Recent evidence highlights a fundamental link between masticatory function and brain health. Once regarded solely as a peripheral motor activity for food processing and occlusal balance, mastication is now recognized as a key factor in maintaining and enhancing cognitive function across the lifespan. This narrative review was conducted using relevant keywords through searches in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, as well as manual searching of the bibliographies of journal articles. Basic research has shown that chewing stimulates neurogenesis in the hippocampus, resulting in increased neuronal and synaptic density, as well as the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which leads to improvements in memory and cognition. This effect has been documented in both animal and clinical research, particularly among the elderly, and is supported by data from national health programs, which indicate that adequate prosthodontic rehabilitation can help preserve cognitive function. Etiopathogenetic insights suggest that loss of posterior teeth, rather than overall tooth count, is particularly detrimental, as these teeth are essential for effective mastication. Proposed mechanisms involve exercise-induced myokines, such as Cathepsin B, and chewing-induced neprilysin production, which may mediate hippocampal neuroprotection. Collectively, these findings support a paradigm shift: mastication should be promoted as a preventive strategy for both oral and neural health. Public health efforts and clinical practices should integrate education on maintaining posterior dentition, promoting diets with adequate texture, and supporting prosthetic rehabilitation to sustain neuromuscular activity, thereby protecting cognitive function from early development through old age.