Abstract Bridges require data-driven management systems to ensure their prolonged operation, as such frameworks support the maintenance of transportation infrastructure. The entire lifecycle of a bridge depends on Geographic Information Systems (GIS), which utilize spatial analysis to perform essential functions. This review scrutinizes 600 publications indexed in Scopus from 2006 to 2023, aiming to investigate GIS applications in bridge management. The selection process was designed to be reproducible, utilizing searches within the Scopus database in January 2024 with the query TITLE-ABS-KEY ((“geographic information system*” OR GIS) AND bridge*), to retrieve relevant publications from titles, abstracts, and keywords. The focus was on peer-reviewed articles, reviews, and conference papers written in English within pertinent fields. The timeframe from 2006 to 2023 was selected due to its reflection of GIS technology’s evolution into an indispensable tool for civil infrastructure operations. VOSviewer software generated two types of networks, unveiling five thematic clusters: spatial data collection methods, geospatial analysis and decision-support systems, visualization techniques, Building Information Modeling (BIM), Structural Health Monitoring (SHM), and remote sensing integration. The results indicate a growing scholarly interest in bridge management, as evidenced by an increase in publications, and highlight leading researchers and institutions, alongside the expansion of international research collaborations. Moreover, the study identifies three significant knowledge gaps: AI-based spatial modeling, GNSS-based real-time monitoring, and IoT-based predictive maintenance systems. Currently, the literature lacks a dedicated bibliometric or scientometric analysis of GIS applications in bridge management, as most reviews concentrate on BIM–GIS or SHM systems rather than GIS-based workflows for bridge management. This research provides valuable insights into the intellectual landscape, while also emphasizing unexplored areas and proposing practical pathways to enhance bridge asset management through data-intensive methodologies.

Abstract The proposed research problem involves devising a complete numerical procedure for adjusting a distance-distance intersection. The objective of the problem is to find the optimum point of intersection for several circles, where the radii are the results of survey measurements. Two alternative methods are proposed: adjusting the radius lengths as indirect observations and adjusting the individual intersection point coordinates as direct pseudo-observations. Each method involves assessing the location accuracy of the intersected point. The derived equations were tested numerically on practical examples. The devised procedures will be integrated into an exhaustive numerical algorithm for diverse surveying problems that can be easily reduced to multiple distance-distance intersections.

Abstract The Precise Point Positioning (PPP) approach to GNSS observables is widely used for processing data from permanent stations, providing highly precise coordinates. However, the performance of PPP for observation sessions shorter than 24 h has not yet been thoroughly investigated in the case of multi-constellation acquisitions. In recent years, the PRIDE PPP-AR software package has been made freely available. Since it includes a graphical user interface (GUI) version that runs under Windows, it can also be easily used by technical surveyors aiming to process data acquired from a single GNSS receiver. This is particularly valuable for surveys conducted in areas lacking dense geodetic infrastructures or reliable augmentation services. In this paper, based on a wide and consistent dataset, the coordinate precision obtained from observation sessions ranging from 30 min to 24 h processed with PRIDE PPP-AR is analyzed. In addition to multi-constellation GNSS data (GPS + Galileo + GLONASS + BeiDou), independent GPS-only and Galileo-only processing was also evaluated. Furthermore, the reliability of the formal errors provided by the software was examined, as these represent the only available information for assessing coordinate quality in surveys that lack geometric redundancy. While several online PPP services already exist, PRIDE PPP-AR overcomes common limitations related to the number of processed files and the choice of GNSS constellations. The results show that two-hour observation sessions can reliably achieve horizontal coordinate accuracy within 2 cm and vertical accuracy within 5 cm, whereas 30-minute sessions are suitable for applications requiring 5–10 cm accuracy.