Amount Of Precipitation Research Articles

Characterising Daily Precipitation Concentration and Interannual Variability in China

ABSTRACTHeavy precipitation events can have catastrophic socioeconomic impacts. Daily distribution of annual precipitation amount is strongly linked to potentially disastrous events—both floods and droughts. Hence, investigating the spatial and temporal characteristics of daily precipitation concentration is of great importance. Here we analysed the concentration index (CI), an indicator that measures the concentration of daily precipitation in a year, and the corresponding percentages of annual precipitation in the 25% rainiest days (hereafter called P‐25%) each year from 1960 to 2016 at 602 weather stations across China. Based on the scatter plots of CI and P‐25%, we delineated three contiguous zones across the country. The consistency between CI and P‐25% is improved within each zone, compared to being evaluated across different zones. We further identified high CI areas in each zone and found the areas of high CI values were shrinking in all zones during 1960–2016. The Mann–Kendall time tendency tests of CI and annual max 1‐day precipitation (Rx1day) reveal that extreme precipitation occurs in more concentrated areas in the southeast part of China. Additionally, the coefficient of variation (CV) in CI and P‐25% shows their inter‐annual variation is less strong in the southern humid regions than in the northwest arid regions. The spatial extent and temporal variation of such areas with high precipitation concentration provide a new perspective for improving preparedness for heavy rain‐caused natural disasters such as floods and debris flows.

Reducing Initialization Shock by Atmosphere–Ocean Coupled Data Assimilation and Its Impacts on the Subseasonal Prediction Skill

Abstract Atmosphere–ocean coupled model predictions have been hindered by the imbalance of initial states between atmosphere and ocean obtained from independent data assimilation systems. This study tests an atmosphere–ocean coupled data assimilation (CDA) method applied to a state-of-the-art coupled global climate model, the Global Seasonal Forecasting System, version 5 (GloSea5), and investigates its impacts on forecast skills. Weakly coupled data assimilation (WCDA) combines preexisting atmosphere and ocean analysis fields with the coupled model background states, for which the incremental analysis update (IAU) is employed to gradually adjust from the background states to the analysis fields yet maintain balanced states between atmosphere and ocean. While the global analysis from WCDA maintains comparable quality in the spatial distribution of temperature and precipitation to existing reanalysis datasets, it improves the tropical precipitation variability due to the atmosphere–ocean coupling. In short-range forecasting from WCDA, the widespread bias of surface air temperature is reduced, which was originally induced by the differences between sea surface temperature (SST) in the atmospheric initial conditions and that in the oceanic initial conditions. The WCDA impact on the forecast skill is more pronounced in the subseasonal time-scale Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) forecasts by reducing initialization shock in moisture; otherwise, atmospheric convection becomes much suppressed initially and then suddenly produces a large amount of precipitation in the forecasts from uncoupled initialization.

Effect of Solution Process on Microstructure and Properties of Cr-Mn-N Austenitic Stainless Steel

To elucidate the impact of the solid solution process on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Cr−Mn−N austenitic stainless steel, comparative experiments were conducted with varying solid solution temperatures and durations. The results indicate that the grain size gradually increases with increasing solid solution temperature and duration. When the temperature reaches a high level (1120 °C) or is maintained at 1080 °C for an extended period (25 min), the smaller grains are progressively engulfed by the adjacent larger grains, resulting in a swift augmentation in grain size and heterogeneity. In the hot rolled specimens, a considerable quantity of precipitates with large sizes (200 nm) is observed. After the solid solution treatment, the precipitate dimensions are significantly diminished, and their volume fraction is significantly influenced by the temperature of the solid solution. EDS and HRTEM were used to determine that the main precipitated phases after hot rolling and solid solution treatment were Cr7C3, Cr23C6 and Cr2N. With the increase in the solid solution temperature and time, the increment of grain boundary strengthening and dislocation strengthening decreases, while the contribution of precipitation strengthening initially increases before subsequently decreasing, which is the reason why the experimental steels with solid solution temperature of 1040 °C and solid solution temperature of 1080 °C held at 5 min still have the same mechanical properties despite the difference in solid solution treatment processes.

