article: Comparison of acute hematologic responses of blood flow restriction training and resistance training in male fitness atheletes - Medicina dello Sport 2022 December;75(4):529-45 - Minerva Medica - Journals

Exercise induced laryngeal prolapse closely mimics exercise induced asthma (EIA) and exercise induced vocal cord dysfunction. Patients with exercise induced laryngeal prolapse (EILP) present with dyspnea and chest tightness during exercise. However, these symptoms are due to a subtotal occlusion of the larynx resulting from mucosal edema prolapsing from the aryepiglottic folds into the endolarynx. On visualization with laryngoscopy, abnormal movement of the arytenoid region is visualized. We describe six elite atheletes referred to our center with refractory EIA despite maximal asthma therapy including bronchodilators, inhaled corticosteroids and leukotriene antagonists. Spirometry after exercise with flow-volume loops revealed a truncation of the inspiratory limb and a typical pattern of variable extrathoracic obstruction. Subsequently fiberoptic laryngoscopy during maximal exertion - coinciding with the onset of severe respiratory distress (extreme dyspnea and audible stridor), revealed edema and collapse of the aryepiglottic folds anteriorly over the vocal cords. The prolapsed edemtous tissue partially obscured vision of the vocal cords and resulted in glottic obstruction. EILP is an important differential diagnosis to EIA and exercise induced vocal cord dysfunction. Evaluation of laryngeal motion in patients with refractory EIA is important as surgical correction utilizing laser laryngoplasty can “cure” their condition. This entails removing superfluous supraglottic mucosal tissue in the aryepiglottic folds. Four of the athletes underwent laser laryngoplasty and remain symptom-free. They are again able to perform at “gold medal” levels in their respective sports.

The concept of attachment is very close to psychoanalytical concept of the objectal relations, with difference that the latter is built on fantasies, whereas attachment is built on real experiences. Various brain imaging studies of mother–infant interactions have identified hypothalamic–limbic–paralimbic–cortical circuits as the neurobiological basis of attachment. Mary Ainsworth initially distinguished three types of attachment: “secure” attachment, “insecure avoidant” attachment, and insecure ambivalent or resistant attachment. Paternal behavior can be predicted from a variety of the variables: psychological, marital, sociocultural and parental. Sibling relationships have long been a neglected area of research in developmental psychology. The DSM-IV distinguishes two types of reactive attachment disorders: inhibited attachment, and uninhibited attachment. The effect of attachment on risk taking is observed in its interaction with the individual's biological functioning.

Editor's note Attachment problems can be divided into two broad categories. First, attachment insecurity and disorganization characterize patterns of child/caregiver relationship that represent risk factors for later psychopathology. Second, so-called attachment disorders are categorical disorders of disrupted attachment usually associated with early social deprivation, neglect or maltreatment. These latter include both disinhibited attachment disorder, which reveals itself in indiscriminate sociability, and inhibited attachment disorder. In cases of attachment insecurity, various forms of intervention with parents appear to have effectiveness in increasing parental sensitivity but their impact on attachment per se is less clear cut. These interventions appear to work best when they are relatively brief and specifically target caregiver sensitivity. In more severe cases, especially those involving attachment disorder, interventions may require placement of the children in adoptive homes. ‘Holding therapy’ lacks empirical support and may pose serious risk to children. Introduction Child attachment refers to particular key characteristics of the relationship between child and specific caregiver that are known to be strongly associated with social development and mental health. Research on normative patterns of attachment in infancy find that attachment insecurity (including ‘disorganization’) is a relative psychosocial risk factor for later development and is best conceptualized as a developmental risk variable on Axis V of a multiaxial classification (Green & Goldwyn, 2002). Two less common forms of developmental disturbance associated with severe disruption or absence of early attachment relationships are recognized as Axis 1 clinical disorders in both DSM and ICD systems, although neither has yet received robust empirical validation.

