Abstract Introduction: To evaluate the salivary cytokine profiles in patients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) and compare them to healthy controls, focusing on the levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and to explore the correlation between these cytokine levels and the clinical features of OPMDs. Materials and Methods: Our study included 60 participants, of whom 30 had clinically diagnosed OPMDs, while the other 30 were healthy controls. The participants were asked to provide saliva for assessment of cytokine levels to be used for the study. In total, 5 cytokines were assessed for the study, which were tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-1β, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and IL-10, and were analysed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In OPMDs, the relationship between the clinical features and the level of the cytokines was analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and the regression analytical methods. Results: The OPMD group had statistically higher levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β compared to the healthy controls ( P < 0.05). On the other hand, OPMD group levels of TGF-β were statistically significantly lower ( P < 0.01), while IL-10 levels had no statistically significant difference ( P = 0.25). Positive correlation of pro-inflammatory cytokines with clinical features such as lesion size and severity was observed ( P < 0.05). Changes in pro-inflammatory cytokines in relation to treatment, along with elevated TGF-β levels, suggest a plausible role of cytokines in tracking disease progress and response to therapy. Conclusions: Salivary cytokines like TNF-α, IL-6 and TGF-β serve as effective, non-invasive biomarkers for early detection, monitoring and improved management of OPMDs.

Abstract Introduction: Augmentation of the alveolar ridge is one of the basic procedures in implant dentistry. It is essentially raising the ridge to accommodate dental implants. Ridge deficiency correction can be achieved using various methods, including guided bone regeneration (GBR), bone block grafting and synthetic/alloplastic grafting. This evaluates the effects of these procedures on the stability of implants, fit of prosthesis and volume of bone. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 individuals were enrolled in this prospective controlled study, and three augmentation techniques (GBR group, bone block group and synthetic graft group) were evaluated. Implant stability was evaluated by means of resonance frequency analysis, and bone volume and quality were radiographically assessed. Fit of the prosthesis was also assessed by clinical inspections and patients’ comments. One week, 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery, follow-ups were performed to monitor clinical and radiographic results. Results: The GBR group’s mean implant stability values surpassed all others. Moreover, they enjoyed the best-prosthesis fit, with 91% of participants indicating that the fit was ‘excellent.’ The GBR group also demonstrated significantly greater volumes and quality of bone, averaging 3.5 mm of bone height and 4.2 mm bone width gain. The bone block grafting and synthetic grafting groups demonstrated some moderate advancement in implant stability and bone volume, yet their outcomes were still below those of GBR. Conclusion: This study showed that GBR offers the highest benefit for alveolar ridge augmentation concerning implant stability, prosthesis adaptation and bone quality. The synthetic graft and bone block gave positive results.

Abstract The occlusal plane itself is an important guiding element in the prosthodontic treatment with complete dentures. Its ideal placement is crucial to functional competence, aesthetic congruence and patient comfort. Incorrect arrangement of the occlusal plane results in a mélange of difficulties such as compromised chewing, unsatisfactory appearance, speech impairment and instability of complete denture. This is analysed from the perspective of both classical and modern approaches, incorporating digital technologies. In the review, several methods, including anatomical landmarks and cephalometric analysis through the recent digital technology used by prosthodontists to determine the occlusal plane in edentulous patients, are discussed. Precision in establishing a correct occlusal plane leads to better masticatory performance, aesthetics, phonetics and denture stability. Classical measures, such as anatomical landmarks (e.g., Camper’s plane and interpupillary line), are still commonly used. Digital technologies such as computer-aided design and intraoral scanners also provide better precision, albeit involving considerable investment. The occlusal plane is essential for ensuring a denture’s function, aesthetics and long-term success. Its accurate placement requires a blend of traditional anatomical landmarks and modern digital innovations tailored to each patient. Ultimately, clinical excellence depends on balancing these technical methods with a personalised, patient-centred approach.

