Abstract MXenes have emerged as promising candidates for flexible and printed energy storage systems due to their metallic electrical conductivity and hydrophilicity. However, their practical application is severely hindered by the restacking of delaminated sheets and rapid oxidative degradation under ambient or elevated temperatures. To address these critical challenges, we propose a strategy using redox-active 0D manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) nanoparticles decorated on 2D MXene sheets to serve as effective oxygen scavengers. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses confirm that MnO 2 preferentially interacts with oxygen species, thereby significantly mitigating the oxidation of the MXene backbone. Furthermore, by incorporating 1D silver nanowires (AgNWs) to optimize ink rheology and conductivity, we developed a 0D/1D/2D hybrid ink capable of direct ink writing (DIW) 3D printing without the need for additional metal current collectors. The resulting fully printed asymmetric supercapacitor exhibited a high areal capacitance of 565.1 mF cm − 2 and an areal energy density of 0.2 mWh cm − 2 . Notably, the device demonstrated exceptional durability with 98.52% capacitance retention after 10,000 charge-discharge cycles and maintained stable electrochemical performance across a wide temperature range from 10 to 50 °C. This work presents a robust solution for overcoming the intrinsic instability of MXenes, paving the way for reliable, high-performance flexible electronics.

Abstract Iron-doped Carbon-based nanoparticles (Fe-CBNs) are emerging as highly versatile platforms for precision oncology by integrating catalytic, magnetic, optical, and immunomodulatory functions within a single construct. This review first outlines the fundamentals of Fe incorporation into graphitic and amorphous carbon matrices, emphasizing how iron speciation, heteroatom (e.g., N) co-doping, and carbon architecture tune electronic structure, surface polarity, and redox microenvironments. We then survey key synthetic routes, including biomass pyrolysis, plasma, sol–gel, chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal and microwave-assisted methods that afford precise control over core–shell morphology, pore structure, and Fe–N–C active sites. These structural attributes underpin unique properties relevant to cancer therapy including enhanced Fenton/Fenton-like catalysis for chemodynamic therapy, efficient near-infrared photothermal conversion, robust magnetic responsiveness for targeting and hyperthermia, high drug-loading capacity, and multimodal MRI/fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging. Mechanistic sections detail how Fe-CBNs exploit the acidic, H₂O₂-rich tumor microenvironment to generate reactive oxygen species, trigger ferroptosis and apoptosis, and amplify heat-induced cytotoxicity under alternating magnetic fields or light irradiation. We further describe their roles as smart drug carriers, and as immunomodulators that repolarize tumor-associated macrophages, inhibit epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and synergize with chemotherapy and immune checkpoint blockade. Finally, we discuss translational challenges and future opportunities, including stimuli-responsive and ligand-targeted designs, logic-gated therapeutic cascades, and machine-learning-guided materials optimization. The evidence positions Fe-CBNs as promising next-generation theranostic nanoplatforms capable of uniting chemodynamic therapy, photothermal/photodynamic and magnetic hyperthermia, ferroptosis induction, drug delivery, immunotherapy, and image guidance within integrated, patient-tailored cancer treatments. Graphical Abstract

Abstract Amorphization engineering of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has recently emerged as a promising approach, yielding a semi-crystalline state rich in defect sites that improves the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) efficiency in the anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE). While reversible electrochemical reconstruction of MOFs is conducive to sustaining long-term OER durability, relevant studies remain scarce. Herein, we report the targeted design of reversible and reconfigurable amorphous metal-organic framework (aMOF) electrocatalysts via a mild semi-sacrificial template approach. The resulting materials, denoted as (αFe)FeNi-aMOF/INF, exhibited abundant defect sites and ultrathin nanosheet morphology. The (1.2Fe)FeNi-aMOF/INF catalyst demonstrated markedly enhanced OER behavior, needing only 249 mV to provide a current density equal to 100 mA cm − 2 , thus displaying superior performance compared to numerous other advanced electrocatalysts. Notably, the reversible surface reconstruction of aMOF into the catalytically active γ -NiFeOOH phase was validated through multi-cycle experimental evaluations. The transformation in the electronic configuration of Fe sites, identified as in the genuine active centers on the surface of defect γ -NiFeOOH/aMOF, was corroborated by operando Raman spectroscopy, operando FT-IR spectroscopy, in situ Bode analysis, and X-ray absorption spectra, complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. In addition, the constructed AEMWE device reached 1000 mA cm − 2 at 80 °C while maintaining a low cell voltage equal to 1.90 V. These findings offer new conceptual viewpoints on preparing aMOFs and on the mechanistic basis of OER catalysis, guiding the deliberate development of efficient OER materials for AEMWE applications. Graphical abstract

Abstract The application of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites in aggressive marine concrete environments was restricted because of the bottleneck of low interlayer shear strength and poor alkali corrosion resistance. In this study, a dual biomimetic approach is proposed to engineer hybrid FRP composites with synergistic nanointerfaces and macro-scale fiber networks, inspired by the superhydrophobic structure of lotus leaves and the gradient vascular bundles of bamboo. This design uses tetraethyl orthosilicate - polymethylhydrosiloxane (TEOS - PMHS) - modified graphite / carbon nanotubes as hydrophobic nanofillers in the epoxy matrix, and also a bamboo - mimetic gradient arrangement of carbon / glass fibers. The produced biomimetically - engineered FRP (BE - FRP) bars have an interlaminar shear strength of 75.4 MPa and maintain 80.5% of their strength after 120 days in seawater sea-sand concrete (SWSC) solution at 60 ℃ - which is a 280% increase in shear strength and 160% higher retention ratio than conventional GFRP bars. These improvements are attributed to multi - scale interfacial synergies: nano - scale hydrophobic barriers prevent corrosive ion ingress and strengthen the cohesive strength between the epoxy resins and fibers, while the gradient fiber network suppresses crack propagation through mechanical interlocking and stress redistribution. This biomimetic hybridization approach offers a general paradigm for the design of next - generation composites that overcome multiple property trade - offs in extreme environment.