Lymphatic filariasis is still public health problem in Tanjung Jabung district, Jambi Province. Mass drug administration has been done to prevent of lymphatic filariasis transmission in this area, however new cases are still found. Bio-ecological study is needed to determine the behavior of mosquitoes which have role as lymphatic filariasis vector in related with this disease transmission. Entomological study was performed 4 times in period of June to October 2014. Total of 3,231 mosquitoes that consists of 25 spesies have been collected. As many as 2,655 (82,2%) collected mosquitoes have been identified as Mansonia spp., which consist of four spesies, i.e.: Mansonia bonneae, Ma. dives, Ma. indiana and Ma. uniformis. The highest mosquito density was Ma. indiana. The preference of blood feeding behavior of these mosquitoes were outdoor (exophagic), with peak biting density was occurred at 08.00 to 09.00 pm.

Abstract : Semarang city was one of an endemic area of leptospirosis that had increasing case during 2007-2009. Leptospirosis is a zoonotic. The dog is one of animal that able transmitted leptospirosis to humans. The objectives of this study was to detect pathogenic Leptospira in dogs in 16 Districts of Semarang city, Central Java in March- July 2012. Study was conducted by taking a sample of dog urine and performed PCR using specific primers pathogenic Leptospira. The results showed that 4 dog urine (13.80%) detected positive leptospira pathogenic from 29 dogs urine sample that examinated. Dogs were positive leptospirosis were belongs to District East Semarang, South Semarang, Candisari, and Central Semarang. The presence of pathogenic Leptospira in the urine of dogs potentially transmitted leptospirosis to humans. Vaccination of Leptospira in dog for prevention transmitted leptospirosis to human could be recomended. Abstrak : Kota Semarang merupakan salah satu daerah endemis leptospirosis yang memiliki peningkatan kasus antara Tahun 2007-2009. Leptospirosis merupakan zoonosis. Anjing merupakan salah satu hewan penular leptospirosis pada manusia. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendeteksi Leptospira patogen pada Anjing di 16 Kecamatan Kota Semarang, Jawa Tengah yang dilaksanakan bulan Maret- Juli 2012. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengambil sampel urin anjing dan pemeriksaan PCR menggunakan primer spesifik Leptospira patogenik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa urin yang diperiksa dari 29 ekor anjing menunjukkan positif terdeteksi Leptospira patogenik sebanyak 4 ekor anjing (13,80 %). Anjing yang positif leptospirosis terdapat di Kecamatan Semarang Timur, Semarang Selatan, Candisari, dan Semarang Tengah. Adanya Leptospira patogenik dalam urin anjing berpotensi menularkan leptospirosis pada manusia. Vaksinasi Leptospira pada anjing dapat direkomendasikan untuk pencegahan penularan leptospirosis ke manusia.