Introduction: Dental implants have become a popular choice for replacing missing teeth, supported by advancements in implant materials, surgical techniques, and prosthetic innovations. However, implant longevity remains influenced by various factors such as patient health, bone quality, surgical expertise, implant selection, and post-operative maintenance. The aim of this study was to evaluate dentists’ knowledge, interest, and clinical consideration regarding implant longevity and how these factors influence treatment planning and patient communication. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional quantitative survey was conducted among 300 dentists with a minimum of two years of experience in implant-related practice. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire assessing demographics, knowledge, factors affecting implant survival, clinical practices, and continuing education related to implantology. Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses, including Chi-square, t-test, analysis of variance, and Spearman correlation, were performed. Results: The results showed that 85% of dentists were aware of the factors affecting implant longevity. However, only 60% of dentists routinely discussed these factors with patients, and 55% had formal training in implantology. The key determinants recognized for implant longevity included patient health, implant type, bone quality, and post-operative care. Statistical tests showed no significant relationship between knowledge or behaviors related to implant longevity and dentists’ age, specialty, or years of practice, indicating uniformity across demographic groups. Conclusion: The findings suggest a stagnation in continuing education and an inconsistent focus on long-term implant outcomes in clinical practice. Strengthening professional training, particularly in long-term maintenance and patient education, could improve implant success rates and overall treatment outcomes.

Introduction: Tooth enamel, the hardest tissue in the human body, protects teeth from harmful substances and bacteria but is prone to wear and erosion. Restorative materials such as ceramics and composites help restore function but can alter bite alignment and increase sensitivity. Understanding tribology – the study of friction and wear – helps improve dental materials. Advances in nanotechnology enhance restoration durability, ensuring better patient outcomes and overall oral health. Materials and Methods: This study is composed of four groups: one control against antagonist tooth, one with metal alloy against tooth structure, one with lithium disilicate against tooth structure, one with zirconia against tooth structure. Results: The results showed a comparison of colour stability after three body wear tests amongst four groups. Group A had a mean of 102.57 ± 3.42; Group B, 76.36 ± 1.69; Group C, 65.57 ± 1.90 and Group D, 80.13 ± 1.31. It was concluded that the least changes were seen in Group C, while the highest changes were observed in Group A. Another result showed a comparison of surface roughness after three body wear tests amongst the same four groups. The mean value in Group A was 0.71; Group B, 0.60; Group C, 0.73 and Group D, 0.66. Group C had the highest mean score, followed by Group A, Group D and Group B, which had the lowest. No significant difference was observed between the groups ( P = 0.27). Conclusions: It can be concluded that novel nanoparticles prove to reduce enamel wear after tribofilm in all test antagonist tooth structures using different restorative materials.

Abstract Introduction: Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are common musculoskeletal conditions affecting the masticatory system, leading to pain and restricted jaw movement. Various conservative modalities such as transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS), low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and ultrasound heat therapy (UST) have shown potential in symptom management. However, direct comparative evidence on their relative efficacy remains limited. Materials and Methods: A prospective randomised study was conducted on 48 patients diagnosed with TMDs, who were equally divided into three groups: UST ( n = 16), LLLT ( n = 16) and TENS ( n = 16). Each participant underwent eight treatment sessions administered twice weekly. Pain intensity was assessed using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and maximum mouth opening (MMO) was measured with a vernier calliper. Data normality was checked using the Shapiro–Wilk test. Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) evaluated intragroup changes, while one-way ANOVA with post hoc tests compared intergroup differences at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: All three therapies produced significant improvements in pain reduction and MMO. LLLT demonstrated the greatest effectiveness (VAS: 0.5 ± 1.26; MMO: 40.4 ± 4.02 mm), followed by TENS (VAS: 2.38 ± 1.93; MMO: 38.25 ± 3.44 mm) and UST (VAS: 2.63 ± 1.89; MMO: 36.19 ± 5.62 mm). The differences between LLLT and the other two modalities were statistically significant ( P < 0.05). Conclusion: All non-invasive therapies improved pain and jaw function in TMD patients, but LLLT produced superior outcomes compared to TENS and UST. Hence, LLLT may be considered the preferred conservative treatment for TMD management, with TENS and UST serving as effective alternatives.

