Atopic Dermatitis In Children Research Articles

Patch test in Brazilian children with a clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis: a cross-sectional study using an extended patch test battery.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic and relapsing inflammatory skin disease mainly affecting children. Similarly, Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) is an inflammatory skin disease, but unlike AD it results from direct exposure to an external agent. Theoretically, the impaired skin barrier facilitates the penetration of potential allergens. Therefore, AD patients are at risk for an associated ACD, exacerbating their skin condition. Because eczema is similar, performing a patch test (PT) for the differential diagnosis is essential. In this cross-sectional transversal study, we performed a PT with 30 sensitizers in 26 children with AD, selected according to established criteria for suspected ACD, and treated at an AD center of a pediatric university hospital in Rio de Janeiro. Clinical presentation, patient profile, main sensitizers, and frequency of ACD caused by therapeutic skincare products were evaluated. In all, 23 (88.5%) patients reacted to at least one allergen, 21 (80.7%) had a relevant positive patch test, and 15 (57.7%) were polysensitized. The main positive sensitizers were nickel (38.5%), blue disperse (30.8%), fragrance mix (30.8%), and neomycin (23.1%). Nineteen (73%) patients reacted to substances present in therapeutic or skincare products. Our data underscore the importance of performing a PT in AD children whose eczema has atypical distribution. The expressive percentage of positive tests, especially of allergens in skincare products, indicates the constant need to review the proposed treatments. Therefore, we recommend a specific and expanded PT battery for pediatric AD patients, including a negative control, to increase sensitivity for diagnosing ACD.

Impact of Air Pollutants on Outpatient Visits for Pediatric Atopic Dermatitis in Lanzhou.

Objective To analyze the correlation between air pollutants and pediatric atopic dermatitis outpatient visits in Lanzhou,and provide scientific insights for the life guidance of the affected children and disease prevention by relevant departments. Methods A generalized additive model was employed to analyze the effects and lagged effects of air pollutants on pediatric atopic dermatitis outpatient visits in Lanzhou while controlling for confounding factors such as long-term trends,holiday effects,day of the week effects and meteorological factors. Results The effects of NO2,PM2.5,PM10,and SO2 on pediatric atopic dermatitis outpatient visits were most significant on the current day(Lag0),but were not statistically significant (all P>0.05);CO also had the most significant effect on Lag0,and for every 10 μg/m3 increase in its concentration,the excess risk (ER) for pediatric atopic dermatitis outpatient visits was 0.05% (95%CI=0-0.10%,P=0.049);and O3 exhibited the most significant effect on day 7 of the cumulative lag (Lag07),with a statistically significant increase in the ER for each 10 μg/m3 increase in its concentration of 7.40% (95%CI=5.31%-9.53%,P<0.001) for pediatric atopic dermatitis outpatient visits.Age stratification showed that children aged 0-3 years with atopic dermatitis were the most sensitive to CO,with an increased ER of 0.09% (95%CI=0.04%-0.15%,P<0.001) for every 10 μg/m3 increase in concentration,and children aged 7-14 years with atopic dermatitis were the most sensitive to O3,with an increased ER of 8.26% (95%CI=4.99%-11.64%,P<0.001) for every 10 μg/m3 increase in concentration.Seasonal stratification showed that CO exerted a stronger effect on pediatric atopic dermatitis outpatient visits in summer and fall,with ER values of 0.45% and 0.16% (both P<0.001),respectively,while O3 had a significant effect on outpatient visits in winter,with an ER value of 20.48% (P<0.001). Conclusion Elevated daily average concentrations of air pollutants CO and O3 in Lanzhou were positively correlated with the number of outpatient visits for atopic dermatitis in children,with significant seasonal effects and age-stratified sensitivities.

Long-term consequences on stigmatization and disease burden during adulthood among patients with childhood or adolescence-onset atopic dermatitis.

Long-term consequences on stigmatization and disease burden during adulthood among patients with childhood or adolescence-onset atopic dermatitis.