Abstrak Meluasnya kejadian resistensi pada vektor virus Dengue di Jawa Tengah memerlukan strategi pengelolaan resistensi insektisida secara efektif. Oleh karena itu, informasi mengenai mutasi gen pada posisi 1016 di domain II segmen ke­6 gen VGSC pada nyamuk Aedes aegypti yang menyebabkan perubahan asam amino valin (V) menjadi glisin (G) akan dapat memperkuat penelitian operasional mengenai strategi pemilihan insektisida dalam program­pengendalian­vektor­Dengue.­Penelitian­ini­menggunakan­uji­Allele-Specific­Polymerase­Chain­Reaction(AS­PCR) yang dapat mendeteksi mutasi V1016G. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 22 ekor nyamuk Aedes aegypti dari Kabupaten Klaten yang berumur 2­5 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 22,7% nyamuk belum mengalami mutasi (V/V), 59,1% nyamuk mengalami mutasi heterozigot (V/G) dan 18,2% nyamuk mengalami mutasi homozigot (G/G). Hal ini menunjukkan indikasi terjadinya resistensi populasi nyamuk Ae.aegypti terhadap insektisida sintetik piretroid yang disebabkan oleh mekanisme knockdown resistance. Kata Kunci:­Aedes­aegypti,­mutasi­V1016G,­Allele-Specific­PCR,­VGSC Abstract Insecticides resistance has spread rapidly among dengue vectors from Central Java, and require an effective insecticide resistance management strategies.one of the resistance mechanism in Aedes aegypti may arise through knockdown resistance or kdr which consists of single point mutation within the genes that are targeted by insecticide compounds. Mutation at position 1016 in domain II, segment 6 of the Voltage Gated Sodium Channel gene in Ae. aegypti leads to a valine to glycine substitution (V1016G) is associated with resistance to the type II pyrethroid. The result of this study will help us to strengthen basic and operational research on the­development­of­strategies­for­Dengue­vector­control­in­Indonesia.­This­study­utilized­an­allele-specificPolymerase Chain Reaction (AS­PCR) assay that could be used to detect the V1016G mutation. The assay was conducted on 22 female mosquitoes aged 2–5 days old. The result showed there were 22,7% wild type mosquito (V/V), 59,1% heterozygous for V1016G mutation (V/G) and 18,2% V1016G mutant homozygous (G/G). It indicated synthetic pyrethroid resistance in Ae.aegypti population caused by knockdown resistance mechanism. Keywords: Aedes aegypti,­V1016G­mutation,­Allele-Specific­PCR,­VGSC

Abstrak Penyakit­ Demam ­Berdarah ­Dengue,­Malaria,­filaria­sejauh­ini­masih­menjadi­masalah­kesehatan­masyarakat.Penggunaan insektisida nabati banyak memberikan keuntungan diantaranya ramah lingkungan, tidak memberikan dampak buruk pada kesehatan dan bahan dasar ada di sekitar pemukiman. Berdasarkan banyaknya keuntungan yang didapatkan, maka dipandang perlu untuk mencari insektisida nabati sebagai repelen untuk menolak gigitan nyamuk penular penyakit. Penelitian ini merupakan eksperimen murni, tentang pembuatan ekstrak dari berbagai­bahan­tanaman­serta­uji­efektifitas­daya­tolak­nyamuknya­dan­dilakukan­di­laboratorium.­Pembuatanekstrak dilakukan di Laboratorium Farmasi Universitas Gajah Mada Yogyakarta, sedangkan untuk pengujian ekstrak terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegypti dilakukan di laboratorium uji insektisida Balai Besar Litbang Vektor dan Reservoir Penyakit. Hasil penelitian uji repelen beberapa ekstrak tumbuhan adalah pada dosis 100% yang mampu menolak gigitan nyamuk di atas 80% per jam antara lain ekstrak daun Zodia mampu menolak sampai 2 jam sebanyak 88,2%. Ekstrak daun tembakau mampu menolak selama 3 jam sebanyak 84,9%, ekstrak daun gondopuro mampu menolak selama 1 jam sebanyak 83,3%, ekstrak daun Serai Wangi mampu menolak selama 2 jam sebanyak 85,1%. Ekstrak daun cengkeh mampu menolak selama 4 jam sebanyak, 81,7%. Ekstrak bunga krisan mampu menolak selama 1 jam sebanyak 89,6%, Sedangkan ekstrak daun suren, akar tuba dan lavender hanya mampu menolak gigitan nyamuk Aedes aegypti di bawah 80%. Kata kunci : ekstrak, repelen, Aedes aegypti Abstract Dengue­Haemorrhagic­Fever,­malaria,­filaria­so­far­are­public­health­problem.­The­use­of­plant-based­­insecticidesare­many­eco-friendly­benefits,­do­not­give­bad­impact­on­­health­and­basic­materials­are­all­around­settlements.­Itis necessary to look for botanical insecticides as repellent to resist bites mosquito­borne diseases. This research is a pure experiment, that is made some extract and then its application as repellent for Ae. aegypti, and performed in the Laboratory. Preparation of extracts performed in the laboratory of Pharmacy, University of Gajah Mada, whereas for testing extract to Aedes aegypti conducted in laboratory of insecticide trials in Institute of Vector and Reservoir Control Research and Development. Repellent tests were conducted for some extract plant at 100% dosage and extract which can refuse mosquito bite above 80% per hour are Zodia leaf extract is resist up to 2 hours as much as 88,2%, tobacco leaf extract is resist for 3 hours as much as 84,9%, gondopuro leaf extract for 1 hour resist as much as 83,3%, Serai Wangi leaf extract is resist for 2 hours as much as 85,1%. Clove leaf extract is resist for 4 hours as much as 81,7%. Chrysanthemum extract for 1 hour resist as much as 89,6%. While the extracts of plant suren leaf, tuba root and lavender just able to resist a bite of Aedes aegypti mosquito under 80%. Keywords : extract, repellent, Aedes aegypti