Evolutionary history as the main driver of cohesive groups' hierarchical organization in flea-mammal interaction networks.

Evolutionary history as the main driver of cohesive groups' hierarchical organization in flea-mammal interaction networks.

Antibiotic residue detection by novel photoelectrochemical extended-gate field-effect transistor sensor.

Antibiotic residue detection by novel photoelectrochemical extended-gate field-effect transistor sensor.

Woody plant reduces soil organic carbon controlled by precipitation.

Woody plant reduces soil organic carbon controlled by precipitation.

Exploring Sustainable Mineralization Pathways: Multi-Factor Impacts on Microbial-Induced Carbonate Precipitation and Crystals Characteristics

Microbial-induced calcium carbonate precipitation is an efficient and environmentally friendly soil stabilization technology. To explore the mineralization performance of carbonate precipitation, this study selects three factors, including the type of cementing solution (TCS), the cementing solution concentration (CSC), and the ratio of bacteria to cementing solution (B/C ratio), to investigate their effects on microbial mineralization. This study reveals the influence of each factor on the amount and rate of carbonate precipitation and analyzes the changes in the characteristics of carbonate precipitation crystals, such as the crystal diameter. The experimental results show that (1) the mineralization effect of magnesium ions and calcium ions results in higher precipitation amounts and rates than copper ions, with less environmental pollution. The concentration of the grout solution is positively correlated with the precipitation amount and negatively correlated with the precipitation rate, while the B/C ratio shows the opposite trend. (2) The crystal diameter of CaCO3 between crystals reduces as the B/C ratio decreases and the CSC increases. (3) The characteristics of MgCO3 crystals are mainly affected by the CSC. Both excessively high and low concentrations lead to an increase in crystal diameter. (4) The characteristics of CuCO3 crystals are relatively stable, with smaller crystal particles maintained at around 1 μm. This study can provide a reference for the reinforcement of different types of soils, offering optimal reinforcement solutions based on the required crystal size, carbonate generation amount, and generation rate. It reduces resource waste and unnecessary chemical use, providing a theoretical foundation for sustainable soil remediation and ecological construction.

Quantitative traits of productivity and yield of sesame varieties in steppe of Ukraine

Sesame is an important oilseed crop. It has a cultivated area of about 9 million hectares in the world. At the same time, production of sesame in Ukraine remains low and unstable due to cracking of capsules, shedding of seeds from capsules, uneven ripening of capsules on the plant, low productivity. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the possibilities of creating highly productive varieties and varieties with noncracking capsules and a determinate type of growth. The research was found that the non-cracking of capsules and the determinate type of growth have a recessive type of inheritance of the traits. The method of chemical mutagenesis and subsequent individual selection of plants made it possible to create sesame genotypes with complex of valuable agronomic traits. The traits are controlled by recessive genes in the homozygous state idid (non-cracking of capsules), dt1dt1 (determinant type of growth). Determination of the type of inheritance of these traits in experimentally obtained mutants made it possible to create sesame varieties Boyarin and Ilona with non-cracking capsules and a determinant type of growth at variety Ilona. A change in the structure of the capsule leads to decrease of the number of seeds in the capsule, a decrease of the productivity compared to the new created highly productive varieties of sesame Gusar and Kadet with cracking capsules and an indeterminate type of growth. The weight of seeds per plant of the varieties Gusar, Kadet, Boyarin depended on the number of seeds of one plant and determined the level of the yield formation. The weight of seeds the one plant of the variety Ilona with non-cracking capsules was determined by the weight of 1000 seeds. The new variety Gusar with cracking capsules and indeterminate type of growth generated a maximum yield of 1.62 t/ha with the largest number of seeds (4207 pieces) and a maximum weight of seeds on plant of 11.7 g compared to other varieties. An increase of the weight of 1000 seeds to 3.0 g at the variety Ilona with non-cracking capsules ensures an increase of the weight of the seed of plant and the formation of a yield of 1.22 t/ha at the same level as at the variety Kadet with cracking capsules, which is a highly productive variety - 1.32 t/ha. The variety Boyarin with a modified structure non-cracking capsules and a minimum number 2664 pieces and weight of the seed in a capsules of the plant 7.9 g formed a minimum yield of 1.10 t/ha. The level of productivity and yield of sesame varieties Gusar, Kadet, Boyarin in the arid conditions of the Steppe of Ukraine is determined by the amount of precipitation during the growing season, and at the variety Ilona - by the temperature factor against the background of an increase of the average temperature of the growing season.

