In this study, the poly 4-chloroaniline P(4-CAni) and the graphitic carbon nitride g-C3N4 were merged to prepare the new composite P(4-CAni)/g-C3N4 films using the oxidative chemical polymerization method. The optical and surface characteristics of P(4-CAni)/(g-C3N4) nanocomposites were investigated to explore their potential for optoelectronic applications. The X-ray diffraction confirms the effective fabrication of the composite P(4-CAni)/g-C3N4. The surface analyses confirmed the homogeneous embedding of thin g-C3N4 nanosheets within the P(4-CAni) matrix. The refractive index (no) increased from 1.13 for P(4-CAni) to 1.32 for P(4-CAni)/(g-C3N4), the dispersion energy increased from 1.17 to 1.89 eV, and the oscillation energy decreased from 4.4 to 3.59 eV. The incorporation of (g-C3N4) in the P(4-CAni) results in modifications in the optical characteristics. Because of the changes made to the structural and optical characteristics of the produced composites, the result from this study validates the usage of P(4-CAni)/(g-C3N4) in optical devices.

In this study, the antibacterial efficacies of Cu and co-deposited Cu/SiO2 thin films with 30% and 50% Cu concentrations, as deposited on TiO2 nanotubes formed on a Ti15Mo alloy, were investigated against the Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacterium. Initially, bioactive TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated on the Ti15Mo alloy via anodic oxidation at 35 V and room temperature. The anodically oxidised Ti15Mo surfaces were then annealed at 400°C under atmospheric conditions to obtain a crystalline structure without any morphological difference. Well-ordered nanotube arrays with an average diameter of 80 ± 0.7 nm were obtained. To enhance antibacterial activity, ≈10-nm-thick Cu, SiO2, and Cu/SiO2 thin films were deposited on the oxidised surfaces via magnetron sputtering using a co-deposition method. The thin film deposition did not affect the surface morphology of the TiO2 nanotubes. The sputtered materials were homogeneously distributed across the entire surface and even within the nanotube interiors. All surfaces exhibited hydrophilic behaviour, with the Cu-coated surface showing the highest contact angle of 79.4°. Antibacterial testing against E. coli revealed that the Cu-coated surface exhibited a 57.9% improvement compared to bare Ti15Mo. The Cu:SiO2 (50:50) thin film demonstrated the highest antibacterial efficacy, with an 80.7% improvement.

Minimally invasive procedures such as laparoscopy and endoscopy require clear visualization, often hindered by fluid adhesion and condensation on endoscope lenses. This study explores the application of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a hydrophobic coating on styrene–acrylonitrile (SAN) and acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) substrates using radio-frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering for 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. Coated surfaces were evaluated for water contact angle and optical transmittance. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful PTFE deposition, while scanning electron and atomic force microscopy revealed that SAN developed a rougher surface than ABS, resulting in a higher water contact angle. RF-sputtered PTFE coatings significantly improved both hydrophobicity and light transmittance. Notably, 60 min of RF sputtering on ABS produced superior transmittance and acceptable hydrophobicity compared with uncoated, dip-coated, and spin-coated controls. Similarly, RF-coated SAN showed enhanced performance over its uncoated and coated counterparts. Compared with commercially coated silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide samples, RF-coated SAN and ABS demonstrated superior hydrophobicity and transmittance. While their contact angles were lower than those of untreated and coated polycarbonate, their optical clarity was significantly better. These results highlight the potential of RF magnetron sputtering to develop durable, transparent, anti-fogging coatings, offering a promising solution for improving medical optical device performance.

In response to the difficulty of adsorbing 3,4-Benzo(a)pyrene (3,4-Bap) molecules onto the surface of precious metal substrates due to their hydrophobicity, a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate (SD@AuNPs substrate) was constructed with the dual function of adsorption–detection. The substrate is a gold nanoparticle modified by sulfhydryl cyclodextrin, and the hollow cylindrical structure of cyclodextrin lends hydrophobicity to capture the molecule, which is utilized to achieve on-site selective analysis of 3,4-Bap pollutants using the signal changes in SERS spectra. The theoretical simulations and experimental results presented in this paper show that the maximum value of the electromagnetic enhancement property |E/E0| of the substrate reaches 161. Under the synergistic ‘electromagnetic-chemical’ dual enhancement mechanism, the enhancement factor value of the substrate (EFt = 4.87 × 109) was comparable in order of magnitude to the experimental value (EFe = 1.99 × 108). The construction of the SD@AuNPs substrate and its mechanism study provide a theoretical and practical basis for SERS sensing of 3,4-Bap molecules in complex systems.

