Five phylogenetic lineages were observed by present author in the eleven Tethyan Maastrichtian planktic foraminiferal species of the genus Plummerita. These lineages help to define the major faunal changes from the species throughout of three groups of the Plummerita. The first group (P. haggagae group) belongs to the four-chambered volition (4-ch) with axially pointed spine-like prolongation evolved to another species of five-chambered volition (5-ch) (P. hantkeninoides group), to another species of six-chambered volition (6-ch) (P. reicheli group). The five lineages are: (1) The Plummerita elkefensis (4-ch) to P. hantkeninoides (5-ch), (2) P. haggagae (4-ch) to P. costata (5-ch) to P. spainica (6-ch), (3) P. inflata (5-ch) to P. tunisica (6-ch) (4) P. kellerae (5-ch) to P. caribbeanica (6-ch), (5) P. premolisilvae (5-ch) to P. reicheli (6-ch). Unfortunately, most of these lineage are uncompleted from four to five to six-chamber volution, while only one of them is completed (no. 2). In spite of this uncompleted lineages situation, it seems that we must await further study to complete these lineages by another unknown taxa.

Weather derivatives pricing is one of the central issues in the study of this type of financial product, and there is no uniform methodology. To price the temperature option with Shanghai temperature as the underlying and explore how to improve the accuracy of option pricing, firstly, the time-varying O-U model is combined with Monte Carlo simulation to obtain the Shanghai-based temperature option pricing, and then Shanghai and its neighboring Dongtai, Quxian, and Dinghai are selected to constitute an option portfolio and priced using the same method. The results are obtained: 1) the predicted price of each unit of Shanghai temperature option is 1732.33 yuan, and the actual price is 1557.84 yuan, with a relative error of 9.1%; 2) the predicted price of each unit of option portfolio is 1598.12 yuan, and the actual price is 1500.72 yuan, with a relative error of 6.5%; and 3) the same pricing steps are repeated several times, with a very robust relative error. It can be seen that the pricing method has stability and higher prediction accuracy and can be used in practice. At the same time, pricing after selecting multiple cities to form a weather derivative portfolio has higher accuracy i.e. less risk than pricing only for a single city.

This investigation was applied to isolate and identify bacteria in three different restaurants order to predict their effects on people. Power plate method for isolation of bacteria the samples were inoculated into nutrient agar media by streak plate technique to obtain well isolated colonies. The results show the identity and the total colony forming units (CFU) for bacteria. The most frequently isolated bacteria were the bacterial species: Bacillus cereus, Clostridium botulinum, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus and Lactobacillus subtilus (11.12, 8.24, 20.11,17.32, 17.01, 10.31 and 8.27) % respectively. According to the bacteria the higher numbers of bacteria were isolated on menu and containers.

In order to forecast the effects of the fungi on humans, this study was conducted to isolate and identify the fungi in three distinct samples in the college of science cafeteria. In order to obtain well-isolated colonies, the power plate method with Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) was used to isolate and identify various fungal species. The results show the identity and the total colony forming units (CFU) for fungi. The most frequently isolated fungi were Cladosporium, Rhizopus sp., Aspergillus Sp, Alternaria, Yeast, Penicillium, . While the less frequently detected fungi species were Trichocladium, Drecheslera sp.and Botrytis sp. According to the fungi the higher numbers of fungi were isolated on menu and containers.

Mungbean (Vigna radiata) has gained increasing significance as a crucial grain legume in Nepal’s tropical and sub-tropical regions due to its short growth cycle and soil fertility enhancement properties. This research was conducted at Agronomy farm of Lamjung campus, to assess how mungbean performs under varying row spacing and Npk fertilizer levels. The study employed two-factorial Randomized Complete Block Design with three row spacing levels (20 cm, 25 cm, and 30 cm) and three NPK fertilizer doses (10:10:10, 20:20:20, and 30:30:30 kg NPK/ha) as treatments. The investigation explored phenological and yield attributing parameters. Interestingly, the outcomes showed that row spacing had negligible impact on root growth attributes, including root length and nodule formation. However, root nodule number increased with higher NPK fertilizer levels, particularly notable with the application of (30:30:30) kg NPK/ha, resulting in the highest nodules per plant (140.40), while the lowest nodules (91.35) were observed with (10:10:10) kg NPK/ha. Vital traits like plant height, branch and leaf counts, pod set, pod length, and seed weight were unresponsive to both NPK doses and row spacing levels. In contrast, grain yield exhibited a substantial increase with NPK fertilizer application, with the highest yield (1263.55 kg/ha) achieved with (30:30:30) kg NPK/ha and the lowest (929.27 kg/ha) with (10:10:10) kg NPK/ha. Therefore, this study shows strong correlations, especially between root nodules and grain yield, emphasized key links. NPK doses impacted vital root nodules for nitrogen fixation and suggests dense planting of Pratikshya mung beans with increased NPK fertilizer.

