To compare the length staining of the radial, ulnar, median, and musculocutaneous nerves (RUMM) in rat cadavers using one of two ultrasound-guided injection approaches: medial (MA) and lateral (LA). Prospective, experimental, randomized cadaveric study. A group of ten frozen-thawed adult Wistar rat cadavers. Ultrasound-guided proximal RUMM injections were performed using a volume of 0.1 mL of a bupivacaine-dye solution, divided between two injection sites: within the neurovascular sheath [radial, ulnar, and median (RUM) nerves] and near the musculocutaneous nerve. For LA (n = 10 rats, 10 limbs), a linear transducer was positioned over the triceps region at the proximal third of the brachium, oriented perpendicular to the humerus's longitudinal axis, with the needle advanced from caudal to cranial. For MA (n = 10 rats, 10 limbs), the transducer was aligned perpendicular to the proximal humeral head, with the needle introduced from caudal to cranial. Anatomical dissections were performed and length of nerve staining was measured. Data were analyzed using paired two-tailed t-tests for parametric data with significance set at p < 0.05. In both approaches, complete staining of RUM nerves within the neurovascular sheath was achieved. The MA resulted in significantly greater dye spread (10.4 ± 1.0 mm) than the LA (6.7 ± 1.7 mm, 95% confidence interval 2.1-5.3) (p < 0.001). All musculocutaneous nerves were stained in MA {5.0 mm [interquartile range (IQR): 4.8-6.0 mm]}, while one nerve was unstained in LA [5.5 mm (IQR: 5.0-6.0 mm)], with no observable differences between them. The MA achieved greater dye spread length along the RUM nerves and similar spread length of the musculocutaneous nerve compared with the LA. Further studies are necessary to assess the application in live rats.

To determine the incidence of intra-anesthetic hyperglycemia and identify associated risk factors in nondiabetic dogs undergoing general anesthesia. Retrospective, single-center cohort study. A total of 400 client-owned, nondiabetic dogs anesthetized for surgical or diagnostic procedures between May and December 2024. Medical records were reviewed to collect data on patient characteristics, anesthetic management and intra-anesthetic blood glucose concentrations measured via arterial blood gas analysis. Hyperglycemia was defined as blood glucose > 180 mg dL-1 (10 mmol L-1) and severe hyperglycemia as > 300 mg dL-1 (16.7 mmol L-1). Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent associated factors of hyperglycemia. Intra-anesthetic hyperglycemia occurred in 14.8% (59/400) of dogs, and severe hyperglycemia was observed in 4.3% (17/400). Multivariable logistic regression identified the following independent risk factors for hyperglycemia: preanesthetic fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg dL-1 (5.6 mmol L-1) [odds ratio (OR) 4.40, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.98-9.79, p < 0.001], American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (ASA status) ≥ 3 (OR 2.78, 95% CI: 1.18-6.54, p = 0.019), medetomidine use (OR 4.62, 95% CI: 1.03-20.75, p = 0.046), undergoing surgery (OR 3.09, 95% CI: 1.21-7.85, p = 0.018), intra-anesthetic hypothermia < 36 °C (OR 3.09, 95% CI: 1.29-7.38, p = 0.011), dopamine (OR 22.75, 95% CI: 9.36-55.33, p < 0.001) and norepinephrine use (OR 4.63, 95% CI: 1.76-12.20, p = 0.002), with dopamine showing the strongest association. Intra-anesthetic hyperglycemia occurred in nondiabetic dogs, with specific risk factors identified: elevated preanesthetic fasting glucose, ASA status ≥ 3, medetomidine use, surgery, intra-anesthetic hypothermia, dopamine and norepinephrine use. Patients with these risk factors may be predisposed to hyperglycemia, highlighting the importance of intra-anesthetic glucose monitoring.