In nuclear elastic scattering analyses, the nearside–farside decomposition is widely used. This method can decompose the elastic scattering amplitude into nearside and farside components, corresponding to positive and negative deflection angles, respectively. In addition to this approach, other decomposition methods are also available. The shadow–surface decomposition can split the elastic scattering amplitude into shadow and surface components, which represent the scattering on an absorbing nonreflecting target via Coulomb potential and the scattering in the surface region, respectively. In this work, the combined nearside–farside and shadow–surface decomposition were developed to analyze the features of the angular distribution patterns. This combined decomposition provides an approach to express the refraction-modified two-slit diffraction picture of nuclear scattering. The shadow scattering and the surface one were shown to represent the two-slit diffraction and the refractive modification, respectively. The elastic scattering of [Formula: see text] at 1503[Formula: see text]MeV was taken as the test example, for which two shallow-/deep-W ambiguous optical potentials were utilized. The shadow–surface and nearside–farside decompositions were performed for this colliding system, respectively. For the shadow and surface components, each was further decomposed into the nearside and farside contributions. The diffraction patterns exhibited in the shadow and surface components were then explained as the interference between their nearside and farside contributions. Simultaneously, the nearside and farside components were also separated into shadow and surface contributions, where the surface refractive modification shows opposite behaviors for the two components.

Neutron–proton pairing correlations occupy a central position in nuclear structure physics. While like–particle pairing between neutrons or protons in the isovector (T = 1) channel is firmly established and accounts for many systematic features of nuclear spectra, the role of neutron–proton correlations, particularly in the isoscalar (T = 0) channel, remains a subject of ongoing debate in both experiment and theory. In this review we examine the theoretical foundations and current understanding of neutron–proton pairing, beginning with the conceptual distinctions among several phenomena that are often conflated in the literature: the residual neutron–proton interaction, isovector pairing correlations, and possible isoscalar pairing condensates. We discuss how these different forms of correlation emerge in the shell–model framework and how they are represented in BCS mean–field approaches. Special attention is given to the pedagogical aspects of single-j pairing models, algebraic approaches, as well as the shell-model-like exact pairing diagonalization algorithms, which provide valuable benchmarks for understanding the limitations of mean–field descriptions and the interplay between isovector and isoscalar pairing channels. We also review experimental signatures that have been proposed as evidence for neutron–proton pairing, including spectroscopic patterns in N ≈ Z nuclei, mass systematics, and transfer reactions, and discuss the extent to which these observations support or challenge current theoretical interpretations. The review highlights both the progress achieved in clarifying the mechanisms of neutron–proton correlations and the major open questions that remain, particularly regarding the existence and manifestation of collective T = 0 pairing modes in finite nuclei. Finally, a practical computational scheme for the exact diagonalization of neutron–proton pairing is presented.

The complexity of nuclear interactions between heavy targets and projectiles can be effectively elucidated using the optical model. The phenomenological optical model usually adopts a Woods-Saxon form, and its geometrical parameters and depths, known as optical model potential (OMP) parameters, can significantly affect the reaction and scattering probabilities of interacting partners. These potentials are typically used to provide particle transmission coefficients for Hauser-Feshbach studies to estimate theoretical excitation functions. To examine the impact of variations in ejectile-residual nucleus OMP parameters on theoretical excitation functions, certain selected reaction systems have been chosen for the present work. Experimental excitation-function data have been taken from existing literature, and theoretical excitation functions have been predicted using the PACE4 for comparative analysis. Because of inherent ambiguities and the non-uniqueness of OMP parameters, different combinations of parameter statistics have been proposed by various authors for different mass ranges and incident energies. In the current study, different OMP parameter systematics have been utilized for the estimation of theoretical excitation functions for xn/pxn channels of the considered reaction systems having different target mass numbers & incident energy ranges of 4-7 MeV/nucleon. Results obtained strongly suggest that the appropriate choice of potential parameter systematics is essential for heavy-ion studies.

We revisit the leptonic decay widths of S-wave vector quarkonia, specifically the charmonium ([Formula: see text]) and bottomonium ([Formula: see text]) families, through the single-photon annihilation process into lepton pairs. The analysis is conducted within the relativistic Bethe–Salpeter framework using an instantaneous kernel and a unified parameter set applied consistently across both charm and bottom sectors. This approach allows for a comprehensive calculation of mass spectra and leptonic widths for the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] states, as well as the ratios of excited-state widths to ground-state widths. Our results show strong agreement with experimental data for the ground and first excited states. The moderate deviations observed in higher radial excitations are attributed to nodal structure sensitivities and omitted higher-order radiative and relativistic corrections. Unlike standard nonrelativistic QCD (NRQCD) studies, this Bethe–Salpeter treatment offers a more rigorous relativistic handling of the bound-state dynamics. Furthermore, the use of a unified parametrization is supported by recent heavy-flavor scaling regularities in heavy baryons, providing a systematically improvable description of electromagnetic decays in heavy quarkonia.

The yrast-band structures of [Formula: see text]Pd and [Formula: see text]Cd isotopes have been studied within collective and shell-model frameworks. Comparison with experimental excitation energies indicates that the shell-model calculations yield larger root-mean-square deviations, especially for nuclei characterized by higher [Formula: see text] ratios. In addition, the theoretical energy ratios [Formula: see text] are analyzed and compared with the predictions of [Formula: see text] symmetry.

