Abstract Background: Lifetime cancer risk is an index that indicates the cumulative probability of cancer at some age during a person’s lifetime. Nevertheless, comparative evaluations regarding the probability of developing lung cancer and dying from the disease among diverse populations at the global, regional, and national levels are scarce. Methods: Lung cancer data from 185 countries were obtained from GLOBOCAN 2022, and data on any other cause of death were acquired from the United Nations. The lifetime risks of lung cancer development and death were estimated using adjustment for multiple primary cancers (AMP) method. The lung cancer risks in countries or regions worldwide were compared by region and the Human Development Index (HDI). Results: The global lifetime risk of developing and dying from lung cancer in 2022 was 3.49% and 2.69%, respectively. The lifetime probabilities of developing lung cancer in countries/areas with low, medium, high, and very high HDIs were 0.33%, 0.95%, 4.72%, and 5.29%, and dying from lung cancer in low, medium, high and very high HDI countries were 0.30%, 0.86%, 3.69% and 3.92%, respectively. After the age of 40 years, the remaining probability of lung cancer development and death decreased with age, leaving a residual risk of 2.00% and 1.71%, respectively, starting at 70 years. Conclusions: The probability of developing lung cancer during one’s lifetime is equivalent to 1 in 28 and 1 in 37 people suffering and dying from lung cancer. The age-related risk of developing and dying of lung cancer varies among geographic locations with different HDIs.

Efferocytosis refers to the process that phagocytes recognize and remove the apoptotic cells, which is essential for maintaining tissue homeostasis both in physiological and pathological conditions. Numerous studies have demonstrated that efferocytosis can prevent secondary necrosis and proinflammatory factor release, leading to the resolution of inflammation and tissue immunological tolerance in numerous diseases such as stroke. Stroke is a leading cause of death and morbidity for adults worldwide. Persistent inflammation triggered by the dead cells or cell debris is a major contributor to post-stroke brain damage. Effective efferocytosis might be an efficient strategy to minimize inflammation and restore brain homeostasis for neuronal regeneration and function recovery. In this review, we will discuss the phagocytes in the brain, the molecular mechanisms underlying efferocytosis, the role of efferocytosis in inflammation resolution, and the potential therapeutic applications targeting efferocytosis in stroke.

Lung cancer is one of the most lethal tumors in the world with a 5-year overall survival rate of less than 20%, mainly including lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). Tumor microenvironment (TME) has become a new research focus in the treatment of lung cancer. The TME is heterogeneous in composition and consists of cellular components, growth factors, proteases, and extracellular matrix. The various cellular components exert a different role in apoptosis, metastasis, or proliferation of lung cancer cells through different pathways, thus contributing to the treatment of adenocarcinoma and potentially facilitating novel therapeutic methods. This review summarizes the research progress on different cellular components with cell-cell interactions in the TME of LUAD, along with their corresponding drug candidates, suggesting that targeting cellular components in the TME of LUAD holds great promise for future theraputic development.