ABSTRACT. Diabetes Mellitus is a severe disease to the world health community; it is estimated that 700 million people worldwide will suffer from it. The approach taken to this disease includes improving lifestyle and pharmacological therapy. Recent pharmacological therapeutic approaches include inhibiting the α-glucosidase enzyme, the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) enzyme, and the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 (SGLT-2) protein. This research aims to conduct a docking study on three naphthalene compounds from Eleutherine bulbosa against three receptors: α-glucosidase, the DPP-4, and the SGLT-2 protein. The methods used are protein structure preparation, docking protocol validation, preparation of E. bulbosa test ligand structures, and molecule docking for test compounds. Validation was carried out by calculating the Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) values using PyMOL software; the results showed that the RMSD value of native ligands was <2Å. Molecular docking of the test compounds was conducted using Autodock Vina 1.2.3 ver 2020. Eleutherinoside A showed the highest binding against the α-glucosidase and DPP-4 protein. Eleuthoside B has the most increased binding to SGLT-2 protein. The research concluded that three naphthalene compounds from E. bulbosa can be used as an antidiabetic agent. Keywords: Antidiabetic; Docking study; Eleutherine bulbosa; Naphthalene; α-glucosidase; DPP-4; SGLT-2

ABSTRACT: Advances in carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) technology remain critical, particularly in meeting the demand for lightweight and durable materials in the transportation industry. With the advent of electric vehicles (EVs), there is a pressing need for composite materials that offer not only exceptional mechanical strength but also high-temperature stability and heat resistance. Polyimide, known for its excellent heat resistance and flame retardancy properties, is an optimal choice for developing such composites. Furthermore, the incorporation of melamine as a crosslinker in polyimide has been shown to significantly enhance its performance. Our study involved the production of a carbon fiber reinforced composite with a melamine crosslinked polyimide matrix (CFMPI), to meet these critical requirements. The composite showed a tensile strength of 84.17 MPa, a tensile modulus of 1899.14 MPa at 1.5% mole substitution of 4,4’‑oxydianiline by melamine as a crosslinker for polyimide with thermal stability up to 562 °C. These results indicated that this composite material is highly suitable for use in EVs. Keywords: advanced composites, carbon fiber reinforced polymer, lightweight materials, melamine-crosslinker, polyimide composites.

ABSTRACT. Black garlic is an aged product derived from fresh garlic and exhibits potential antibacterial properties. This study aims to identify the antibacterial compounds in black garlic against Salmonella typhimurium using HPLC fingerprinting and chemometrics. The antibacterial activity of the n-hexane fraction, methanol fraction, and water fraction were analyzed using the well diffusion method. Only the water fraction exhibited an inhibitory zone against S. typhimurium of 11.96 ± 1.86 mm. The chemical profile of each fraction, analyzed by HPLC-MWD, was correlated with antibacterial activity data using Orthogonal Projection to Latent Structure. A retention interval of 2.50 – 2.99 and 2.00 – 2.49 minutes of the water fraction at a wavelength of 214 nm demonstrated a correlation with antibacterial activity. The peaks identified in HPLC-MWD at a retention interval of 2.50 – 2.99 and 2.00 – 2.49 minutes exhibited a similar pattern to the peaks appearing at a retention time of 1.12 and 1.06 minutes on the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS chromatogram. The resultant peak in the UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS analysis of the water fraction indicated that it was attributed to S-allyl cysteine and S-allyl mercaptocysteine. Keywords: black garlic, metabolomics, S-allyl cysteine, S-allyl mercapto cysteine

ABSTRACT. The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ can be enhanced by binding it to materials with high adsorption capacity. The synthesis began with the mixture of 5 mL TTIP, 30 mL ethanol, and H₂O 30 mL stirred for 1 hour. Activated carbon made from coffee grounds in varying amounts (5 g, 10 g, and 15 g) was then added to the TTIP solution, and the mixture was stirred for 2 hours. The mixture was then placed in an autoclave, heated at 180°C for 12 hours, dried, and then calcined at 500°C for 3 hours. SEM morphological analysis showed that TiO₂ particles were attached to the surface of the activated carbon, which was further confirmed by EDX data showing the presence of Ti and O elements in the synthesized material. Furthermore, crystallinity and gap analyses demonstrated that the material was exclusively in the anatase phase. The largest surface area, 286.10 m²/g, was observed on titanium dioxide-activated carbon/10 (TiO₂-AC/10), exhibiting a mesoporous structure and microporous features. Photocatalytic tests for diazinon degradation demonstrated that TiO₂-AC/10 exhibited the most significant photocatalytic activity of 65.18%. The composite material's degradation capability diminished by 9-13% from the initial to the third cycle. The residual titanium elements within the composite material maintained stability, suggesting the integrity and durability of TiO₂ particles affixed to the surface of activated carbon. Keywords: TiO2-AC, Coffee Dregs, Diazinon, Photocatalysis, Reusability

