Freshwater ecosystems in the tropical regions are facing significant threats due to anthropogenic disturbances and habitat alterations. Tropical freshwater habitats comprise a fraction of the Earth's water and surface and are crucial for biodiversity as they house 40% of global fish diversity. This study focused on the biodiversity and habitat utilization of dominant cyprinid fish species across 21 streams in the Western Ghats. Field assessments indicated varying habitat characteristics and preferences among cyprinid species, with shallow pools and slow riffles being important for fish reproduction and survival. Over 2,700 fishes were collected, and species such as Hypselobarbus and Puntius favoured specific habitat types based on size and ecological needs. The analysis of habitat features showed strong associations with fish density, thus highlighting the diverse stream conditions for fish populations. Conservation measures are critical for threatened cyprinid species, as overfishing poses a threat to their survival. The necessity for immediate action by competent authorities and conservationists is emphasized to protect the vital ecosystems having the diverse fish species which ensures freshwater biodiversity sustenance in the Western Ghats.

The use of satellite technology to retrieve Potential Fishing Zone (PFZ) data has revolutionized the fishing industry by providing real-time information to fishermen. By leveraging advanced technologies such as satellite remote sensing and data analytics, PFZs are identified based on oceanographic parameters like sea surface temperature (SST) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations. These PFZs highlight areas where fish are most abundant, allowing fishermen to optimize their efforts and focus on regions with higher fish concentrations. This targeted approach minimizes overfishing in less productive areas, promoting sustainable fishing practices. By integrating cutting-edge technologies and data analytics, this system not only enhances the fishing process but also contributes to environmental conservation by reducing the ecological impact of fishing activities.

Marine ecosystems are vital to the health of the planet, providing critical ecological, economic, and cultural services that sustain life on earth. This review underscores the ecological importance of marine biodiversity, analyses major threats like overfishing, pollution, and climate change, and proposes innovative solutions including satellite technology, AI, and interdisciplinary cooperation to safeguard marine ecosystems for sustainable development. Emphasizing on the interconnections between ocean health, environmental protection, and sustainable development, the study highlights innovative solutions such as sustainable fishing practices, marine habitat restoration, and advanced technologies for monitoring and conservation. The role of community engagement and public awareness in fostering sustainable marine management is also discussed. By synthesizing current knowledge and future prospects, this review underscores the urgent need for integrated global efforts to safeguard marine ecosystems and align their protection with the broader goals of sustainable development.

Aquatic insects’ biodiversity has enormous economic and aesthetic value and is largely responsible for maintaining and supporting overall aquatic environmental health. Aquatic insect biodiversity plays an important role in keeping freshwater ecosystems functioning properly. They are the best indicators for Bio assessment and the abiotic environment of the water body, directly affected by several factors, such as industrial pollution or anthropogenic activities. The brass industry in Moradabad regularly discharges the effluents into the Ramganga River. The water of the river Ramganga is highly polluted by the direct contamination of sewage and industrial effluents. Toxic heavy metals entering the environment may lead to bioaccumulation and biomagnification. The Class insects have many potential representatives that can be used as environmental bioindicators, among which are “from the” Odonata, “Diptera, Lepidoptera”, Hemiptera, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera, and Diptera (EPT&D) are aquatic insect species that are extremely sensitive to changes in water quality. The present study deals with the aquatic insect biodiversity and conservation challenges of the Ramganga River at Moradabad.

An extensive field survey was conducted to assess the seasonal incidence and ecological relationship of insect pests associated with Ber (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) plantations in the Solapur district of Maharashtra. The survey covered all 11 tehsils of the district, with four distinct Ber plantation sites selected in each tehsil. The study was carried out over a period of three years, from January 2022 to December 2024. Observations were primarily recorded during the rainy and winter seasons, which coincide with the fruiting phase of the crop. A total of 23 insect pest species were documented as being associated with Ber in the study area. Among these, six species were identified as major pests due to their significant impact on the crop, while the remaining 17 were categorized as minor pests. The present investigation highlights the diversity of insect pests infesting Ziziphus jujuba in the Solapur region and provides detailed insights into the nature and extent of damage caused by these pests.