This paper examines the medicalisation of attachment and attachment disorders. It argues that there was a shift in the form of medicalisation of attachment with significant implications for the regulation of the family. In the 1930s and 1940s, the medicalisation of attachment focused on the identification and treatment of attachment disorders in children and by extension, their mothers. While mothers were held responsible for the attachment disorders in their children, their parental difficulties were often linked to factors outside of their control such as difficult childhoods or impoverished circumstances. As a result, mothers were not held morally responsible for their failings but were instead referred for psycho-medical treatment. More recently, there was a shift to medicalising attachment as both a risk and protective factor. Through the use of the techniques of surveillance medicine, individuals were classified with secure or insecure attachment. As a result, attachment was viewed as precarious. More importantly, secure attachment status was connected to the later academic and social success of children. Consequently, there was a greater emphasis on parents, particularly mothers, monitoring themselves in the promotion of secure attachment in their children.

The present study examined the interplay of attachment to God, attachment to mother, and attachment to father with respect to adjustment (hope, self-esteem, depression) for 130 early and 106 middle adolescents in Singapore. Results showed that the parental attachments were generally linked (in expected directions) to adjustment. God attachment, however, had unique results. At the bivariate level, God attachment was only linked to early adolescents' self-esteem. When considered together with parental attachments (including interactions), God attachment did not emerge as the key moderator in attachment interactions and yielded some unexpected results (e.g., being positively linked to depression). These results are discussed viz-a-viz the secure base and safe haven functions that God and parental attachments may play during adolescence.

This chapter begins with Bowlby’s theoretical work in the 1940s and 1950s and the evolution of attachment theory. Ainsworth’s seminal empirical research in the 1960s and 1970s, introducing the concepts of attachment security and caregiver sensitivity, is then discussed. This early theoretical and empirical research on infant attachment is evaluated in light of key findings published in the intervening years. Current views on factors predicting attachment security are presented, focusing on parental state of mind with regard to attachment, the quality of infant–parent interaction, aspects of the social environment, and child-centered factors. The chapter concludes with a summary of important questions on attachment that remain unanswered.

Abstract The subject of this chapter is the relation between the attachment bond that children form with their parents in the early years of life and the development of theory of mind. The chapter begins with a discussion of attachment per se, including methods of assessment, developmental changes, and the nature of individual differences in the attachment relationship. Links between attachment and theory of mind are then explored as a function of the way in which attachment is measured, the particular theory-of-mind ability in question, and whether relations are examined within or across time. Also discussed are possible causal bases for relations between attachment and theory of mind.

Adolescence is a period marked by major transformations in youth's relationships with adult caregivers, close friends, and romantic partners. Attachment theory and research have provided ways of conceptualizing and measuring the quality of these relationships and their continuing influence on adolescents' personality and developmental pathways. This article provides a summary of research on adolescent attachment. Areas covered include individual differences in attachment-related aspects of adolescent personality; the emergence of new attachment bonds with close friends and romantic partners; ways that adolescents organize relationships with multiple attachment figures; and links between attachment relationships, psychosocial adjustment, and psychopathology.

Abstract Attachment, originally studied in psychological literature, represents the emotional bond between a person and a specific figure. In a wider perspective, attachment goes beyond relations between individuals and affects the relationships consumers form with objects around them, such as products, preferred things, celebrities, and, most of all, brands. As those who are closely attached to a person are more disposed to commit themselves, to invest in and make sacrifices for that person, similarly, attachment to a brand can reveal consumers' loyalty and will to make financial sacrifices in order to get that product. Besides an emotional component, characterized by the dimensions of affection, passion and connection (emotional attachment), and a material component, which is connected with possessiveness, nongenerosity and envy (material attachment), brand attachment can also have a spiritual dimension, a bond consisting, on the one hand, in repetitive behaviors (purchase habits) and adherence to shared values and, on the other, in the appreciation of hedonic features in purchases, connected with the reliable recognition of their being far‐sighted, which is a delight to talk of and diffuse (fervid attachment).