To determine the prevalence of eye diseases and utilization of dilated eye exams among a sample of American Indian (AI) individuals with type 2 diabetes. AI adults with type 2 diabetes utilizing health care at two reservation clinics were randomly sampled and recruited for interviewer-assisted paper surveys. The prevalence of eye diseases was compared across gender, age, income, and educational attainment. The prevalence of retinopathy, cataracts, macular degeneration, and glaucoma were 9.4%, 26.7%, 5.2%, and 10.6% respectively, and 59.2% reported past year dilated eye exams. Older participants were more likely to report cataracts (p < 0.001) and glaucoma (p = .003). Those with lower income were more likely to report cataracts (p = 0.001). Rates of self-reported eye diseases in this sample were higher, and dilated eye exams lower than other samples of the general United States population with diabetes, suggesting improvement can be made to improve the provision of care for AI individuals with type 2 diabetes.

We report three cases of proptosis, in children aged 6, 10 and 12. In all cases the first clinical, radiologic and ultrasonographic diagnosis was lymphangioma, while the final anatomopathological diagnosis was rhabdomyosarcoma. In presence of a rapidly worsening exophthalmos or eyelid swelling in a child, an early diagnosis is very important. Imaging techniques have a very important role in the diagnosis, but are often not conclusive and a excisional biopsy (if feasible) must always be considered.

Neuroendocrine tumors most frequently involve the gastrointestinal tract and bronchopulmonary system.Few cases of presumed primary neuroendocrine tumors in the orbit have been reported so far and most of the orbital cases are actually metastatic.We describe the unusual occurrence of this tumor in the orbit of a 16-year-old boy.The lesion was initially thought to be primary; however, the diagnosis of a metastatic orbital lesion was later supported by the histopathological appearance of his orbital biopsy, characteristic immunohistochemical profile and the presence of a primary mediastinal tumor.The patient did not have any symptoms suggestive of a carcinoid syndrome during the course of his disease.Unfortunately, tests showed lymph node involvement and distant metastatic lesions and he died from these a few months later while on palliative therapy.

Large discs are often associated with large cups; in order to exclude glaucomatous cupping a good objective tool is needed.The purpose of this study is to evaluate ocular coherence tomography (OCT) optic nerve head (ONH) parameters as indicators of ocular health in subjects with large discs.Eighty-one eyes of 53 healthy patients were evaluated; 46 eyes had large discs (disc area ≥2.6 mm 2 ) and 35 eyes had regular size discs (disc area <2.6 mm 2 ).All subjects underwent OCT.All ONH parameters were documented, including vertical integrated rim area (VIRA), horizontal integrated rim width (HIRW), rim area, cup area, cup-to-disc (CD) area ratio, horizontal cup to disc ratio (HCDR), vertical cup to disc ratio (VCDR), cup area topography, and cup volume.In addition, OCT retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) global mean thickness and four quadrants mean thicknesses were analyzed.All cup parameters were significantly higher in the large disc group compared to the normal disc group.The parameters estimating the rim varied between the groups: in the large disc group VIRA was significantly lower while HIRW was significantly higher, compared to the control group.Rim area was the only parameter with similar values in both groups (1.52±0.24mm 2 and 1.6±0.3mm 2 in the large and regular disc groups, respectively).Correlation analysis revealed significant positive association between disc area and cup parameters in the large disc group.In contrast, in the regular disc group, disc area was positively associated with rim parameters.Rim area might serve as an indicator for ocular health in large discs with large cups.