Subject-orientation and subject-relatedness have been de!ned as properties of adverbs that have the ability to characterize the subject, the former simultaneously with the expression of adverbial meaning as circumstance. According to the de!nition of subject-related -ly adverbs as subject-oriented adverbs that can only characterize the subject, subject-relatedness would be expected to be dependent on subject-orientation, also because it is farthest from the prototypical function and meaning of -ly words and well into the prototypical function and meaning of adjectives. As this syntactic and semantic behavior is not signaled formally, it parallels, in principle, what happens in conversion, where syntactic transposition is without phonological change. Based on the evidence of "9,7%9 bigrams extracted by lemma from the Corpus of Contemporary American English, this paper analyzes the genre distribution of subject-oriented and subject-related -ly words, and their most relevant lexical features. &e results show similarities and also di'erences in the behavior of subject-orientation and subject-relatedness as regards text genre distribution and in their formation from various types of adjectival bases. &e interpretations of these results are manifold, within and outside word-formation processes.

anonical and non-canonical conversion in Latvian and Lithuanian (Baltic, Indo-European) is discussed by applying the following criteria: (A) identity of form, (B) word-class change, and (C) the absence of dedicated derivational affixes. The absolute identity of form and the realization of (B) and (C) are found in the conversion of non-inflecting word classes, and deviations from that canon are seen in the word-class changing and word-class retaining conversion of inflecting words. They obligatorily change their inflection patterns and their base stems are optionally affected by vowel, consonant, and tone alternations as well as by truncation. The inflection patterns are altered in two ways: paradigm assignment (mostly replacement of the paradigm of the input with that of the output) and paradigm adjustment (mostly restriction of the paradigm when the output has fewer paradigm cells than the input). It is agreed with Štekauer, Valera and Körtvélyessy (2012) that due to criterion (C), conversion can be classified alongside other non-concatenative word-formation processes.

The definition of conversion is controversial, and it has been applied in a number of ways. It also refers typically to the major word classes, especially to nouns and verbs because those are the most frequent patterns, whether from noun to verb or from verb to noun. It is however relevant to have a look at what happens in other word classes, so often neglected in this regard. This paper considers conversion in the light of the categories adverb and preposition, and underlines the difficulty in dealing with these cases in the framework of the most widespread interpretations. In doing so, it evidences the need for a better theoretical apparatus in yet one more regard.

This paper examines the role of conversion as a word-formation process in Czech, building upon previous research on derivational networks. While prior studies focused on derivation through affixation, this research expands the scope to include conversion, recognizing its significant role in Slavic languages. The study utilizes a modified Swadesh list, specifically ten common verbs, to ana lyze the word-formation potential of both derivation and conversion. The findings reveal that con version surpasses derivation in the number of newly coined words for verbs. Semantic categories like agent, instrument, and purpose are prevalent in derivatives, whereas action and quality dominate in converted words. The study underscores the significance of conversion in shaping the Czech language’s dynamic and expressive capabilities.

We experimentally evaluate three patterns of deverbal nominalizations derived by means of zero, -ing and Romance suffixes (i.e., -(at)ion, -ment, and -ance) in English as to whether they can express causativity and anticausativity like their base verbs. We report the results of a first study which uses native speaker judgments to test the acceptability of these competing nominalizing suffixes (-ing vs. zero and -ing vs. Romance suffixes) in realizing event readings with argument structure inherited from their causative, and respectively, anticausative base verbs. While previous literature claims that zero cannot realize the structurally more complex causative readings, and -ing cannot realize anticausative readings, our current results indicate that all three suffixes may realize both types of readings. This is in line with data attested in natural text corpora and suggests that zero suffixes are not necessarily structurally simpler than overt suffixes as often claimed in previous literature.

The article deals with the instantiation of variables in schemas within the Relational Morphology theory. On the basis of an approach to word-formation from concept to form, the article argues that for the question of what lexemes are retrieved from the lexicon to instantiate the variables in schemas in order to achieve the required meaning of the resulting word within the generative role of schemas, it is important to distinguish different functions of word-formation, namely those that provide mere variations on existing lexemes in contrast to the function of word-formation that provides names for concepts in the extra-linguistic world. In the first case, the variables in schemas are instantiated with lexemes on which we perform the variation, whereas, in the second case, the lexemes result from prior mental processing of the concept to be named. The paper thus also provides the description of the process of conceptualization within the naming function of word-formation and demonstrates the principles of conceptualization on various examples.

