The Aniya model is a theory in hadron statics. Its objective is to describe well-established, stable, and quasi-stable elementary particles in the subatomic world, a world in which one particular form of quantum dynamics has failed. Under a different guise, quantum dynamics is found to work on a different scale. The laws of physics seem to apply on scales and situations of their own, and a grand unified theory is likely to have no future in physics. Instead, physics may have an action plan based on the scale of linear dimensions.

Neither Einstein nor other Nobel laureates in physics recognized that Newton’s gravitational constant G is the product of two natural constants, one of which is the constant c : G = G q × c 2 = (7.426 16 × 10 −28 m kg −1 ) × c 2 = 6.6743 × 10 −11 m 3 kg −1 s −2 . Therefore, the constant c and the constant G q , which I called the “quantum physical gravitational constant G q ,” are factors of Newton’s law of gravity, which applies in three-dimensional space. Einstein, who did not recognize this, mixed quantum physical properties of matter and photons in his equations in general relativity in order to calculate the specific length scale defined by a certain mass M in the geometry of spacetime: l g = G / c 2 × M = G q × M . Einstein, without knowing it, transformed the quantum physical gravitational constant G q of Newton’s law of gravity into a gravitational constant in four-dimensional spacetime. General relativity provides correct numerical results that do not correspond with physical reality, since the quantum physical gravitational constant G q is a factor of Newton’s law of gravity, which applies in three-dimensional space. If we modify Newton’s theory of gravity by calculating with the quantum physical gravitational constant G q and the constant c squared instead of the gravitational constant G , the intrinsic properties of masses (matter) become visible and the same gravitational phenomena arise in three-dimensional space that are currently derived from Einstein’s general relativity, e.g., the correct precession of Mercury’s perihelion, the deflection of light around massive objects, and gravitational phenomena observed in binary pulsars. The advanced quantized Newtonian theory of gravity is superior to general relativity because it provides a quantum physical explanation for mass-energy equivalence, because its mathematics is simple, and because it explains the anomalous increase in the eccentricity of the Moon’s orbit and the so-called “dark matter.”

Re-exploring the nucleus using early experiments and data reveals that the helium nuclei within the nucleus exhibit a 1/4/9 spherical structure, closely related to the electrons outside the nucleus; employing logical thinking and ingenious solutions to the magic number rule, the mysteries within the nucleus are unveiled; the principles of nuclear decay, fission, and the source of nuclear energy are deciphered. The atomic nucleus is extremely small, and how it is constituted and structured remains a scientific mystery. This study focuses on the α-rays (helium nuclei) within the nucleus and the atomic weights of magic number elements, which are all multiples of n4. It has been discovered that protons and electrons within the nucleus first combine to form a microstructure—where two electrons rapidly rotate around four protons, forming a tetrahedral helium nucleus. This structure then combines to form the most stable magic number nuclei. The decay and fission of atomic nuclei are due to the presence of neutrons and double neutrons within the nucleus, which are unstable microstructures. This study has discovered that, apart from hydrogen atoms, all atomic nuclei are centered around a helium nucleus tetrahedron, extending and connecting to the helium nuclei in the spaces of the four faces, forming a layered surrounding structure of 1/4, 9… of the helium nucleus, revealing the intrinsic organic composition of the atomic nucleus. A helium nucleus can attract two extranuclear electrons, which precisely corresponds to the energy level arrangement of extranuclear electrons 2/8/18…, establishing a concentric, multi-layered spherical nuclear structure model that links the inside and outside of the nucleus, and can also create the “Nuclear Structure Periodic Table.” Using microstructures and their core models, it is possible to reasonably explain the experimental data of magic numbers and the results of radioactive experiments, verify the internal and external connections of the nuclear structure model, and also interpret the reasons for the vast differences in the half-lives of various isotopes. It has been discovered that the process of nuclear fission and the enormous nuclear energy originate from the kinetic energy of the high-speed rotation of massive microstructures within the nucleus, not from the mass‐energy formula.

The conceptual validity of the light speed constancy postulate has been studied both analytically and through a thought experiment. It is shown that the presumed light speed invariance principle contradicts physical reality and that the speed of light measured relative to a moving inertial frame depends on the velocity of that frame. A simple thought experiment further reveals that the measured value of the speed of light relative to a moving inertial frame depends not only on the speed v of the frame but also on its direction of motion relative to the direction of propagation of the light pulse. The speed of light acquires a value of ( c − v ) or ( c + v ), depending on whether the frame and the light pulse move in the same or opposite directions, respectively.

