This paper explores the historical formation of nuclear engineering expertise and education in the United States and Sweden between the 1950s and 1970s. It investigates how the definition of nuclear expertise evolved through the institutionalization of nuclear engineering education, shaped by government policy, industrial demands, and interdisciplinarity. Drawing on archival research, oral history, and case studies from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, the University of Michigan, Royal Institute of Technology, and Chalmers University of Technology, this paper argues that nuclear engineering developed as a hybrid, interdisciplinary field through educational “trading zones” that brought together physics, mechanical engineering, chemistry, and other disciplines. It analyzes nuclear engineers as an “epistemic community,” in which knowledge production and political influence are shaped by education. Crucially, the analysis reveals how curricula changed over time. As reactor technologies scaled up and safety concerns evolved, the “nuclearity” of knowledge evolved from focusing mostly on theoretical physics to applied thermal-hydraulic and metallurgical engineering. Ultimately, this paper contends that understanding the historical roots of nuclear knowledge–making can inform current debates about the education needs in the nuclear industry and the sociotechnical expertise required in today’s energy transition.

ABSTRACT The Missile Crisis of October 1962 is widely recognized, yet a lesser-known Cold War confrontation occurred in Cuba in September 1970. That year, the Soviet Union initiated the construction of a nuclear submarine base on the islet of Cayo Alcatráz in Cienfuegos Bay on Cuba’s southern coast. The United States argued that the installation violated the “gentlemen’s agreement” established between the superpowers after the 1962 crisis. The situation developed into a diplomatic confrontation but was resolved through discreet nuclear diplomacy. Due to the emerging policy of détente between the superpowers, the crisis received limited public attention and has remained largely unknown. Nevertheless, material remains of this event persist on Cayo Alcatráz. By applying a contemporary archaeological approach that integrates archival research with the study of physical remains, the text complements the written historical accounts while offering new perspectives on Cold War history and its continuing relevance.

ABSTRACT This study examines how memory politics shaped landscape transformation in Portugal’s Ave River basin through comprehensive archival analysis of the Sampaio, Ferreira & Co. textile factory (1896-2005). Using extensive archival research spanning regulatory documents, industrial inspections, and environmental violation records, this research reveals how memorial suppression obscured industrial transgressions while celebrating entrepreneurial progress. The factory consistently violated hydraulic regulations, polluted the Ave River, and compromised worker safety for over a century, generating conflicts with regulatory authorities. Despite documented environmental degradation and workplace safety violations, public memory preserved only positive narratives of industrial modernization through active forgetting. The study demonstrates how landscape transformation occurs through “triangulated harm”, the simultaneous occurrence of environmental, workplace, and regulatory violations enabled by selective remembering. Analysis uncovers how philanthropic memoryscapes (hospitals, theaters, monuments) spatially segregated celebrated achievements from forgotten harms, confining evidence of violations to scattered archival documents. The research reveals that such omissions in memory narratives contributed to ongoing harm, extending beyond mere reflection of past experiences. These findings demonstrate how power relations shape both physical landscapes and their commemorative representations, offering critical insights for contemporary heritage management that challenge current approaches emphasizing industrial achievement while minimizing documented environmental and social costs.

This article examines how hacker culture, often conceptualized as immaterial and virtual, is in fact materially and spatially constituted through its entanglement with physical places. Focusing on Las Vegas and DEF CON, this article shows the emergence of hackerspectacle, a place-bound mode of interfacing that enables the dual-direction seepage of form and power: subcultural acts leave material residues in policies and design, while the city's spectacle economy filters back to script hackers' style, memory, and self-understanding. The article traces how a three-decade coupling between DEF CON and Las Vegas co-produces both the conference and the city. By intervening in hotel systems, accessing controls, and displaying infrastructures, hackers appropriate Las Vegas's visual language and spatial affordances to craft their placed identity. Conceptually, this case advances STS discussions on the materiality of digital cultures. Empirically, it shows a city-level co-construction. The article also diagnoses a drift from subversion to absorption as DEF CON mirrors Las Vegas's streamlining, commercialization, and surveillance. The article is based on original archival research, ethnographic work, and media analysis. It draws on DEF CON programs, hacker zines, public and anonymized interviews, news coverage, and visual materials, and it situates hacker practices within Las Vegas's legal, architectural, and economic history. It also offers a generalizable template for studying how technocultures take place, literally, and will interest readers of infrastructure studies, digital materialities, urban technopolitics, and the socio-spatial dynamics of subcultures.