The article presents a quantitative corpus-based study that aims to shed light on the frequency and distribution of reporting verbs (for instance, indicate, posit, etc.) associated with evidentiality that are found in research article abstracts (RAAs) in applied linguistics and applied psycholinguistics, respectively. Theoretically and methodologically, the study is informed by the literature (Söderqvist, 2020; Szczygłowska, 2022), which demonstrates that reporting verbs may mark evidentiality in scientific discourse. In order to establish the frequency of the occurrence of reporting verbs associated with evidentiality, a corpus of RAAs in applied linguistics and applied psycholinguistics was collected and, subsequently, analysed in software program AntConc version 4.0.11 (Anthony, 2022). The results of the quantitative analysis revealed that show and suggest were the most frequent reporting verbs associated with evidentiality in the corpus of RAAs in applied linguistics and applied psycholinguistics alike.

Lexical association data is a valuable resource in psycholinguistics, providing researchers with empirical insights into which words are perceived as ‘belonging together’. One of the largest such datasets for English, the University of South Florida Free Association Norms database, is available freely online. The raw data format however requires some technical steps to tap into the potential it offers for network science, which can present a barrier for some researchers. This paper introduces a userfriendly command-line tool, fan_xplorr, that addresses this issue by providing linguists with access to the data. With the proposed tool, researchers can interactively display portions of the semantic network dataset in the form of interactive network graphs. The design of the tool enables linguists to access the dataset without advanced technical skills and promotes exploration within the dataset for psycholinguistic studies.

This paper uses corpus data to analyse spoken expressions and discourse markers in Czech, applying these findings to corpus-based exercises for learners of Czech as a foreign language. The analytical section highlights the usefulness of parallel corpus in identifying suitable translation equivalents for prevalent Czech spoken vocabulary in English, French, and Polish as native languages from the learner’s perspective. The methodology outlines the process of finding appropriate translation equivalents in film subtitles, considering both meaning and spoken register. The pedagogical section introduces three corpus-based exercises designed to improve conversational skills, featuring authentic texts that familiarise learners with spoken vocabulary. This research builds on previous studies of the English language that did not use parallel corpora to identify translation equivalents in learners’ native languages — an essential factor for understanding a foreign language. In addition, tailor-made corpus-based exercises can be seamlessly integrated into everyday classroom activities to enhance language awareness among non-native speakers.

This article sheds light on two enduring English loanwords in European Spanish, very well and yes very well, which have thus far evaded scholarly attention. Despite their long-standing presence and widespread use, these Anglicisms have rarely been encountered in written Spanish. This, coupled with their playful and informal nature, may have contributed to their perceived insignificance in academic inquiry. The study scrutinizes nearly a thousand instances of these loanwords from various sources to elucidate their contemporary semantic roles in European Spanish. The analysis reveals that their continued usage over time can be attributed to their versatility and wide-ranging semantic functions. Furthermore, it shows that, precisely because research on English loans has been strongly biased towards the written medium, these are likely to be but two among a number of time-honoured Anglicisms that remain unexplored. Anglicism, European Spanish, loanword, polysemy, pseudo-Anglicism RESUMEN Este artículo arroja luz sobre dos anglicismos de gran arraigo en el español europeo, very well y yes very well, que hasta ahora han escapado a la atención de los estudiosos. A pesar de su antigüedad y amplio uso, estos préstamos del inglés rara vez se encuentran en el español escrito. Esto, junto con su naturaleza lúdica e informal, puede haber contribuido a su aparente insignificancia en la investigación académica. El estudio examina casi mil ejemplos de estos anglicismos tomados de diversas fuentes para desentrañar su funcionamiento semántico en el español europeo actual. El análisis revela que su uso continuado a lo largo del tiempo se debe a su versatilidad y extraordinaria polisemia. También demuestra que, precisamente porque la investigación sobre los préstamos del inglés ha estado muy sesgada hacia el plano escrito, es probable que estos sean solo dos de tantos anglicismos añejos que aún quedan por estudiar.