The observed magnetic moment of an electron implies that it cannot be a point particle and, therefore, should have a substructure. This paper proposes that the electron consists of three hypothetical constituent particles: Two negatively charged ones orbiting around a positively charged particle. Our analysis encompasses the electron’s zitterbewegung and magnetic moment, leveraging the fundamental constants of Planck and Coulomb. We show that: (1) Coulombic interactions between constituents, multiplied by the inverse of the fine structure constant, link the zero-point energy to the electron’s zitterbewegung frequency, and (2) the electron’s magnetic moment results from the orbital motion of the constituents, leading to a unique derivation of the Bohr magneton. These insights into the quantum characteristics of electrons present new research opportunities in nuclear interactions and the physics of composite particles.

Recent publications have proposed a new theory of gravity that is based on the Minkowski metric and a modified Newtonian force law. The new theory is called general mechanics. While general mechanics correctly predicts the precession of Mercury’s orbit and the bending of light by the Sun, it will be shown that it cannot correctly predict other strong and weak field tests that confirm general relativity. As such, general mechanics is not a valid theory of gravity. In this article, it will be proven that the radial coordinate used by general mechanics is not the same as the Schwarzschild radial coordinate. This fact, which is well documented in textbooks, prevents the claimed parity between general mechanics and general relativity. Also, this article shows that general mechanics cannot predict black hole behavior and gravitational waves. The paper concludes with a proof that the curved spacetime of general relativity cannot be replicated by a globally flat metric as is the case with general mechanics. This article also provides pedagogical value by dispelling three common misconceptions about general relativity.

The parity hypothesis states that parity is possible between generalized mechanics (GM) and the theory of general relativity (GR). In a recent article, we proved a parity theorem for Schwarzschild two-body problems, referring to it as the GM-GR parity theorem. This article responds to a critique of the correctness of the proof, demonstrating where the critique’s reasoning fails. Additionally, the critique rejects the parity hypothesis in problems that are beyond the scope of the theorem. While the parity hypothesis has only been proven for Schwarzschild two-body problems, we find the critique’s additional objection to be both subjective and unsubstantiated.

Some fifty years ago, it was noted that the rotation speeds of galaxies were too great for the gravitational force of all the available galactic mass to balance it. People therefore invented the idea of dark matter in the form of weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) to supply the missing mass. In spite of heroic efforts, such particles have not been found. If WIMPs do not exist, then the problem is not missing mass. It is missing force. This paper proposes that entanglement driven forces act as a fundamental component of cosmic structure stability. Conventional physics assumes forces propagate at finite speeds, but we will assume otherwise. We postulate that entangled objects share a unified quantum state that allows instant interaction beyond classical constraints. This mechanism may account for anomalies in galactic rotation and explain synchronization of cosmic structures. A series of observational tests are outlined to verify this by offering alternative explanations for the missing mass phenomenon and synchronization in galaxy motion. An Addendum is included with supporting calculations that verify the postulate.

The quantum mass (QM) is expressed using the expectation value of the kinetic energy derived from the Schrödinger equation (SE). The mass‐energy equation (ME) is expressed using the kinetic energy of a body in Newtonian mechanics. The SE is modified using the QM and ME. The Adams‐Williamson equation adeptly characterizes the density distribution within Earth's interior, highlighting the role of pressure in storing elastic energy. This stored energy forms the basis for deriving the Newtonian gravitational field. Intriguingly, the eigenvalue of electron's energy in the hydrogen-like atom derived from the modified SE exhibits variation in response to gravitational field strength.

The free electron is undoubtedly an electromagnetic particle. However, the fundamental equations describing the free electron in quantum mechanics do not account for its electromagnetic properties; instead, they are based solely on its mechanical characteristics. Such treatment is insufficient for a complete description. In conventional quantum mechanics, the free-electron Schrödinger equation remains unrelated to Maxwell's differential equations. By considering the electron as both a quantum mechanical oscillator and a quantum electrodynamic oscillator, it becomes possible to derive the free-electron Schrödinger equation directly from Maxwell's equations. This article presents a novel theoretical approach to treating the electron, providing a simple and transparent derivation that, to the best of our knowledge, has not yet been published in the literature.