Contrary to the argument that biological conceptualisations of mental distress serve as a smokescreen for the ills of capitalism in Western neoliberal societies, the findings show that the biological and individualised definitions of depression were present in the socialist Eastern Bloc. Taking the history of Polish psychiatry as a vantage point, this study introduces its historical development throughout late socialism and into the capitalist regime, revealing the continuity of biological conceptualisations of depression over time. It draws from archival research of the Polish Psychiatry journal, supplemented by interviews with psychiatrists from different generations. The study complicates the history of the European psychiatry during the Cold War period, by tracking knowledge transfers between East and West. It proves that the understanding of depression in late socialist Poland as an endogenous disease, an organic disorder independent of the social environment, was partly shaped by the Pavlovian paradigm and partly by Western neurobiological discoveries. Since the 1990s, with the dominance of American science, conceptualisations of depression as an endogenous disease have prevailed, albeit under a new wording of biological vulnerability. The study argues that the simultaneous impact of the Soviet and Western psychiatry in late socialist Poland was an instance of dual dependency resulting from the country’s geopolitical positioning. With the systemic transformation in the 1990s, a shift in the dependency pattern occurred, as Polish psychiatry clearly oriented towards the U.S. science.

Purpose We provide a systematic literature review of the determinants and consequences of income smoothing in an international context. First, we offer a theoretical discussion of income smoothing, which is motivated either by opportunistic or by informative reasons, followed by an examination of its measurement. Next, we review the determinants of income smoothing, categorizing them into financial reporting standards, firm characteristics, corporate governance, managerial characteristics and macro environment determinants. We then review the empirical literature on the consequences of income smoothing from the perspective of capital market and credit market consequences. We also provide some suggestions for future research. Design/methodology/approach We perform a systematic literature review using the Preferred Reporting Items for a Systematic Review of Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines to examine archival studies investigating the determinants and consequences of income smoothing. Using a Boolean search strategy on Scopus and PRISMA selection criteria, we review 111 published archival research articles from 2004 to the first quarter of 2025. Findings The implementation of reporting standards reduces income smoothing practices. Firm characteristics have varied effects on income smoothing, while governance reforms and internal corporate governance mechanisms are generally found to constrain smoothing behavior. Our review further reveals that managerial characteristics are associated with income smoothing practices. Furthermore, exogenous shocks also shape managerial incentives to engage in income smoothing. The capital market consequences of income smoothing reveal that income smoothing improves earnings informativeness, lowers both equity and credit investors' perceived risk, but increases future stock price crash risk. The credit market effect shows that income smoothing lowers the cost of debt capital. Originality/value Although there remains a high-quality review on earnings quality (e.g. Dechow et al., 2010), we lack a thorough coverage of the evolution of income smoothing research for the last two decades. We fill that void in the literature, highlight some research gaps, draw researchers' attention to measurement problems associated with existing smoothing measures, and offer some suggestions for future research.

ABSTRACT This paper maps an artist residency at Holocaust Centre North. The artist explores the archive for queer histories and develops a series of works in print and ceramics, making space for the queer silences found in the archive. Using archive research and artistic methods, the paper questions whose narratives are excluded within the Holocaust Archive and what happens when a queer lens is trained on the archive. The paper considers the importance of intergenerational memory in the safeguarding of Holocaust histories and the problems for queer Holocaust memory when queer knowledge is unlikely to be shared through intergenerational family ties.