Abstract Introduction: Scaling and root planing (SRP) stands as the established standard for treating periodontal conditions, despite facing limitations such as difficulty accessing deep pockets and furcations, and fully eradicating specific pathogens. To address these challenges and improve treatment outcomes, researchers have explored various local adjunctive antimicrobial agents and irrigants to complement non-surgical approaches. Recent dental research has increasingly focused on injectable platelet-rich fibrin (i-PRF) as a promising therapy to stimulate tissue regeneration. This study’s objective was to assess the effectiveness of using i-PRF and chlorhexidine (CHX) as an adjunct to promote the healing of deep periodontal pockets. Materials and Methods: This study utilised a split-mouth design wherein 140 deep periodontal pockets (≥5 mm) were randomly allocated to receive either SRP + i-PRF (intervention group) or SRP + CHX (comparison group). Clinical assessments were conducted before treatment and 3 months post-treatment, followed by statistical analysis of the collected data. Results: Clinical assessments indicated notable enhancements with both treatment approaches. The average pocket depth (PPD) reduction and clinical attachment loss (CAL) gain were notably greater in the test group compared to the control group after 3 months ( P < 0.0001). Conclusion: Using i-PRF alongside traditional SRP in a non-surgical approach could significantly enhance periodontal clinical indicators, as it contains various growth factors that facilitate tissue regeneration and stimulate fibroblast activity.

Abstract Tobacco use remains a leading cause of preventable morbidity and mortality worldwide, with India facing a particularly high burden. Traditional tobacco cessation methods often encounter limitations, such as high relapse rates and a lack of user engagement. Virtual reality (VR) emerges as a novel, immersive tool that addresses these challenges by simulating real-world smoking scenarios, enabling users to build coping mechanisms, manage cravings, and experience the physiological impact of tobacco. VR enhances behavioural therapies, such as the 5A’s and 5R’s, through interactive exposure, education, and real-time feedback. It is especially effective for adolescents and tech-savvy users, offering personalised, scalable, and engaging interventions. By visualising the consequences of tobacco use and the benefits of quitting, VR motivates sustained behavioural change. As digital health becomes more integrated into public wellness programs, VR has the potential to revolutionise tobacco cessation strategies, making them more impactful and widely accessible.

Abstract Introduction: Functionalised carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are explored for their ability to enhance scaffold properties without compromising biocompatibility. This systematic review assesses studies on functionalised CNTs in periodontal tissue regeneration, synthesising evidence on their effectiveness in managing periodontitis and periimplantitis. Materials and Methods: Between March 2014 and April 2024, a comprehensive mixedmatch search was carried out using PubMed, PubMed Advanced, Scopus, The Cochrane Library (CDSR, CENTRAL and DARE) and Thomson Reuters Web of Science. The selected eight studies were assessed for quality using the risk of bias 2 (ROB2) tool. Results: From the 8 included studies, data regarding the subsequent parameters was taken out. Data extraction of included studieds was done along with risk of bias assessment. Conclusion: This study presents an overview of the use of functionalised and nonfunctionalised nanotubes as delivery routes for bioactive compounds and medications, as well as the functionalisation of these nanotubes to support periodontal regeneration.

Abstract Introduction: Diatoms, unicellular algae encased in silica shells, serve as highly sensitive bioindicators for water quality. Industrial sources of heavy metal pollution have a significant impact on the community. Because metal-induced alteration can make medical legal interpretation more difficult and affect the precision of investigation, this is important for forensics, because diatoms aid in locating drowning victims. Materials and Methods: Standardised laboratory settings were used to preserve the diatom samples that were taken from the Kasana River. For a duration of 15 days, each experimental group was exposed to 1 ppm of manganese, magnesium, lead and arsenic. Metal accumulation with diatom cells was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, while morphological alterations were examined under an optical microscope. To assess the statistically significant variations in metal uptake and diatom viability over time, independent t -tests and repeated measures ANOVA were performed. Results: For each element examined, a time-dependent increase in metal accumulation was observed. Arsenic caused the most severe morphological defects, especially in frustule structure and demonstrated the highest uptake (0.59) among them. On the other hand, magnesium and manganese produced considerable absorption and discernible structural alteration, while lead had the least amount of intracellular accumulation. The type of morphological changes differs according to the metal in question. Conclusion: In conclusion, arsenic exhibited the most significant toxicity, likely due to its potential for absorption and interference with phosphate-dependent functions. These results lend credence to the use of diatoms as sensitive indicators of environmental contaminants and could be helpful in forensic analysis of aquatic pollution.