Prenatal Exposure to Air Pollutants Associated with Allergic Diseases in Children: Which Pollutant, When Exposure, and What Disease? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

This systematic review aims to identify the association between prenatal exposure to air pollutants and allergic diseases in children, focusing on specific pollutants, timing of exposure, and associated diseases. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for English articles until May 1, 2023, examining maternal exposure to outdoor air pollutants (PM1, PM2.5, PM10, NO, NO2, SO2, CO, and O3) during pregnancy and child allergic diseases (atopic dermatitis (AD), food allergy (FA),asthma (AT)and allergic rhinitis (AR)/hay fever (HF)). The final 38 eligible studies were included in the meta-analysis. Exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 during pregnancy was associated with the risk of childhood AD, with pooled ORs of 1.34 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.10-1.63) and 1.10 (95%CI, 1.05-1.15) per 10µg/m3 increase, respectively. Maternal exposure to PM1, PM2.5, and NO2 with a 10µg/m3 increase posed a risk for AT, with pooled ORs of 1.34 (95%CI, 1.17-1.54), 1.11 (95%CI, 1.05-1.18), and 1.07 (95%CI, 1.02-1.12), respectively. An increased risk of HF was observed for PM2.5 and NO2 with a 10µg/m3 increase, with ORs of 1.36 (95%CI, 1.17-1.58) and 1.26 (95%CI, 1.08-1.48), respectively. Traffic-related air pollutants (TRAP), particularly PM2.5 and NO2, throughout pregnancy, pose a pervasive risk for childhood allergies. Different pollutants may induce diverse allergic diseases in children across varying perinatal periods. AT is more likely to be induced by outdoor air pollutants as a health outcome. More research is needed to explore links between air pollution and airway-derived food allergies.

Spatial modeling connecting childhood atopic dermatitis prevalence with household exposure to pollutants

BackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory disease characterized by dry, pruritic skin. In the U.S., the prevalence of AD has increased over three-fold since the 1970s. We previously reported a geographic association between isocyanate-containing air pollution and AD as well as mechanistic data demonstrating that isocyanates induce skin dysbiosis and activate the host itch receptor TRPA1. However, non-spatial models are susceptible to spatial confounding and may overlook other meaningful associations.MethodsWe added spatial analysis to our prior model, contrasting pollution data with clinical visits. In addition, we conducted a retrospective case-control survey of childhood exposure to BTEX-related products. Finally, we assessed implicated compounds, in pure form and as part of synthetic fabric, for their effect on the growth and metabolism of skin commensal bacteria.ResultsSpatial analysis implicate benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and, most significantly, xylene (BTEX) compounds. Survey odds ratios for AD were significant for xylene-derived polyester bed sheets (OR = 9.5; CI 2.2–40.1) and diisocyanate-containing wallpaper adhesive (OR = 6.5; CI 1.5–27.8). Staphylococcus aureus lives longer on synthetic textiles compared to natural textiles. Meanwhile, synthetic fabric exposure shifts the lipid metabolism of health-associated commensals (Roseomonas mucosa and S. epidermidis) away from therapeutic pathways.ConclusionsWe propose that BTEX chemicals in their raw forms and in synthetic products represent a unifying hypothesis for environmentally induced AD flares through their ability to create dysbiosis in the skin microbiota and directly activate TRPA1. Unequal distribution of these pollutants may also influence racial disparities in AD rates.

Predictive effects of the interactions among cesarean section, birth weight, and preterm birth on the risk of atopic dermatitis in children

Predictive effects of the interactions among cesarean section, birth weight, and preterm birth on the risk of atopic dermatitis in children

Impact of atopic dermatitis on quality of life in children and their families: A tertiary care hospital-based study from Northern India