ABSTRACT The Prompt Scripts for the 1985 Abbey Theatre Production of Long Day’s Journey Into Night, discovered during an archival research trip to the Abbey Theatre archive at the National University of Ireland, Galway, appear to solve the conundrum of this lambasted production. Despite the star-studded cast and director, the production was universally lampooned by contemporary critics, especially for a lack of attention to its Irish dimension, a curious phenomenon as noted by prominent O’Neill scholars such as Edward Shaughnessy. A thorough examination of the prompt scripts revealed that the production had cut significant portions of the play related to James Tyrone Sr.’s childhood experiences with poverty and eviction. This article argues that the removal of these sections and subsequent negative critical reception reveal that the core theme and emotional power of the play originate from these themes of land-based struggles.

Community-based organizations (CBOs) and nonprofits are essential to disaster recovery, particularly for marginalized populations like public housing residents. They provide direct services and advocacy, filling gaps when governmental assistance is delayed. However, their capacity is often stretched, especially during compounding disasters. This paper examines the role of CBOs in public housing recovery following the 2020 Southwest earthquakes and COVID-19 in Ponce, Puerto Rico. It explores the challenges CBOs face and how to enhance their effectiveness. Using archival research and interviews, the study highlights how collaboration among CBOs and nonprofits can improve public housing recovery efforts and inform strategies for better engagement.

Using the case of two proposed large-scale redevelopments in Richmond, Virginia over the past four decades, we examine how cultural landscapes were used as a base of resistance to top-down decision-making, a means of determining who had the right to be at the table and a mechanism for defining the future. Through extensive archival research, network analysis, and key informant interviews, we examine the interaction between cultural landscapes, process, and outcome in planning. We argue that planning must understand the value of cultural landscapes as more than just a particular outcome or degree of engagement in the process. Instead, cultural landscapes should be understood in planning as a mechanism for setting an agenda of who, how, and to what end we engage in a place.

Nontargeted screening identifies mixtures of environmental pollutants that are associated with perturbations to amino acid and fatty acid metabolic pathways during early pregnancy.

This paper explores the multifunctional roles of the Porta Mariae, a neoclassical arch built in Naga City, Philippines, in 2010 to mark 300 years of devotion to Our Lady of Peñafrancia. Beyond its devotional purpose, the monument serves as a civic landmark, cultural symbol, and political project. Using a qualitative case study approach—a combination of field observation, resident and pilgrim interviews, archival research, and digital ethnography—this study identifies five core functions: religious threshold, civic marker, collective memory anchor, participatory urban space, and product of church-state collaboration. Framed by theories of sacred space (Durkheim, Eliade), collective memory (Halbwachs, Nora), and the social production of space (Lefebvre), the analysis argues that religious monuments are dynamic, shaping spiritual, social, and spatial identities. The Porta Mariae illustrates how contemporary religious architecture continues to mediate between sacred devotion and civic life in modern Philippine society.

This study examines the development and activities of the global Betar movement in the Turkish Republic, situating it within the broader context of a Revisionist Zionism movement. Utilising a qualitative methodology that incorporates archival research and document analysis, the paper traces Betar’s origins, ideological foundations, and operational strategies from its establishment in Istanbul in the early 1930s through its gradual transition into a semi-clandestine emigration and educational network by the late 1960s. The research highlights how Betar Istanbul maintained ideological continuity with the revisionist Zionist vision despite challenges. Key findings illustrate Istanbul’s importance for the Betar and its dual role as a vehicle for Zionist education and Aliyah (migration), its hierarchical and disciplined organisational structure, and its enduring symbolic commitment to principles such as Hadar (dignity) and Mishmaat (discipline). While archival documents reflect that Betar was active in many countries at the same time, this article only concentrates on the Turkish/Istanbul dimension. The study contributes to a deeper understanding of the construction of Jewish political identity beyond borders, revealing how diaspora communities adapted transnational Zionist frameworks to local social, political, and cultural conditions and served their mission.