Abstrak Filariasis merupakan salah satu penyakit tular vektor yang masih menjadi masalah di Indonesia dengan prevalen­si­19%­pada­tahun­2009.­Salah­satu­nyamuk­yang­menjadi­vektor­filariasis­adalah­Culex­quinquefasciatus.Pengendalian nyamuk vektor dengan Bacillus thuringiensis H­14 (Bt H­14) isolat Salatiga sediaan cair dan bubuk­merupakan­salah­satu­cara­mengendalikan­filariasis­secara­hayati.­Penelitian­ini­bertujuan­untukmenentukan­efikasi­Bt­H-14­isolat­Salatiga­sediaan­cair­dan­bubuk­terhadap­Cx­quinquefasciatus.­Penelitiandilakukan dengan membuat Bt H­14 isolat Salatiga sediaan cair dan bubuk, menghitung jumlah sel dan spora pada masing­masing sediaan serta mengujikan pada jentik Cx. quinquefasciatus hasil pemeliharaan insektarium B2P2VRP Salatiga. Nilai kematian kemudian dianalisis menggunakan analisis Probit Hasil penelitian menunjukkan sediaan cair memiliki jumlah sel 1,55x108 sel/ml sedangkan sediaan bubuk 1,72x106 sel/g. Nilai LC90 Bt H­14 sediaan cair dan bubuk terhadap Cx. quinquefasciatus berturut­turut 0,056 ppm dan 10,94 ppm. Hal ini menunjukkan potensi keduanya dalam membunuh jentik Cx. quinquefasciatus sebagai vektor­filariasis. Kata kunci:­Bacillus­thuringiensis,­cair,­bubuk,­efikasi,­Culex­quinquefasciatus, Abstract Filariasis as a vector­borne disease become a problem in Indonesia with prevalence of 19% in 2009. Culex quinquefasciatus is one of its vectors. Larvae control using Salatiga isolate of Bacillus thuringiensis H­14 liquid and­powder­preparations­are­filariasis­mosquito­control­method.­This­study­aimed­to­determine­the­efficacyof Bt H­14 isolates Salatiga liquid and powder preparations against Cx. quinquefasciatus. The study was conducted by formulating Salatiga isolate Bt H­14 liquid and powder preparation, cells and spores counting of Bt H­14 in each preparation, and conducting the toxicity assay on Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae. The mortality was analyzed using Probit analysis. The results showed that liquid preparations had 1,55x108 cells/ml while the powder preparation had 1,72x106 cells/g. LC90 value of Bt H­14 liquid and powder preparations against Cx. quinquefasciatus were respectively 0.056 ppm and 10.94 ppm. This shows the potential of both preparations in killing Cx. quinquefasciatus­larvae­as­vectors­of­filariasis. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis,­liquid,­powder,­efficacy,­Culex quinquefasciatus

