductivity. This is evidenced by the very low correlation (1.4%) across all springs or 20.9% for geothermally controlled springs. Thus, these temperature and conductivity variations can be caused by various local geological conditions.

The gotong royong (mutual cooperation) system was initially used to manage labor in Indonesian agriculture, including in Genting Village, Cepogo Subdistrict, Boyolali Regency, Central Java Province. Over time, the family structure changed, and many younger villagers migrated to cities in pursuit of employment, resulting in a labor shortage. Consequently, the agricultural system gradually transformed into a wage system. The purpose of this study is to characterize the shifts from mutual cooperation to a wage system, pinpoint contributing factors, and examine how the wage system affects farmers and farmworkers. The case studies in this study are designed using a qualitative approach and presented descriptively with thematic analysis. NVivo 12 Software was used to process verbatim data gathered through interviews, observations, and documentation studies. Agricultural labor has evolved into an economic transaction rather than an expression of social solidarity. Genting Village now employs two different wage systems: a daily wage system and a wholesale system. The wage system has new implications for the economic, social, and psychological well-being of farmers and farmworkers. Although the wage system is largely unavoidable, the values of mutual cooperation and social solidarity should be integrated into contemporary agricultural practices.

This study examines the determinants of climate change perception among corn farmers in Grobogan District, Central Java, one of Indonesia's main corn production areas that is increasingly exposed to climate risks. The research examines how individual characteristics, access to climate information, institutional support, and socioeconomic conditions affect farmers' perceptions, employing a quantitative explanatory approach. Data were collected from 340 purposively selected farmers and analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling-Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS). The results indicate that all four exogenous variables significantly shape farmers' perceptions of climate change. Socioeconomic conditions emerge as the strongest determinant (β = 0.324; t = 6.095), followed by access to climate information (β = 0.292; t = 5.472), institutional support (β = 0.221; t = 4.121), and individual characteristics (β = 0.187; t = 3.732). The structural model demonstrates substantial explanatory power with an R 2 of 0.639 and good predictive relevance (Q 2 = 0.486). These findings underscore the importance of enhancing farmers' economic resilience, strengthening information dissemination, and improving institutional engagement in increasing awareness and readiness to respond to climate risks. The study provides empirical evidence for designing localized and multidimensional climate adaptation strategies to support smallholder farmers in climate-vulnerable regions.

Geotourism serves as a catalyst for sustainable development in geoparks by linking conservation, education, and community-based economic growth. The Kebumen UNESCO Global Geopark in Central Java, Indonesia, possesses exceptional geodiversity and landscape diversity but remains underdeveloped in terms of spatially grounded geotourism planning. This study applies Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) to examine the spatial distribution and clustering of geosites and tourism objects, establishing a geospatial foundation for integrated geotourism development. Data were compiled from scientific publications and online platforms, and processed using GIS-based spatial analysis. The KDE results reveal four distinct spatial clusters, shaped by geological structure and tourism intensity. Among these, three form the core framework of Kebumen's geotourism identity: (1) the Northern Core Cluster, serving as the scientific and educational hub; (2) the Central Transitional Cluster, integrating cultural, artificial, and educational attractions; and (3) the Southern Coastal Cluster, representing the main nature-based and recreational tourism corridor. Supporting clusters in the peripheral plains indicates potential for community-driven and rural tourism initiatives. This spatial structure highlights the complementarity between geological and tourism assets, providing a basis for thematic differentiation, spatial integration, and balanced regional growth.

Recurring struggle in managing water hyacinth invasion and water quality in a tropical lake: Case study of Lake Rawa Pening, Indonesia.