Chlorination is one technique used to treat wastewater; this method is particularly good at eliminating bacteria, viruses, and protozoa. Chlorination is a common treatment method because it is more effective than other methods at eliminating most pathogenic organisms; however, it is also capable of eliminating the majority of other contaminants found in water. Seven bacteria were isolated from the sewage water in the current study, which included 30 sample collections from various locations throughout our city, both before and after the sewage water was treated with chlorine. (Staph. intermedis, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staph.epidermidis, E.coli, Vibrio,cholera, Klebsiella pneumonia,and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.) The Vitek 2 system was used in conjunction with macroscopic and microscopic examination to make the diagnosis of those isolated bacteria. The amount of isolated bacteria decreased and some of them were killed after being treated with 10 mg/L of chlorine

Algae are a diverse group of unicellular autotropic microorganisms. It is a free-floating and filament-shaped organism, in which the blade is the main site for photosynthesis. Hence, called a photosynthetic organism. Different types of algae are found in different types of climatic conditions. Algae are found in almost all adverse climates. Due to its vast chemical composition and content of bioactive substances attention of different industries like food, cosmetic pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, etc. are caught by it. Algae food products contain a high amount of nutrients, and cosmetic products protect from UV radiation and prevention of rough texture wrinkles of the skin, as they carry out both photosynthesis as well as nitrogen fixation, add organic matter (20 -30kg/ha/year)and maintain texture porosity, the structure of soil and can play an important role for reducing the problem of petrol, diesel. This review has been prepared to shed light on the wide uses of algae as food, fuel, cosmetic product biofertilizer and also to provide knowledge about different types of algae found in different geographical zones of Nepal.

Bridelia ferruguinea bark is investigated for its phytochemical composition and bioactivity to explore its therapeutic potential. The phytochemical analysis reveals significant quantities of alkaloids (62.95 mg/g), saponins (64.31 mg/g), flavonoids (100.19 mg/g), tannins (78.08 mg/g), and phenols (253.62 mg/g). The nitrogen-free extract dominates at 53.23%, followed by crude fiber at 24.44%. Additionally, the moisture, crude protein, crude fat, and ash content in Bridelia ferruguinea bark powder are reported at 7.63%, 2.15%, 8.72%, and 3.83%, respectively. Assessment of bioactivity indicates a lipid inhibition percentage of 23.88% and a vitamin C content of 55.97%. Moreover, the bark exhibits Fe chelation (13.44%) and DPPH radical scavenging activity (83.54%). Furthermore, it demonstrates inhibition of albumin denaturation (62.71%) and antiproteinase activity (69.534%). Importantly, it shows promising α-amylase inhibition (37.60%) and α-glucosidase inhibition (58.07%). These diverse bioactivities suggest potential applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, warranting further studies for formulation development targeting both human and animal health. Bridelia ferruguinea bark emerges as a valuable natural resource with multifaceted therapeutic prospects, inviting extensive exploration for practical utilization.

Floral characteristics of 27 mango varieties were studied during February-May, 2024. Distinct variations were found among the studied varieties. Significant variation were observed in term of number of male flower per inflorescence, number of hermaphrodite flower per inflorescence, length of inflorescence and width of inflorescence ranging from 57 to 1737, 7 to 461, 19 cm to 40.6 cm, 6.4 cm to 25.7 cm respectively. The result disclosed that in all varieties flowers were of pentamerous type and inflorescence position were found terminal. The number of male flower per inflorescence were highest in Bombay (1737). In term of number of hermaphrodite flowers per inflorescence, chausa has highest number (461). In overall, male flower per inflorescence were more than hermaphrodite flower per inflorescence across all varieties except Amrapali, Jarda and Chausa. Ratna has the longest inflorescence (40.6 cm) and widest inflorescence (25.7 cm). From the study, it can be inferred that chausa will have more fruit set as it has more hermaphrodite flowers but seeing the overall floral character Ratna is more superior as it has longest and widest inflorescence and second highest in term of number of hermaphrodite flower among the studied varieties. The findings of the study will be beneficial for breeding purposes while developing new varieties of superior quality.

This study looked at the behaviour of Equatorial Total Electron Content (TEC) in connection to geomagnetic storms that occurred between January and March of 2020. The data used in the study came from the Global Positioning System (GPS). Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) data was collected at three different ground stations to conduct the investigation: NKLG (GMAGLat. -8.04°S, GMAGLong. 81.05°E), ADIS (GMAGLat. 1.13°N, GMAGLong. 110.47°E), and DJIG (GMAGLat. 3.36°N, GMAGLong. 11457°E). The locations were carefully chosen in order to offer a comprehensive picture of the equatorial ionosphere’s response to magnetic storms. The study’s findings show that the equatorial region undergoes both amplification and depletion effects in the reaction of TEC to geomagnetic storms. The paper also proposed possible approaches to clarify these findings. The three stations’ different latitudinal positions were recognised as the principal source of the considerable variations in GPS-TEC responses during storm periods. Furthermore, during the storm periods, the peak positive percentage deviation of TEC displayed an ascending trend with rising altitude for each monitoring station. This finding suggests the existence of complex height-related interactions between the equatorial ionosphere and geomagnetic storms. The current study examines the complicated factors that influence the behaviour of TEC in equatorial regions during geomagnetic storms. It highlights the need of adding latitudinal and altitude factors in such studies.