Objectives: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that is more frequent among children. Childhood is a critical time for physical and psychosocial development and AD develops more commonly in children in the first five years of life. The objective of the study was to determine the impact of AD on the quality of life (QoL) of Indian children and their families and correlate it with AD severity and the perception of severity as estimated by the family. Material and Methods: In the present study, 30 children clinically diagnosed with AD and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy controls presenting to our hospital were evaluated. Data on QOL were obtained through a questionnaire; Infants Dermatitis Quality of Life Index (IDQOL), Children’s Dermatology Life Quality Index (CDLQI), and Dermatology Life Quality Index (DQLI) were used for patients,and the Dermatitis Family Impact (DFI) questionnaire for the family of the patients. The severity of the disease was determined using the Scoring for AD (SCORAD) index. Results: In our study, there were 16 male patients and 14 female patients. History of atopy was significantly higher in children with AD (p &lt;0.001); 13 patients had mild, 17 had moderate, and none of the patients had severe disease. The severity of the disease was found to correlate negatively with the age of the child. IDQOL positively correlated with the age of children with AD (r = 0.865, P &lt; 0.001). CDLQI negatively correlated with the age of children with AD (r = −0.616, P = 0.033). Impairment in IDQOL and CDLQI showed a significant positive correlation with DFI (r = 0.846, P &lt; 0.001; r = 0.910, P &lt; 0.001). Conclusion: AD is associated with lowered QOL of the patient,which increases with the severity of the disease. Itch and sleep disturbance were the most severely affected symptoms of AD. The disease significantly impacted the QOL of the family. The main issue with parents caring for AD children is continuous expenditure on treatment, emotional distress, and physical exhaustion. Therefore, efforts are needed to help parents by medical care personnel so that the outcomes in both the child and the significantly burdened parent caregiver can be improved.

Prenatal risk factors of indoor environment and incidence of childhood eczema in the Japan Environment and Children's Study

The quality of indoor environment is a risk factor for early childhood eczema and atopic dermatitis; however, its influence during pregnancy on childhood eczema in Japan has not been investigated. In this study, we aimed to determine the indoor environmental factors that are associated with eczema in children up to 3 years of age, using national birth cohort data from the Japan Environment and Children's Study (JECS).Information on indoor environments and eczema symptoms until 3 years of age was collected using self-administered questionnaires to the mothers. A total of 71,883 and 58,639 mother-child pairs at 1.5- and 3-years-old, respectively, were included in the former analyses. To account for prenatal indoor risk factors, 17,568 (1.5-years-old) and 7063 (3-years-old) children without indoor mold and/or ETS exposure were included in the final analysis. A higher mold index, gas heater use, parquet flooring use, and frequent insecticide use showed significantly increased risks for childhood eczema up to 3 years of age. These associations were consistent after stratification analysis among children whose parents did not have a history of allergies. The updated WHO guidelines on indoor air quality should be implemented based on recent findings regarding the effects of prenatal exposure to indoor dampness on health effects of children further in life, including asthma, respiratory effects, eczema, and other immunological effects.

Vitamin D level is inversely related to allergen sensitization for risking atopic dermatitis in early childhood

BackgroundThere are few studies concerning the impact of serum vitamin D status on the risk of allergen sensitization and atopic dermatitis (AD) during early childhood. MethodChildren with AD and age-matched healthy controls (HC) were prospectively enrolled at age 0.5, 2, and 4 years. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) level was measured using Elecsys Vitamin D Total assay. The study utilized the ImmunoCAP assay to analyze specific IgE for food and inhalant allergens, along with total serum IgE levels. It explored the connection between vitamin D levels and allergen sensitization, as well as their influence on AD at different ages. ResultsA total of 222 children including 95 (59 AD and 36 HC), 66 (37 AD and 29 HC), and 61 (32 AD and 29 HC) children were classified at age 0.5, 2, and 4 years, respectively. In children with AD, there was a significantly lower vitamin D level at age 2 and 4, but a significantly higher prevalence of food and mite sensitization at all ages in comparison with HC (P < 0.001). Vitamin D level was found to be inversely related to the prevalence of allergen sensitization at age 4 (P < 0.05). However, vitamin D level appeared to have high importance for allergen sensitization at all ages and AD at age 2 and 4 years. ConclusionVitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with heightened prevalence of allergen sensitization, potentially increasing the susceptibility to AD in early childhood.

Senescent fibroblasts and innate immune cell activation might play a role in the pathogenesis of elderly atopic dermatitis