Проучване продуктивността на селекционни линии обикновен фасул (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) от ІІ-ри тип в условията на Североизточна България

The research was conducted in the period 2021-2023 at the Dobrudja Agricultural Institute - town. General Toshevo. Twenty stabilized, recombinant inbred lines (RILs) of common bean and the cultivar GTB Ustrem, used as a standard, were tested. The field experiment was laid out using the block method in three replication and a plot size of 3.48 m2. The purpose of the research is to establish the productive potential of some selection lines of ripe beans and to determine the most promising of them for their recommendation and recognition in IASAS and/or to be included in future selection programs. A prevailing influence of the conditions of the year on the studied indicators was found - plant height (cm), height of planting of first bean (cm), number of beans per plant, number of grains per bean, mass of seeds per plant (g), yield ( g/m2). Environmental conditions have the greatest influence on grain yield, which is one of the most important traits for selection. From the studied relationships between the yield and the elements that determine it, it is made clear that attention should be paid to indicators such as plant height and number of beans per plant, as they can be used as criteria in the selection program to increase productivity in common beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). During the individual years of the period, the highest yields of all variants were discovered in 2021 with an average yield of 209.4g/m2, in conditions that include very favorable combination between temperatures and precipitation amounts, followed by 2022 with 137.6g/m2, and very low in the unfavorable year 2023, characterized by prolonged drought, with an average yield of only 94.4g/m2.The highest grain yield was obtained from lines 13-12-37 (176.1*g/m2) and 17- 38-77 (169.6*g/m2). They exceed mathematically proven control and can be offered for testing as new varieties or used as parental components in future breeding programs. The candidate cultivars are grouped by cluster analysis, with lines 13-12-37 and 13-12-21 closest to the control occupying an intermediate position in the ranking.

Influence of Hydrogeological and Climatic Conditions on Piston Flow in Karst Aquifers Using Statistical Approach

ABSTRACTPiston flow is a term used to describe the phenomenon of the pressure pulse during pipe‐full flow in karst conduits. During piston flow, as dilute meteoric recharge displaces water present in the conduits, discharge increases and specific conductance decreases at karstic springs. The aim of this research is to gain a deeper understanding of how piston flow can be identified on a global scale. To achieve this, the study has defined six phases (stable, lag, hydraulic pressure, mobilisation, dilution and recovery) based on the pattern of hydrographs and specific conductivity time series. Data from 69 flood events at 42 different locations worldwide have been collected and analysed. This analysis considered various factors such as lithology, aquifer type, allogenic or autogenic recharge, precipitation amount and intensity, dry period before storm, hydrograph shape and recession coefficient, specific‐conductance time series parameters, memory effect, regulation time and typology of hysteresis loop in order to determine if groups could be differentiated using these parameters. The flood events were classified into two main groups: those with piston flow and those without. Furthermore, the cases with piston flow were categorised into five subgroups based on the location of mobilised stored water. The results show that piston flow can be observed in any karst setting, climatic region and hydrological situation, although it is more likely to occur during extended dry periods preceding a storm, periods of high precipitation and intense rainfall. The mobilised stored water is most likely found in the phreatic zone, but could also be present in the soil or epikarst zone. The occurrence of piston flow depends on the storage capacity of the matrix as well as the development of conduit systems that do not significantly weaken the hydraulic function of the matrix. The typology of hysteresis in piston flow is primarily influenced by the presence of pre‐event water or a mixture of pre‐event and event water, whereas in systems without piston flow, it is mainly affected by event water.