In this paper, we investigate the contributions of isoscalar and isovector collective excitations in the neutron elastic scattering of [Formula: see text]O, [Formula: see text]Ca, [Formula: see text]Ca and [Formula: see text]Pb nuclei by using a Microscopic Optical Potential (MOP) derived from nuclear structure models based on self-consistent mean-field approaches. Particular attention is given to the role of these collective modes in shaping the imaginary part of the MOP and the resulting angular distributions. Our analysis indicates that both isoscalar and isovector contributions are significant for all considered targets, especially for light and medium targets. Furthermore, the Coulomb interaction is found to play an important role in describing absorption mechanisms and reproducing the experimental angular distributions.

The Poisson distribution is a fundamental concept in probability theory and statistics. It is widely used to model the occurrence of rare events across diverse fields, including physics, biology, finance, and medicine. It offers a way to calculate the likelihood of a certain number of events occurring within a specified time period, assuming the events happen independently of one another. The Poisson distribution is commonly used to predict the outcome of random, independent events. In heavy ion-induced nuclear reactions where compound nuclei are formed under conditions of high spin and moderate excitation energy, the investigation of one or multiple neutron emissions is of particular interest. When heavy-ion reactions occur, a random number of neutrons may be released as the target becomes excited by partial or complete absorption of projectile energy, leading to the formation of a highly excited composite system. These neutrons are statistically evaporated to de-excite the compound nucleus (CN). The Poisson distribution function can thus be applied to describe the decay probability of an excited nucleus, particularly for predicting the emission of a specific number of neutrons. In this process, the excess of excitation energy over the binding energy of the released neutrons acts as the continuous variable, and the number of released neutrons serves as the discrete variable. This framework helps us quantify the likelihood of observing a given number of neutrons emitted from an excited nucleus formed in a typical nuclear reaction. In this work, the measured cross-section data for multiple neutron evaporation channels in systems such as [Formula: see text]Ho, [Formula: see text]Tm, [Formula: see text]Te, [Formula: see text]Nd, [Formula: see text]Tm, [Formula: see text]Yb and [Formula: see text]Lu reactions have been analyzed using the Poisson distribution. This approach allows all open channels to be treated simultaneously, offering a simplified yet physically meaningful alternative to more elaborate statistical models.

Identifying the sources of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos remains a key challenge in modern multi-messenger astronomy. We estimate the neutrino flux from Galactic SuperNova Remnants (SNRs), widely regarded as efficient accelerators of Galactic Cosmic Rays (CRs). CR protons accelerated at SNR-driven shocks gain energy through multiple crossings of the shock surface via wave–particle interactions, a process known as Diffusive Shock Acceleration (DSA). These high-energy protons undergo inelastic proton-proton collisions, producing neutral and charged pions. Neutral pions decay into gamma-rays, while charged pions decay into neutrinos. SNRs may also emit gamma-rays from leptonic processes such as inverse-Compton scattering, which do not contribute to neutrino production. We treat the fraction of gamma-rays originating from hadronic processes as a free parameter and assess its impact on neutrino detectability over observational time. Using gamma-ray spectra from Fermi-LAT bright SNRs, we infer CR proton distributions and compute the corresponding neutrino fluxes. Although individual SNRs may yield fluxes below the sensitivity of current observatories (e.g., IceCube, KM3Net, Baikal-GVD), stacking multiple sources significantly improves detectability. Our analysis indicates that even with a hadronic gamma-ray fraction below 50%, neutrino signals could be observable within a 30-year observation period. These results highlight the importance of source selection and stacking strategies, providing theoretical guidance for optimizing future multi-messenger observations.

Up to now the dipole excitation of many nuclei have been investigated and discussed through both theoretical and experimental studies in the spectroscopic energy region. However, questions remain regarding the dipole response of heavy deformed nuclei such as transfermium. In this study, the electric dipole (E1) and magnetic dipole (M1) response for the transfermium [Formula: see text]No nuclei in the spectroscopic energy region within the framework of the rotational and transitional invariant QRPA model were investigated. Where, the predicted concentration of the M1 states to the summed dipole strength was found to be 65–67%, with E1 states contributing the remaining 33–35% to this region. These showed, the E1 strength makes a noticeable impact on spectroscopic region in No isotopes. The calculations reveal that M1 excitations are mainly observed up to 2.7[Formula: see text]MeV, centered around [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]MeV, whereas the E1 excitations are concentrated around 2[Formula: see text]MeV and above 3.5[Formula: see text]MeV. This provides a possible interpretation of the experimentally observed dipole excitations with unknown parity in these regions. The obtained results are in good agreement with the available experimental data.

We utilize a binary cluster model that incorporates a single folding (SF) potential along with the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] interaction. This theoretical framework aims to simultaneously determine whether a SF potential could consistently describe both the internal structural properties (rotational band energies, [Formula: see text] transition strengths and [Formula: see text]-decay widths) and the external dynamics (elastic scattering cross-sections) of the [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] nuclei, particularly in the [Formula: see text]+closed shell configurations. The folding model successfully explains the internal and the external observables of both nuclei. However, a significant discrepancy arises between the potential depths that describe the internal structure and the scattering data. In case of [Formula: see text], the model predicts the weak [Formula: see text]-decay widths for the high-spin levels. These findings indicate that this nucleus has a more complex structure in which shell-model interactions are more prominent than a simple clustering configuration.