BackgroundElderly atopic dermatitis (AD) is a subtype of AD defined by age (≥60 years). The molecular characteristics of elderly AD remain to be clarified. ObjectiveWe sought to characterize the molecular features of skin lesions and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in patients with AD across different age, focusing on elderly AD. MethodsSkin and PBMCs samples were used for RNA sequencing. Analysis of differentially expressed genes and gene set variation analysis were performed. Immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), flow cytometry and transwell assay were used for validation. ResultsCompared with healthy controls, the skin transcriptome of AD patients showed common signatures of AD, like barrier dysfunction and enhanced Th1/Th2/Th17 immune pathways. In PBMCs, the expression of Th1/Th2 response genes was more remarkable in adult AD, while expression of Th17-related genes was significantly higher in childhood AD. The gene modules associated with natural killer (NK) cells were downregulated in elderly AD. In skin lesions, elderly AD exhibited enrichment of macrophages, fibroblasts and senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) related genes. The correlation among fibroblasts, SASP and innate immune cells were revealed by the co-localization of fibroblasts, macrophages and NK cells in the lesions across different age groups. Fibroblasts under inflammation or senescence could induce stronger chemotaxis of macrophages and NK cells. ConclusionWe identified the molecular phenotypes of skin lesions and PBMCs in elderly AD individuals. Fibroblasts, innate immune cells, and SASP might play important roles in the pathogenesis of elderly AD.

Atopic dermatitis in children: a cross-sectional study of its impact on quality of life

Background: Atopic dermatitis, characterized by chronic inflammation of the skin, manifests with symptoms such as itching, skin discomfort, and sleep disturbances, significantly impacting the physical health and daily functioning of affected children. We embarked on this study to assess the Quality of Life of children with AD, identify factors that influence their QoL, and determine the specific domains of QoL most affected by the condition. Methods: Children up to 16 years of age, who met the Hanifin and Rajka’s diagnostic criteria for AD, were identified. The severity of AD was assessed using the severity scoring of atopic dermatitis index, and QoL was assessed using validated questionnaires: the infants dermatitis quality of life index for children under 4 years and the children’s dermatology life quality index for children 4 years and above. Results: A total of 70 children with AD were enrolled in the study. The mean QoL (IDQOL/CDLQI) score for children with AD was 6.7±5.05 and QoL was significantly impaired in children with more severe disease. The domains of QoL most affected by AD were related to pruritus, sleep disturbances, mood changes and treatment related issues. The duration of illness and the presence of other atopic comorbidities showed a significant correlation with QoL impairment, whereas age, gender and socioeconomic status demonstrated no such correlation. Conclusions: This study highlights the substantial impact of AD on the QoL of affected children, especially due to symptoms like itching and sleep disturbances.

Unraveling the diet-dermatitis connection: A systematic review of dietary exclusion in children with atopic dermatitis

This review focuses on atopic dermatitis (AD) impacting 10–30% of children and influenced by food and aeroallergens. It highlights the need for cautious interpretation of sensitization to foods, as it does not guarantee allergy and the potential harm of indiscriminate avoidance affecting nutrient intake. Tests such as skin prick tests, serum-specific immunoglobulin E tests, and food challenges are essential before implementing food elimination. The objective is to assess current dietary exclusion practices in AD children. By screening eight studies including randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and cohort studies, the review underscores the benefits of evidence-based dietary exclusion for moderate to severe cases. It establishes causal links between food allergy (FA) and AD emphasizing evidence-based dietary modification over blanket elimination. Temporal changes in allergen antigenicity also suggest evidence-based, supervised practices. In conclusion, the review supports the benefits of evidence-guided food exclusion for AD with 50% of studies backing moderate-to-severe cases. It highlights the need for robust trials to guide rational food restriction, ultimately aiding patients and parents.

Psoriasis dermatitis, a common phenotype of early forms of both psoriasis and atopic dermatitis in children: A prospective multicenter study.

Psoriasis (Ps) and atopic dermatitis (AD) are chronic systemic immune-mediated diseases that can coexist in an overlapping condition called psoriasis dermatitis (PD). PD patients have intermediate lesions with characteristics of both Ps and AD. PD is very rare in adults but much more frequent in children. Little is known, however,about the course of PD in the pediatric population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the percentage of PD cases in children that evolved to a definite form of Ps or AD and to identify any clinical or epidemiological variables that could predict the course of the disease. We performed a prospective multicenter cohort study of children diagnosed with PD between January 2018 and December 2020. We collected participants' clinical and epidemiological characteristics, and pediatric dermatologists determined the percentage of participants who developed Ps or AD. The study included 24 children with PD, with a median age of 7.0 years. After a median follow-up period of 31 months, 83.3% of cases had evolved to a definite form of Ps or AD (44.4% to Ps and 38.9% to AD). Younger age and family history of Ps were associated with progression to AD. Participants who progressed to AD or Ps had a longer follow-up than those with an unchanged PD diagnosis. Given sufficient time, a large percentage of PD cases in children will evolve into Ps or AD. Long-term clinical follow-up is necessary for a correct diagnosis.