The high corrosion rate of magnesium-based materials limits their use in clinical applications. To tackle this problem, laser surface texturing (LST) treatment and laser surface textured micro-arc oxidation (LST/MAO) were performed on an Mg-0.5Ca magnesium alloy. These treatments aimed to enhance the material’s corrosion resistance. The LST treatment produced a microgroove structure, while LST/MAO produced a porous morphology characterized by micropores and microcracks. The primary phases present in the LST/MAO coating included α-Mg, MgO, and Ca(PO4)2; in contrast, only the α-Mg and MgO phases were found in the LST-treated sample. The LST/MAO coating demonstrated the porous structure along with relatively smooth areas that adhered strongly to the substrate. When compared to the uncoated and LST-treated samples, the LST/MAO-coated sample exhibited high corrosion resistance over a two-week period. These findings suggest that the corrosion resistance and bioactivity of Mg alloy were improved greatly by combination of LST and MAO treatment.

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation accelerates material degradation and poses health risks, which drives the demand for effective UV-shielding materials. Halloysite is an aluminosilicate mineral with characteristic tubular morphology that has been widely attracted attention for its broad technological applications. In this study, halloysite nanotube efficient combination with tungsten oxide (WO3) and polydopamine (PDA), then product was integrated into polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix and prepared composite films. The results showed the modified halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) (HNTs@WO3/PDA) had a better dispersion in the PVC matrix. The UV transmittance of PVC films creased comparison with the pure PVC, with 2.0 wt% particles was able to shield about 55.1% UVA and 62.8% UVB, respectively, and UPF value reached 2.36. Meanwhile, for (2.0%–0.0%) particles/PVC films, the Rh B solution was degraded at value 89–71, after 240 min of UV irradiation. Thermal analyses revealed that HNTs@WO3/PDA can improve the PVC’s thermal stability compared with unmodified HNTs.

In this work, the polyethylene oxide (PEO) polymer and nanofiller gadolinium oxide (Gd2O3) are combined to produce the composite (PEO/Gd2O3) for application in optical materials with high flexibility. The composites were successfully fabricated using the solution-casting preparation method and characterized by using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope techniques. Then, the samples were irradiated by the cold cathode ion source with hydrogen (H+) ion fluence of 3 × 1017, 6 × 1017, and 9 × 1017 ions/cm2. The ultraviolet–visible method is used to study the optical behaviour of the irradiated composite in frequency range of 200–1100 nm. The dispersion energy changed from 1.62 eV for PEO/Gd2O3 to 1.60, 1.58, and 1.54 eV for the irradiated films by 3 × 1017, 6 × 1017, and 9 × 1017 ions/cm2, respectively. In addition, the oscillation energy EO changed from 6.93 eV for PEO/Gd2O3 to 6.19, 6.61, and 6.54 eV, respectively. These modifications of the irradiated films result from a combination of the amorphization, defect formation, and polymer–nanoparticle interactions, making the irradiated PEO/Gd2O3 nanocomposite more suitable for optoelectronics devices.

Bio-based materials are becoming popular due to their environmental friendliness and sustainability. This research investigates the application of ivy gourd (Coccinia grandis) extract as a natural silk dye in conjunction with zinc oxide (ZnO) as a mordant to provide antibacterial and ultraviolet (UV) protection. The CIE Lab test was utilized to assess the dyeing process by measuring color strength (ΔL, Δa, and Δb) under different dyeing periods, mordant concentrations, and shade percentages. Various analytical techniques were used to characterize the treated fabrics, including antimicrobial reduction rate analysis, UV protection factor (UPF) testing, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The integration of flavonoids, tannins, and saponins into the fibers was validated by ATR-FTIR, while SEM demonstrated the homogeneous deposition of bioactive components. At greater ZnO concentrations, UPF tests demonstrated enhanced UV protection; ratings of 35.85, 39.98, and 44.04 were obtained for 1, 2, and 3% ZnO, respectively. High efficacy was shown by antibacterial testing, which showed reductions of 96.36% against Escherichia coli and 99.22% against Staphylococcus aureus. This study emphasizes ZnO’s and ivy gourd’s promise for environmentally friendly, multipurpose textile applications.

As an important anode collector material for lithium-ion batteries, porous copper foil has also received huge attention and scientific inquiry in recent years. However, high-power materials still need to be improved to meet higher market requirements. In this paper, a three-dimensional porous structure was constructed by adding a variety of additives to the electrolyte by way of the template-free hydrogen bubble dynamic template approach. Accordingly, a ternary additive system of chloride ions, hydroxyethyl cellulose, and polyethylene glycol composite was designed. Meanwhile, the porous copper foils at this concentration possessed a low electrical resistance value of 8.21 mΩ, and the half-cells assembled with them possess excellent cycling and conductive properties.