Assessing the Spatiotemporal Applicability of IsoGSM2 for Simulating Precipitation Isotope Compositions: A Multi‐Timescale Analysis

ABSTRACTStable isotope in precipitation plays a crucial role in comprehending the water cycle. Isotope‐enabled General Circulation Models (iGCMs) can continuously simulate the compositions of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) in precipitation. The Isotope‐incorporated Global Spectral Model Version 2 (isoGSM2), one of the iGCMs, has been widely used in related research. Here, we use the measured δ18O records (δ18OO) of 21 long‐term monitoring stations from the Global Network of Isotopes in Precipitation and modelled δ18O (δ18OM) from isoGSM2 to compare δ18OM with δ18OO at different time intervals (monthly, annual) for the whole year (MD, AD), rainy season (RSM, RSA) and dry season (DSM, DSA). The results showed that isoGSM2 has good performance in the northern part of Oceania, southeastern Asia, central Europe, eastern North America, Greenland and northern South America across all temporal scales, but the correlations at the other stations vary depending on the timescale. The RMSE and correlation between δ18OM and δ18OO were better for the rainy season than for the dry season. The relationship between δ18OM and temperature was consistent with δ18OO for both the MD and RSM, as well as the relationship between δ18OM and precipitation amount for the MD. The deviation between simulated and observed values is associated with the accuracy of the model's simulation of rainfall and temperature, as well as the real environmental conditions. In addition, isoGSM2 may have a high correlation at sites where AO and ENSO are significantly affected. These findings are valuable for understanding isoGSM2's applicability and enhance the understanding and knowledge of stable isotopes in the water cycle.

Preferential Adsorption of Natural Organic Matter onto Al2O3 Regulated Heterogeneous (Fe, Cr)(OH)3 Coprecipitation: Roles of Aromaticity and Acidity.

Under acidic pH conditions, the mobility of Cr is controlled by (Fe, Cr)(OH)3 coprecipitation in solution (homogeneous) and on soils (heterogeneous), and natural organic matter (NOM) adsorption onto soils could affect heterogeneous (Fe, Cr)(OH)3 precipitation on soils and, thus, Cr transport. Here, Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM) adsorption onto Al2O3 was investigated under varied carbon concentrations, and properties of SRNOM-coated surfaces were characterized using spectroscopic and interfacial techniques. Heterogeneous (Fe, Cr)(OH)3 precipitation on SRNOM-coated surfaces was studied at acidic pH via metal analysis and phase/size characterization. With lower NOM concentrations, preferential adsorption of aromatic moieties occurred, rendering more hydrophobic surfaces, which promoted nucleation and resulted in precipitates with higher Cr/Fe ratios. With higher NOM concentrations, NOM-coated surfaces became more negatively charged, attributed to enrichment of acidic (i.e., carboxylate) structures. Therefore, the amount of heterogeneous precipitates increased as enriched carboxylates and negative charge promoted heterogeneous nucleation and deposition. The controlling mechanisms were further validated with model OMs: For humic acid and fulvic acid, similar phenomena were observed with SRNOM. For polyacrylic acid with high acidity and no aromaticity, its adsorption onto Al2O3 made the surface highly negatively charged and hydrophilic, resulting in promoted heterogeneous precipitation with low Cr incorporation. Preferential adsorption of OMs with higher molecular weights (MWs) onto Al2O3 also occurred, but the MW did not affect either the amount or composition of heterogeneous (Fe, Cr)(OH)3 precipitates. The new knowledge learnt here could help in understanding Cr immobilization under acidic environments with diversified NOMs.