Early exposure to maternal stress and risk for atopic dermatitis in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

The incidence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in children is increasing. Early exposure to stress factors may be associated with the AD development. This study aimed to summarize studies that reported an association between stress exposure and AD development in later life. A comprehensive literature search was performed using online databases (PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) for articles published up to May 1, 2023. Eligible studies were screened and selected based on the inclusion criteria. We incorporated cohort or case-control studies published in English which explored the relationship between stress experienced by parents or children and AD. The pooled odds ratio (OR) was calculated according to the type of stress using a random-effects model. Twenty-two studies were included. AD was related to maternal distress (OR 1.29, 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 1.13-1.47), maternal anxiety (OR 1.31, 95% CI: 1.18-1.46), and negative life events (OR 2.00, 95% CI: 1.46-2.76). Maternal depression during pregnancy was associated with AD (OR 1.21, 95% CI: 1.09-1.33), whereas no significant association was found for postpartum depression. Research on stress experienced by paternal or children is scare. Early maternal stress may potentially elevate the risk of AD in their offspring. Importantly, rigorously designed studies are required to corroborate the link between maternal stress and AD in children. These studies should aim to gather insights about the impact of stress during specific trimesters of pregnancy, postnatal stress, and paternal stress, and to identify potential prevention strategies.

The relationship between childhood atopic dermatitis and asthma in an under resourced community.

Background: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inflammatory skin disease caused by allergen exposures and estimated to affect ∼20% of children. Children in urban areas have a higher prevalence of AD compared with those living outside of urban areas. AD is believed to lead to asthma development as part of the "atopic march." Objective: Our objective was to determine the sequential and chronological relationships between AD and asthma for children in an under-resourced community. Methods: The progression from AD to asthma in the under-resourced, urban community of Sun Valley, Colorado, was examined by assessing Medicaid data for the years 2016 to 2019 for a diagnosis of AD or asthma in children 6 and 7 years old. Results: Pearson correlations between AD and asthma diagnoses were significant only with respect to AD at age 6 years compared with asthma 1 year later, at age 7 years. Conclusion: By studying a susceptible community with a consistent but mixed genetic background, we found sequential and chronological links between AD and asthma.

Skin biomarkers predict the development of food allergy in early life

BackgroundFood allergy (FA) often occurs in early childhood with and without atopic dermatitis (AD). FA can be severe and even fatal. For primary prevention, it is important to find early biomarkers to predict the future onset of FA before any clinical manifestations. ObjectiveTo find early predictors of future onset of FA in the stratum corneum (SC). MethodsSkin tape strips (STS) were collected from the forearm of newborns (n=129) at the age of 2 months before any signs of clinical FA or AD. Children were clinically monitored until they reached 2 years of age to confirm the presence or absence of FA and AD. STS were subjected to lipidomic analyses by the LC-MS/MS and cytokine determination by Meso Scale Discovery U-Plex assay. ResultsOverall, 9/129 (7.0%) infants developed FA alone, and 9/129 (7.0%) infants developed FA concomitantly with AD (ADFA). In the SC of future FA and ADFA children, absolute amounts of unsaturated (N24:1)(C18S)Ceramide and (N26:1)(C18S)Ceramide and their relative percentages within the molecular group were increased in comparison to healthy children with p-values between <0.01 and p<0.05, ANOVA. Future AD children had normal levels of these molecules. Interleukin (IL)-33 was upregulated in future FA but not AD infants, whereas thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) was upregulated in AD but not FA. Logistic regression analysis revealed strong FA predicting power for the combination of dysregulated lipids and cytokines, with an odds ratio reaching 101.4 (95% CI 5.4 – 1910.6). ConclusionNon-invasive STS analysis at 2 months of age can identify infants at risk of future FA.

Maternal dietary indexes are not linked to early childhood wheezing or atopic eczema.

