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  • New
  • Open Access Icon
  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-026-09665-2
Variation of Tooth Traits in Ecologically Specialized and Sympatric Morphs
  • Jan 27, 2026
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Guðbjörg Ósk Jónsdóttir + 4 more

  • New
  • Open Access Icon
  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-026-09666-1
Similarities in Morphological Integration and Evolutionary Potential Across Four Common Foot Forms in Birds
  • Jan 27, 2026
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Ellen M Martin + 3 more

Abstract Modern birds inhabit a remarkable breadth of ecological niches, a diversity that is in part attributable to the range of forms and functions that have evolved in the avian foot. Variation in the lengths, orientations, and internal proportions of their toes have enabled specialised grasping, climbing, and walking morphologies to evolve from a shared ancestral form. However, many individual elements of the foot are developmentally moderated in tandem. This integration of phenotypic traits can benefit the evolutionary process by coordinating traits to better maintain complex functions across generations, but may also inhibit adaptation in individual traits. Hence, trait integration has the capacity to constrain or enable evolution in certain directions. Here, we examine how adaptation for grasping (i.e., perching, climbing, and object manipulation) affects strength of integration in four common avian foot morphologies. Using measures of trait covariation and correlation, we conclude that grasping ability alone is likely an insufficient predictor of morphological integration. Overall, whole-foot integration strength and evolutionary potential are surprisingly consistent across the sampled morphologies, however, there exist differences in fine-scale integration patterns across species that merit further investigation. We find anisodactyl foot morphologies (e.g., fowl and songbirds) appear less integrated and more evolutionarily flexible than zygodactyl morphologies (e.g., parrots and woodpeckers), but that zygodactyl morphologies may be capable of a greater response to selection in certain directions. Such research helps to inform our understanding of both the evolutionary history of these taxa as well as how they may adapt to changing ecosystems in the future.

  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-025-09663-w
Not Merely a Constraint: How the Constrained Lever Model Shapes Mandibular Evolution via Integration
  • Dec 13, 2025
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Hyunwoo Jung + 3 more

  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-025-09664-9
Brain Reduction in Domestic Frog Species
  • Dec 12, 2025
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Zhiyang Ning + 5 more

  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-025-09662-x
A Hypothesis of Chaos Theory in Evolutionary Processes: Five Proposed Principles of Chaotic Evolutionary Systems
  • Nov 29, 2025
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Amelia Lewis

  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-025-09661-y
Morphological Variation in the Golden Lancehead Bothrops Insularis: Sexual Dimorphism, Ontogeny and Microevolutionary Trends
  • Nov 4, 2025
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Lucas H C Siqueira + 2 more

  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-025-09657-8
Phylogenetic Relationships of the Moles and their Relatives (Talpidae): Insights from Mitogenomes
  • Oct 28, 2025
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Sara Sampaio + 11 more

  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-025-09658-7
Should Comparative Models Be Weighted when Accounting for Phylogenetic Uncertainty?
  • Oct 28, 2025
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Costanza Piccoli + 4 more

  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-025-09659-6
Geographically Isolated Populations of Drosophila ananassae from the Indian Subcontinent and the Andaman Islands Show Evolutionary Divergence Within the ‘ananassae Species Complex’
  • Oct 22, 2025
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Pallab Paul + 8 more

  • Open Access Icon
  • Research Article
  • 10.1007/s11692-025-09660-z
Correction: Navigating Through the Noise: A Roadmap for Combining Interdisciplinary High Dimensional Data in Biological Systems
  • Oct 18, 2025
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Matthew K Brachmann + 1 more