Leptospirosis is a disease caused by Leptospira which transmitted by reservoir. Flood can increase risk of the transmission. There had been flood in Pati District in January 2014 and then outbreaks occured afterwards. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for leptospirosis outbreaks after flood in Pati district 2014. The research was conducted in Pati in March 2014, with cross sectional design. Data were collected by interviews of 35 persons using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that cases of leptospirosis mostly in flood areas (75.7%), dominant in male sex (74.4%) and 15-44 years age group (41.9%). The most significant risk factor were contact with water/irrigation canal in rice fields (RP = 4.81) and cuts and abrasions in the skin (RP = 4.57). Another risk factor were cleaning drains/sewers which stagnant, contact with stagnant water around the house/ floodwater, contact with rats, and job at risk such as farmers, cattleman, fishermen, fishpond workers, looking for stone in river. The risk factors were important epidemiological in transmission of leptospirosis outbreaks which associated with flood in Pati District.Key words: risk factor, outbreak, leptospirosis, flood

Rats are the main natural infectious host of leptospirosis to human. Rattus norvegicus (rats) and Rattus tanezumi (house mice) are two types of domestic rats that related with leptospira infection in the world. They are played the main role major leptospirosis transmission to human than others. This study aims to determine seroprevalence of Leptospira of R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi based of the sex and age. The method of study was trapping rats in the Miroto village (Semarang) and Tridonorejo village (Demak). LeptoTec Dri-Dot test has used after take blood of the rats intracardially and weight eye lens used to determinan age of the rats. The results showed seroprevalence of Leptospira in R. norvegicus were 66,67% and R. tanezumi were 24,39%. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in R. norvegicus females were 71,43% and R. norvegicus males were 60%. Seroprevalence of Leptospira in R. tanezumi females were 21,43% and R. tanezumi male were 30,77%. Based of age showed seroprevalence of Leptospira was highest in R. norvegicus and R.tanezumi adult than R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi young.

Four months after the officialy declare an malaria outbreak at Januari 17th 2012, there was still an increase malaria cases in Kokap district. The most cases came from Kalibuko I and II hamlet, Kalirejo Village. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between knowledge, attitudes, and behavior level of community concerning the malaria vector, modes of transmission, treatment seeking, and how to prevent malaria. Research design is an observational study. The number of respondents who were interviewed as many as 36 people consisting respondent with diseases (18) and without diseases (18). This research was conducted in April through July 2012. The results also indicate that the observation of the house environment respondents are more susceptible to contact with the malaria vectors , this condition may be associated with the behavior of individuals who have not been based on the knowledge and attitudes related to appropriate malaria prevention. Observations show that the home environment is more vulnerable respondents cases contact with the vector of malaria. Statistical analysis showed association between knowledge and behavior of respondents to an increase in cases of malaria (p < 0,05). Therefore, the necessary activities to increase knowledge about malaria. Socialization efforts of malaria , including prevention must be supported by a strong commitment in the form of local government policies followed by the information system of malaria that can reach all levels of society=Empat bulan setelah ditetapkannya kejadian luar biasa malaria pada tanggal 17 Januari 2012 di Kecamatan Kokap, Puskesmas Kokap I kembali mengalami peningkatan kasus malaria. Mayoritas penderita berasal dari Desa Kalirejo, yaitu di Dukuh Kalibuko I dan Kalibuko II. Tujuan penelitian adalah menggambarkan kondisi lingkungan rumah, pengetahuan, sikap dan perilaku masyarakat tentang penyakit malaria dengan peningkatan kasus malaria. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian observasional. Jumlah responden yang diwawancarai sebanyak 36 orang yang terdiri 18 responden kasus malaria dan 18 responden bukan kasus. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan April sampai Juli 2012. Hasil observasi lingkungan menunjukkan bahwa rumah responden kasus lebih rentan kontak dengan vektor malaria. Hasil uji statistik menunjukkan ada hubungan antara pengetahuan dengan perilaku responden terhadap peningkatan kasus malaria (p< 0,05). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kegiatan peningkatan pengetahuan tentang malaria. Upaya sosialisasi tentang malaria, termasuk pencegahannya harus didukung komitmen yang kuat berupa kebijakan dari pemerintah setempat yang diikuti oleh sistem informasi tentang pencegahan malaria yang dapat menjangkau seluruh lapisan masyarakat. Kata