Several recent studies have investigated the association between maternal diet during pregnancy and wheezing or asthma in children. However, whether a specific dietary pattern during pregnancy protects children from wheezing or atopic diseases remains unclear. This study investigated the association between The Alternative Healthy Eating Index for Pregnancy (AHEI-P), the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), and the risk for wheezing and atopic eczema in children during the first year of life. This study included 1330 mother-child pairs who attended the Kuopio Birth Cohort (KuBiCo) study and had dietary information during the last trimester and information on children's health in the first year of life. AHEI-P and DII indicate a healthy diet and dietary inflammation potential during pregnancy. The AHEI-P and DII were compared with reported wheezing and doctor-diagnosed atopic eczema in children during the first year of life. Neither AHEI-P nor DII is associated with wheezing or atopic eczema in children when analyzed by continuous variables and by tertiles. The odds ratio (95% CI) for AHEI-P and wheezing was 0.99 (0.98-1.01), for AHEI-P and atopic eczema1.01 (0.99-1.02), for DII and wheezing 1.02 (0.95-1.09), and for DII and atopic eczema 0.97 (0.91-1.04). In this cohort study, AHEI-P and DII during pregnancy were not associated with wheezing or atopic eczema in the offspring during the first year of life.

Commentary: A comparative randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus hydrocortisone as a topical treatment of atopic dermatitis in children.

Commentary: A comparative randomized clinical trial evaluating the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus versus hydrocortisone as a topical treatment of atopic dermatitis in children.

A machine-learning exploration of the exposome from preconception in early childhood atopic eczema, rhinitis and wheeze development

BackgroundMost previous research on the environmental epidemiology of childhood atopic eczema, rhinitis and wheeze is limited in the scope of risk factors studied. Our study adopted a machine learning approach to explore the role of the exposome starting already in the preconception phase. MethodsWe performed a combined analysis of two multi-ethnic Asian birth cohorts, the Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) and the Singapore PREconception Study of long Term maternal and child Outcomes (S-PRESTO) cohorts. Interviewer-administered questionnaires were used to collect information on demography, lifestyle and childhood atopic eczema, rhinitis and wheeze development. Data training was performed using XGBoost, genetic algorithm and logistic regression models, and the top variables with the highest importance were identified. Additive explanation values were identified and inputted into a final multiple logistic regression model. Generalised structural equation modelling with maternal and child blood micronutrients, metabolites and cytokines was performed to explain possible mechanisms. ResultsThe final study population included 1151 mother-child pairs. Our findings suggest that these childhood diseases are likely programmed in utero by the preconception and pregnancy exposomes through inflammatory pathways. We identified preconception alcohol consumption and maternal depressive symptoms during pregnancy as key modifiable maternal environmental exposures that increased eczema and rhinitis risk. Our mechanistic model suggested that higher maternal blood neopterin and child blood dimethylglycine protected against early childhood wheeze. After birth, early infection was a key driver of atopic eczema and rhinitis development. ConclusionPreconception and antenatal exposomes can programme atopic eczema, rhinitis and wheeze development in utero. Reducing maternal alcohol consumption during preconception and supporting maternal mental health during pregnancy may prevent atopic eczema and rhinitis by promoting an optimal antenatal environment. Our findings suggest a need to include preconception environmental exposures in future research to counter the earliest precursors of disease development in children.

Powikłania okulistyczne atopowego zapalenia skóry u dzieci

Atopic dermatitis is an inflammatory, eczematous skin condition that appears in childhood and persists into adulthood. Apart from eczema its phenotype can encompass external ocular signs such as periorbital darkening or Dennie-Morgan palpebral fold. Due to its high prevalence as well as chronic and recurrent character it is significant to mind its consequences. Ocular comorbidities are more frequent in atopic patients compared to their age-matched control groups. Atopic dermatitis is associated with many ophthalmic complications, such as blepharitis, atopic keratoconjunctivitis, keratoconus, subcapsular cataract, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment and susceptibility to infections. Incidence of these complications is well established in adults, but there was a necessity to review the published literature to gather information about their manifestations and prevalence in children. Atopic dermatitis and its comorbidities are correlated with persistent itching and thus extensive eye rubbing which can possibly lead to retinal detachment and keratoconus, so it is of great importance to know how to relieve it. Aim of this article is to draw attention to the most serious ocular comorbidities associated with atopic dermatitis in children, their pathophysiology and epidemiology. It is an important issue since appropriate diagnosis and prophylaxis or further treatment are crucial to prevent serious complications including loss of vision.