Assessment of five global gridded precipitation estimates over a southern Mediterranean basin (Tensift, Morocco)

Gridded Precipitation Products (GPPs) could exhibit discrepancies related to detecting precipitation amounts and patterns. This paper aims to evaluate the accuracy of five GPPs currently in operational production over the Tensift basin in the southern Mediterranean. The GPPs are reanalysis-based (ERA5, ERA5-Land, MERRA-2) and multi-source data fusion (TerraClimate, MSWEPv2.8). Their annual and monthly precipitation are compared to observations from fourteen ground gauges over the entire period from 1980 to 2021 and each decade of this period. A set of statistical metrics, such as the Kling Gupta Efficiency (KGE) and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), as well as the Bias, served to carry out the evaluation. Four main findings could be highlighted: (i) GPPs have, in general, a good correlation with gauge data; hence they could be used to study the temporal variability of the observed annual and monthly precipitation. (ii) ERA5-Land does not bring significant improvements in precipitation estimates apart from its finer spatial resolution. (iii) GPPs perform better in the plain than in the mountains. (iv) TerraClimate and MSWEPv2.8 present better consistency across the decades. ERA5 and TerraClimate, the longest data series, were used to visualize the precipitation trends in the basin.

Evolution Mechanism of Multi-Precipitation Regulates Mechanical Properties and High-Temperature Strength in Medium-Alloy Structural Steel.

Precipitation strengthening is one of the fundamental factors occurring at high temperatures in medium-alloy structural steels, which offer greater durability under service conditions. This research employed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) via carbon replicas combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze carbide evolution and its influence on both mechanical properties and high-temperature strength. During the tempering process, ε-carbides precipitate at 200 °C and subsequently transform into M3C at 400 °C and coarser M7C3 at 600 °C. Coarser carbides (M7C3 and M3C) and metastable carbides (ε-carbides) are not sufficient to make steel strong at high temperatures. Moreover, nucleating and growing at interfaces, rod-shaped M3C diminishes the toughness of the steel. Under tempering at 600 °C, a substantial amount of nanoscale M2C carbides precipitate. This improvement not only elevate the material's toughness but also leads to an enhancement of yield strength (from 1237 ± 12 MPa to 1340 ± 8 MPa) along with a rise in high-temperature strength (from 388 ± 8 MPa to 421 ± 4 MPa). Combined with high toughness, nanoscale M2C with high thermal stability promoted both yield strength at room temperature and high-temperature strength. The type and size of carbides serve as key determinants for yield strength while being decisive parameters for high-temperature strength.

Synergistic Effects of Deep Cryogenic and Pulsed Magnetic Field Treatments on the Microstructure and Tensile Properties of Aero-TC4 Titanium Alloy.

A novel coupled processing method (PDCT) that associated deep cryogenic treatment (DCT) with a high pulsed magnetic field (PMT) was investigated to improve the performance of an as-cast TC4 aero-titanium alloy. Through XRD, SEM, TEM, EBSD, and a properties test, its microstructure and tensile properties and their relationship were investigated. The results show that in comparison with the untreated samples, in the PDCT alloys, the amount of nano-sized precipitates and dislocation density are increased, and this phenomenon is characterized by their combed dislocation morphology. The grain sizes are refined and rounded, and the deformed grains are enhanced, together with the enhancement of low-angle grain boundaries in grains and the transformation from the β phase to the α phase. The (112) crystal orientation is apparently strengthened. The tensile strength, elongation, and fracture energy of the optimized PDCT sample are 921.4 MPa, 7.6% and 5.47 × 107 J/m3, which increased by 4.9%, 28.8% and 80.5% compared with the untreated sample, respectively. The tensile fracture exhibits rheological deformation along the phase boundaries. The strength-toughness mechanisms are mainly attributed to the texture, precipitation, dislocation and fine grain strengthening, which stem from the cold contraction and lattice distortion of DCT and the main magneto-plasticity effect of PMT, together with their coupling effects.