This study examines the ripple effects of parkification, the transformation of post-industrial landscapes into public parks and green infrastructure, in Greenville at the Upper State region of South Carolina. As many Southern mill towns contend with industrial decline, environmental degradation, and complex land-use legacies, parkification has emerged as a pragmatic response to constraint rather than a conventional redevelopment strategy. Framed as a process rather than an isolated design outcome, parkification is understood here as a generative mechanism that produces cumulative spatial, ecological, and institutional change beyond individual project boundaries. Using a mixed-methods approach that integrates spatial and temporal mapping, archival research, site analysis, and semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders and decision-makers, this study traces how parkification unfolds across time and scale. Three interconnected case studies in Greenville, Falls Park on the Reedy, Conestee Nature Preserve, and the Swamp Rabbit Trail, are examined to address how post-industrial parkification contributes to greenway network formation and broader urban–regional transformation in the American South. The findings reveal that parkification consistently emerged from conditions of environmental constraint, including contamination, flooding, infrastructural legacies, and limited redevelopment feasibility. Early parkification projects functioned as generative landscape nodes that catalyzed the expansion of green space and connectivity rather than remaining isolated amenities. By establishing visible, accessible, and publicly valued landscapes, these projects enabled the extension of trails, river corridors, and preserved infrastructures, contributing to the formation of an interconnected regional greenway system. Institutional alignment among civic organizations, public agencies, and landscape professionals further supported the scaling and replication of parkification. Together, these findings position parkification as a process-based landscape strategy capable of driving the spread of green areas and long-term urban connectivity in post-industrial regions.

Angola and Mozambique became independent from Portugal in 1975, after a decade of guerrilla fighting. During the wars of independence, liberation movements created medical services for guerrilla fighters, refugees across borders and the population of the liberated zones. They counted on extensive networks of support from socialist countries, western progressive organisations, religious groups, and the international Red Cross. These groups supplied liberation movements with medicines and medical supplies, blood donations, sent medical professionals, trained health workers, and received patients for treatment. In the years following independence, the memory of health workers from western countries was made more visible in both countries and was celebrated through books and articles. Socialist aid, albeit present in local newspapers at the time, seems to have been forgotten, as local actors or the press ensured that it was less visible. This article will interrogate this paradox of sources and narratives around the medical aid provided to Angola and Mozambique before and after independence, and how this aid contributed to the establishment of health systems after independence. Drawing upon multi-sited archival research and oral history interviews, the article examines the diversity of support networks and interrogates the reasons behind the visibility and invisibility of health aid.

ABSTRACT This study explores how the Maltese golden plover whistle moved from a functional hunting tool to a symbolic heirloom, carrying memory, craft, and identity. A plover whistle is inherited, not bought, a blown whistle bears the imprint of breath and embodied technique. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, oral histories, material analysis, and archival research, the study reconstructs practical use while showing how objects acquire layered significance beyond their original function. The paper also highlights interspecies dimensions of craft transmission. Interspecies apprenticeship situates Maltese practice within discussions of ethnoornithology and mimetic craft. Placed alongside European whistle traditions, the Maltese case shows how small island societies invest utilitarian objects with cultural weight as markers of distinctiveness and continuity. The plover whistle thus exemplifies how modest artefacts, once embedded in seasonal practice, endure as heirlooms of memory, lineage, and identity, carrying within their material form the temporal knowledge of the cycles that shaped them.