ABSTRACT. The ethyl acetate fraction of Terminalia catappa Linn. fruit flesh has anti-cancer activity against HeLa cells, with IC50 value is =165.37 ppm. The aim of this research is to isolate active anticancer compound from the ethyl acetate fraction of T. catappa fruit flesh. Anti-cancer active compounds from the ethyl acetate fraction of T. catappa fruit flesh were purified using column chromatography and continued with recrystallization. The compound isolate from the ethyl acetate fraction is clear yellowish crystals and has a melting point 150 ± 2 oC, has anti-cancer activity against HeLa cells of IC50 =413.695 ppm. Results of molecular structure identification using UV spectroscopy; FTIR; 1HNMR, 13CNMR and LC-MS are thought to be the compound 5-Hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-4H-pyran-4- one (Kojic acid) with a molecular weight of 142.36 gram/mol. The Kojic acid content in T. catappa Linn fruit flesh was found to provide information on the potential use of T. catappa fruit flesh extract in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries. Keywords: Anticancer activity, HeLa cells, Kojic acid, T. catappa Linn.

ABSTRACT. The critical problems in eel cultivation are slow growth due to low digestibility and high feed conversion. This shows the need to understand the biochemical composition of eel to obtain information about the physiological condition, energetic adaptation, habits, nutritional value, and industrial uses. Nutritional data are also essential to develop a suitable processing method that enables eel to be consumed throughout the year while respecting state-imposed limitations to protect the species. Despite the significant contribution, there has been no data about the biochemical composition and the digestive enzyme activity of eel species such as Anguilla bicolor McClelland 1844, during the reproductive phase. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the biochemical composition of A. bicolor McClelland and the digestive enzyme activity during the reproductive phase. The experiment was conducted through a survey on eels in the reproductive phase with an average weight and length of yellow (106.00 ± 38.1 g and 42.00± 5.78 cm) and silver eel (362.89 ± 88.93 g and 59.86 ± 7.39 cm) respectively. The results showed that Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE) did not substantially alter between different phases, while the percent protein, lipid, ash, and fiber had significant variation (p<0.05). The activity of pepsin differed in various phases (p<0.05), while the activity of trypsin, amylase, and lipase of A. bicolor did not vary (p>0.05). The yellow eel had a higher body protein composition and pepsin activity than the silver eel, although the biochemical composition and other enzyme activities were similar. In summary, the biochemical compositions, and digestive enzymes of A. bicolor varied depending on their phases. Moreover, further studies were recommended to understand the biochemical composition of A. bicolor and digestive enzyme activity during the reproductive phase. Keywords: Anguilla bicolor, Digestive enzyme activity, Proximate analysis

ABSTRACT. Urease is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of urea into ammonia and carbon dioxide. A significant application of urease is found primarily in food, medical equipment and biosensor industries. This research aims to analyze the amino acid content of red lentil seeds and the extraction, purification, and characterization of urease from red lentils. The study started by analyzing the amino acid content in red lentil seeds using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The red lentil seeds were extracted using phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and separated using centrifugal separation technique until crude extract of urease was produced. The crude extract of urease was then concentrated using acetone at varied saturation level (33, 41, 50, 60, and 67%). The fraction with the highest specific activity was then analyzed using SDS-PAGE method and characterized for its pH, incubation temperature, and substrate concentration against the urease activity. The urease activity was determined using Nessler method. The research results showed that red lentils seeds contained all essential amino acids. The highest specific activity was found in the fraction at 50% acetone saturation level (F50) and purity level 6.3 times than the crude extract. The characterization result indicated that F50 was purer than the crude extract. The optimum urease activity of crude extract and F50 was obtained at pH 7.0 and an incubation temperature of 35 °C. The KM value of F50 was lower than crude extract. F50 has a higher affinity for binding to substrates so that the enzyme has higher efficiency in forming the products. Urease from red lentil seeds concentrated using acetone was 50% more potent as a catalyst than the crude extract. The research data will be the basis for the application of this urease. Keywords: Acetone, characterization, partial purification, red lentil, urease