Creep Failure Behavior in the Weak Areas of 12Cr1MoV Main Steam Pipe Elbow Utilized in Thermal Power Plants.

The main steam pipe elbow is a critical metallic component in thermal power plants. Due to prolonged exposure to high temperatures and pressures, it experiences microstructural degradation and creep damage, thereby affecting its service life. Currently, there is debate regarding the location of the weakest region within the elbow, with uncertainty over whether it lies in the inner arc or neutral plane area. This study investigates the microstructure and creep properties of both the inner arc and neutral surface regions of an elbow that has been in operation for 183,088 h, aiming to identify the actual weak region and explore the underlying creep damage mechanisms. The results indicate that under identical temperature and stress conditions, samples from the neutral plane region exhibit significantly higher creep rates and shorter creep rupture times compared to those from the inner arc region. This suggests that the creep life in the vicinity of the inner surface in the neutral plane is markedly lower than that in the inner arc region. Microstructural analysis before and after creep fracture reveals that key factors influencing the creep performance of 12Cr1MoV elbows include carbide size, precipitation amount and distribution, grain size and morphology, as well as the stability and uniformity of grain orientation. Specifically, the growth of intragranular precipitates, the accumulation and non-uniform distribution of grain boundary carbides, and the non-uniform distribution of grain sizes all contribute to the rapid formation of creep cracks and premature material failure. This study concludes that the weakest region in the elbow is located at the inner surfaces of the neutral plane. Future inspections and life assessments of thermal power plant elbows should therefore focus on this area to enhance the accuracy of life evaluations and ensure the safety of thermal power plants.

Extreme precipitation associated with atmospheric rivers over West Antarctic ice shelves: insights from kilometre-scale regional climate modelling

Abstract. We explore how atmospheric rivers (ARs) in a summer and winter case interact with the topography of the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica, and deposit significant precipitation amounts. To do this we use results from three regional climate models (RCMs: MetUM, Polar-WRF, HCLIM) at a spatial resolution of 1 km. Estimates of snowfall associated with both events from all three RCM simulations compare well against observed snow height measurements over the Thwaites and Pine Island ice shelves. By contrast, snowfall estimates from ERA5 reanalysis for both events are severely underestimated (by 3–4 times) compared to the measurements. Outputs from the RCMs also show that the ARs may be associated with several millimetres of rain in both the summer and winter cases, although in the absence of in situ measurements of rainfall, this result cannot be directly verified. The RCM simulations suggest that rainfall during these events can fall directly as supercooled drizzle but also that rainfall is concentrated around steep terrain due to the interaction of ARs with complex orography. We also show that while the amount of MetUM-simulated snowfall was comparatively resolution-insensitive, the amount of rainfall simulated was not, with rainfall amounts over Thwaites Ice Shelf 4–16 times higher in 1 km simulations compared to 12 km simulations. Our work highlights that kilometre-scale models are useful tools to investigate the total precipitation amount and its partitioning into rain and snow over this globally important and climatically sensitive region, and it highlights the critical need for in situ observations of rainfall.

РОЛЬ ГУМИНОВЫХ УДОБРЕНИЙ И РЕГУЛЯТОРОВ РОСТА ПРИ ВЫРАЩИВАНИИ ТЫСЯЧЕЛИСТНИКА ОБЫКНОВЕННОГО В УСЛОВИЯХ ЗАПАДНОГО ПРЕДКАВКАЗЬЯ