Cartilage defect of the knee joint is a common cause of knee pain and can result in significant functional disability due to its limited capability of spontaneous healing. Existing surgical options-such as microfracture, cartilage or chondrocyte transplantation, and joint replacement-remain limited by inconsistent restoration of durable hyaline cartilage. Autologous collagen-induced chondrogenesis (ACIC), which employs a collagen scaffold, has emerged as a promising single-stage alternative. Nevertheless, high-quality evidence evaluating its long-term efficacy relative to microfracture alone is still lacking. This study investigates the clinical effect of arthroscopic microfracture combined with autologous collagen-induced chondrogenesis for knee cartilage defects over a 5-year follow-up. Twenty patients with knee cartilage defects were randomized to receive ACIC + microfracture (n = 10) or microfracture alone (MF, n = 10). Outcomes were assessed using Lysholm, VAS, and IKDC scores at baseline, 1 week, 3, 6, 12 months, and 5 years, alongside MRI-based MOCART scoring. Analyses employed linear mixed-effects models with multiplicity correction and effect size reporting. Both groups showed significant within-group improvements in Lysholm, VAS, and IKDC over time, but there were no between-group differences and no significant Group × Time interactions, indicating comparable functional recovery. In contrast, the MOCART score showed a significant long-term Group × Time interaction at 5 years (β = 53.1, 95% CI 29.0-77.2, p < 0.001), favoring ACIC + MF. At 5 years, ACIC + MF demonstrated a large structural advantage, although the unadjusted Mann-Whitney p = 0.0196 did not remain significant after multiplicity correction (adjusted p = 0.098). ACIC + MF resulted in superior long-term structural repair compared with MF, as reflected in MOCART scores, but this did not translate into superior patient-reported outcomes. These findings underscore the divergence between imaging-based repair and clinical function and highlight the need for prospective trials establishing anchor-based MCID and Patient Acceptable Symptom State (PASS) thresholds for MOCART to clarify its clinical significance. Chinese National Medical Research Registration and Archival Information System: ChiCTR2400080094.

This article examines a science-policy interface from the age of empire. Focusing on the ‘Anti-Locust Research Centre’ (ALRC), the British Empire's pioneering attempt to monitor and eradicate locusts and protect colonial agriculture, the article approaches the ALRC as an information system, exploring its origins in the 1920s to its heyday in the 1950s. It argues for the value in distinguishing between the organisation's ‘information territory’ – the domain in which its claims of knowledge were made – and its ‘data terrains’ – the material environments and experiences from which its data was gathered. Through a combination of archival research and original data visualisations, the article examines the place of the ALRC and its archive within conceptions of space, the working of data, the exercise of power, and the histories of colonialism and war. Doing so allows us to interrogate contemporary claims about the extent and capacity of the ALRC's performance, and to reveal the multiple spatial and temporal obstacles that constrained its ambitions. With an eye to debates about science-policy interfaces today, it uses the ALRC story to reflect on how territories and terrains wholly outside the experience of locusts themselves affected its judgements, forecasts, and operations.

ABSTRACT Political parties play important roles in contemporary and historical contexts. With the digital turn in the humanities, historians and, increasingly, political scientists are turning to party archives for doing comparative analysis. Party archives provide unique insights on the role of party structures, actors, motivations, and discourses in real time. Yet despite their institutional and scholarly importance, comparative analysis is difficult given the heterogeneous landscape of party archives. This article aims to facilitate comparative analysis. We show that the establishment of different types of party archives follows distinct motivations before we link common obstacles (location, content, searchability, and usage) arising in comparative archival work to them. These obstacles’ severity is often connected to the type of archive, where personal and scholarly archives mark the extremes. The findings can help scholars gain deeper, broader, and, above all, comparable insights about political parties.

The heritage of the recent and contemporary past has become a major area of study for historical archaeologists, architectural historians and heritage professionals. Yet the industrial heritage of the Middle East has been comparatively little studied despite the very significant role the extraction of oil has played in the region’s modern history: the early history of oil extraction is inseparable from the imperialist and colonial history the region experienced. Like other parts of the historic environment, this built heritage is under increasing pressure from natural decay, lack of care and ongoing development, it has, however, received considerably less attention. This paper seeks to address this gap by examining the As-Safawi H5 pumping station in eastern Jordan, built during the British Mandate era as part of the Kirkuk–Haifa pipeline. Using a multi-method approach that integrates archival research, site surveys, aerial documentation and community engagement, the study provides the first comprehensive record of the station’s architecture and its influence on Transjordan’s military-political architecture and urban development. The study innovatively situates industrial heritage within the intersecting frameworks of historical, industrial and contemporary archaeology, heritage studies and Middle Eastern geopolitics, revealing how colonial-era infrastructure has shaped, and continues to shape, Jordan’s socio-political and urban landscapes. The findings highlight the need for further documentation and conservation, underscoring Transjordan’s role as a strategic corridor in regional industrial and political development.