ABSTRACT. Folate binding protein (FBP) is a protein in breast milk that plays a role in the regulation and bioavailability of folic acid. In contrast to cow's milk FBP, information about breast milk FBP is still limited. This research aims to determine the isolation and purification methods of breast milk FBP and the molecular weight of breast milk FBP. The sample in this study was 1000 mL of breast milk. Breast milk was prepared in several stages to yield whey. Isolation and purification of FBP from whey were carried out in stages, salting-out, ion exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography. Whey salting-out with 95% saturation of ammonium sulfate could precipitate folate-binding proteins. This precipitate showed three peaks on DEAE chromatography. Peak II DEAE 95% was thought to be a negatively charged folate-binding protein. Peak II DEAE 95% also showed the presence of two peaks on affinity chromatography. It was believed that Peak II AF 95% was a pure folate-binding protein. Peak II AF 95% showed the presence of a single band on SDS-PAGE and western blot. This indicated that the folate-binding protein was 100% pure. FBP can be isolated from breast milk by the salting-out method using 95% ammonium sulfate, DEAE chromatography, and affinity chromatography. FBP from breast milk has a molecular weight of approximately 37 kDa. The final level of FBP isolated from breast milk is approximately 0.022 mg/mL. The successful isolation of FBP from breast milk provides an opportunity to use it to understand the clinical role of FBP in increasing folic acid levels in both breast milk and infant serum, as well as to develop methods for determining folic acid levels in these fluids. Keywords: Breast milk, folate binding protein, isolation, purification, molecular weight

ABSTRACT. The increasing incidence of tuberculosis (TB) remains a global challenge, driven by the emergence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis resistance to antituberculosis drugs. This study investigated the relationship between rpoB gene mutations, rifampicin resistance levels, and the geographic origin of multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis (MDR-TB) isolates. A total of 30 MDR-TB isolates were collected from the Central Java Provincial Health and Calibration Testing Laboratory between January and December 2023. Rifampicin resistance levels ranged from 5 to 80 µg/mL and were assessed using the microculture method, while DNA sequencing identified rpoB mutations. The results showed that rifampicin exposure significantly influenced rpoB mutation frequencies, with Ser531Leu (50%), His526 (16.7%), Leu511 (6%), Leu533 (6%), and Gln513 (6%) being the most common. Geographic variations were observed, with isolates from the ex-residencies Pekalongan, Pati, and Banyumas Residencies harboring seven, six, and four distinct mutations, respectively. Mutations such as Leu511Arg+His526Ser and Asp516Val were detected at low rifampicin concentrations (5–10 µg/mL), whereas Ser531Leu mutations dominated at moderate levels (20–80 µg/mL). These findings confirmed that rpoB mutations were influenced by both the region of origin and rifampicin resistance levels, providing critical insights for improving TB diagnosis and optimizing MDR-TB treatment strategies. Keywords: Mycobacterium tuberculosis, rifampicin resistance, rpoB gene mutation

ABSTRACT. Dengue fever, a vector-borne disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) is currently endemic in over 100 countries. Despite being pronounced as one of the WHO’s ten threats to global health in 2019, there are currently no antiviral therapies for dengue fever available in the market. Hence, finding the cure for dengue is still currently under pursuit. Chitin, the most abundant biopolymer after cellulose was shown to be one of the potential inhibitors of human hexokinase isoform 2 (HK2), which can subsequently impair DENV upon their replication in human bodies. However, the insolubility characteristics of chitin may cause issues in the subsequent in vitro and in vivo analyses. This project aims to screen for analogues of chitin with improved solubility and high binding affinity when interacting with HK2 via an in silico approach. In this study, ligand-based screening was conducted to find the analogues of chitin, while solubility prediction was performed to predict the solubility of the analogue compounds. Subsequently, structure-based screening was conducted via molecular docking to observe the binding affinity of the analogues with HK2. As a result, a compound known as β-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine was identified as an analogue of chitin with a similarity score of 99.47%. The compound also possessed high solubility (higher than 0.06 mg/ml) and negative LogP value (-3.22), which indicates a higher preferential solubility in water. In addition to that, toxicity prediction test exhibited that β-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine falls under class 6 of toxicity, indicating that it is a non-toxic compound. Thus, a potential drug that may treat dengue fever and safe to be administered to patients can be potentially developed by using this compound. Keywords: Chitin, chitin analogues, dengue fever, dengue treatment, hexokinase isoform 2