The purpose of the study is to develop methods for increasing the yield of yarrow and increasing the content of essential oil in medicinal raw materials. A study of the effect of humic fertilizers on the productivity of common yarrow in the 2nd–4th growing season was carried out in the North Caucasus branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution VILAR in 2021–2022. The soil of the experimental plot is represented by leached chernozems, which have a neutral reaction, pH is about 7. The humus content in the arable layer is 5.0 %; total nitrogen – 0.22–0.30; phosphorus (P2O5) – 9.17–10.22; potassium (K2O) – 1.7–2.1 %. Weather conditions (amount of precipitation and temperature) were favorable for the growth and development of plants. Research was conducted by setting up small-plot experiments, which were carried out in accordance with generally accepted methods. The effect of foliar treatments with humic fertilizers Lignohumat (0.5 l/ha), Normat L (0.3 kg/ha) and their complexes with the bioregulator Zircon (0.1 l/ha) on growth and development was studied plants, yield of raw materials and essential oil content. Treatment with humates was carried out at the beginning of plant growth and during the stemming phase. Double application of humic fertilizers Lignohumat (0.5 l/ha) and Normat L (0.3 kg/ha) contributed to the intensification of growth processes, an earlier onset (by 2–4 days) of the budding and flowering phases, and made it possible to obtain increase in yield of raw materials by 20–25 %, essential oil per unit area – 25–32 %, but the content of essential oil increased slightly – by 2–5 %. It can be increased (by 26–30 %) by treating plants during the budding phase with the growth regulator Zircon (0.1 l/ha). The complex use of humic preparations during the phase of intensive growth and Zircon at the onset of flowering leads to an increase in the yield of essential oil per hectare to 48 %.

ПРОДУКТИВНОСТЬ ПАРОЗАНИМАЮЩИХ КУЛЬТУР И РОЛЬ ПАРОВ В ЗАСУШЛИВЫХ УСЛОВИЯХ СТЕПНОЙ ЗОНЫ ЮЖНОГО УРАЛА

The purpose of the study is to establish the influence of meteorological factors, the content of productive moisture and macroelements in the soil on the productivity of fallow crops in a system of six-field crop rotations on two agricultural backgrounds in the conditions of the steppe zone of the Southern Urals. Long-term studies were carried out from 1993 to 2022 in the Orenburg Region. Location coordinates of the stationary experiment site are: 51.775125 latitude and 55.306547° v.d. Sudanese grass of summer sowing, peas and oats were used as fallow crops. The objects of study (Sudan grass and pea-oat mixture) were cultivated on two agricultural backgrounds: fertilized with N40P80K40 and without the use of mineral fertilezers. The content of macroelements in the soil was determined by the ionometric method according to Tyurin (N-NO3), according to Machigin (mobile phosphorus), according to Maslova (exchangeable potassium). The green mass of fallow crops was taken into account by cutting 1 m2 from the plots. The value of indicators of air temperature and precipitation as a whole for the 30-year period of research (in years of different humidification) and in very dry years (HTC according to Selyaninov < 0.4 units) is considered. As a result of research, it was established that the growing season of very dry years was warmer by 6.4 ± 8.7 % with an average air temperature of 20.4 ± 1.7 °C. In the spring, the content of productive moisture in the fallow field variants was 44.7–46.4 mm in the 0–30 layer, 145.0–152.8 mm in the meter layer, and 213.0–225.9 mm in the one-and-a-half-meter layer. In the occupied soil-protective fallow, by autumn there is an increase in nitrate nitrogen (on average for 1993–2022) on an unfertilized background by 65.7 % (+4.4 mg), on a fertilized background by 24.1 % (+2.1 mg). In the green manure fallow, there is a slight (+0.7 mg) increase in the N-NO3 content by autumn and amounted to 10.1 %. The average yield of green mass of Sudanese grass over the years of research was 15.15 t/ha on a fertilized background, and 13.85 t/ha on an unfertilized background. Our experience revealed a high (r = 0.76) relationship between the yield of green mass of Sudanese grass on two backgrounds of soil nutrition with the productive moisture content of a one-and-a-half-meter layer of soil in conjunction with the amount of precipitation in two summer months (July and August).

Spatiotemporal evolutionary patterns of mineral dissolution and precipitation (formation) amount in acid in situ leaching of uranium

Spatiotemporal evolutionary patterns of mineral dissolution and precipitation (formation) amount in acid in situ leaching of uranium