The increasing demand for sustainable energy sources has directed attention toward bioethanol production from lignocellulosic waste. This study explores the valorisation of Rosa indicaflower waste as a potential feedstock for bioethanol production via submerged fermentation using yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiaeVBG3. A systematic statistical approach was applied to optimize the fermentation parameters. Initially, the Plackett–Burman design was employed to identify significant factors influencing ethanol yield. Among the screened parameters, fructose concentration, corn steep liquor (CSL), and substrate concentration were found to significantly enhance ethanol production. These variables were further optimized using Central Composite Design (CCD) under Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The optimal levels of the selected parameters yielded a maximum bioethanol concentration of 42.12 g/L. The findings underscore the efficacy of statistical optimization in enhancing bioethanol production from rose flower waste, offering a promising avenue for waste-to-energy bioconversion.

This study was carried out in the lath house of the Horticulture Department Nursery, College of Agriculture Engineering Sciences, Duhok University. Kurdistan region, Iraq, for the period from 5th 2024 to study the effect of different levels of Zn (0, 0.50 and 0.75) and different concentration of BA (0. 50, and 100) mgl-1 on some flowering and vase life of two cultivars of Zinnia plant. The results were as follows: The best results (fewest days) for the number of days from planting to bud emergence, and anthesis were obtained on Zinnia Lavanda (54.957 and 85.185) respectively. Also, these treatments were significantly superior in the other characteristics like flower stem length (cm), flower stem diameter (cm) and vase life (days) for Zinnia Lavanda cultivar reached (3.815 cm 8.169 cm 10.710 day) respectively. While the flower dry weight 1.429g and vase life 11.009 day was significantly increased when plant spraying with 0.75 % Zn compared with other treatments. The responses of the Zinnia plants to micro elements under study, significantly increased number of flowers per plant 4.389, flower stem diameter 0.437 cm, flower fresh weight 9.510 g and vase life 11.148 for the Zinnia Lavanda when spraying with 0.75% Zn compared to the control. While the maximum result about the flower stem length 87.310 cm, flower diameter 8.319 cm and flower dry weight 1.674 g for Zinnia rosso scarlatta when spraying with 0.75% Zn. Also, the best result of Zinnia Lavanda for number of flowers per plant, flower stem diameter, flower fresh weight and vase life (4.333, 0.405 cm, 10.462 g and 11.111 days) was obtained when the plant sprays with BA at (100 and 50) mgl-1 respectively compared with control and Zinnia rosso scarlatta. Maximum fresh flower weight (13.030 g) was recorded for plants grown in BA at 50 mgl-1+ 0.50% Zn treatment for the Zinnia Lavanda cultivar follow by 12.217g fresh flower weight for the same cultivar when spraying only 100 mgl-1 BA. Maximum dry flower weight (2.317 g) was recorded for Zinnia rosso scarlatta cultivar in control treatment. Maximum vase life (12.333 days) was recorded for Zinnia Lavanda cultivar in 0.75% Zn combined with 50 mgl-1 BA treatment.

Spiders are an abundant and species-rich taxon of generalist predators that can affect herbivore populations and ecosystem functioning in agroecosystems. The present study was focused on the diversity and abundance of agroecosystem-inhabiting spiders and their impact on insect pests of rice and wheat crops. The crop fields were visited weekly to record spider diversity by the all-out search, sweep net and the pitfall trap methods. Fourteen species of spiders and six species of insect herbivores were recorded in the rice and wheat cropping systems. The lynx spider, Oxyopes javanus and the web-making, Neoscona theisi and Tetragnatha javana were the ecologically dominant, arboreal species, while Pardosa sumatrana, an epigeal lycosid spider, was the dominant, ground-dwelling species, in both cropping systems. Furthermore, to highlight the impact of these four ecologically dominant species of spiders on insect pests of crops, We propose estimates of the biomass of annually killed insect pests. In the event of an anticipated abundant prey availability, the annual prey kills of these four spider species were estimated to be in the range of »3-8 kg (fresh weight) over the entire cultivated field (Area= 65 ha). The assessment of the estimated annual insect pests kill and the comparative impact of spider predation in the annual agroecosystems will help in expanding the approach of conservation biological control.