This article examines the phenomenon of general supervision as a universal direction of the activities of the prosecutor’s office, performing a system-forming function in the mechanism for ensuring the rule of law and constitutional legality. Based on theoretical and legal analysis, the essence, purpose, and limits of general supervision are revealed, and its structural elements and its relationship with other forms of prosecutorial activity are examined. It is shown that the universality of this direction lies in its coverage of all spheres of public relations requiring state control, as well as the ability of the prosecutor’s office to promptly respond to violations of legality, regardless of the departmental subordination of the controlled entities. The article substantiates that general supervision represents a special type of legal activity aimed at identifying, suppressing, and preventing violations of the law, restoring the violated rights of citizens, and ensuring the uniform application of legislation. Furthermore, general oversight performs an integrating function within the system of public oversight, being a crucial element of the legal state mechanism. At the same time, problematic aspects of the functioning of this area were identified – regulatory fragmentation, high workload on prosecutors, duplication of control functions, and insufficient assessment of the effectiveness of supervisory activities. The author concludes that there is a need for further doctrinal systematization of the concept of general supervision and improvement of the legal mechanisms for its implementation.

The comprehensive significance of liberal relations in society requires further improvement of human rights and freedoms, as well as the criminal justice system. In particular, a targeted assessment of the transition of a person sentenced to serving a sentence to the path of correction requires an increase in the quality and effectiveness of the punishment applied to the person. In particular, the study of issues of further improvement of legislation and law enforcement practice on the application of the institution of conditional early release of convicts from serving a sentence is one of the most pressing issues today. Although conditional early release from serving a sentence is considered an incentive norm of criminal law, the application of this institution leads to controversial discussions about its expected effectiveness. In the article, the author presents various views and scientific-theoretical definitions of research scientists on parole, analyzes the results of this study from the point of view of today, and examines their compliance with current legislation and law enforcement practice. He also analyzed the scientific and theoretical views on the application of the institution of conditional early release from serving a sentence in modern criminal legislation. In this regard, based on the results of studying legislation and judicial practice, he put forward proposals aimed at developing scientific, theoretical, and legal solutions for improving the institution of parole.

This article discusses the issues of preventing and effectively combating crime in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The relevance of the topic is determined by the increasing complexity of the forms and nature of crimes and the need for modern, systematic, and sustainable approaches to their prevention. The article analyzes legislation on crime prevention, state policy, the activities of social institutions and law enforcement agencies, international experience, and the possibilities of their application in the conditions of Uzbekistan. The study draws conclusions based on statistical data, legislative acts, the results of social surveys, and graphs. The articles and experiences of a number of legal scholars were studied, and the need to take decisive actions to prevent crime by applying the most effective methods suitable for Uzbekistan and serving the prevention of offenses was considered. Proposals for amendments to existing laws in Uzbekistan were discussed. Research and studies have been conducted on the level of crime, and their results are described in detail. The conclusion provides the necessary proposals and recommendations for increasing the effectiveness of the fight against crime.

This article is devoted to the analysis of international experience in combating corruption in road transport infrastructure projects and effective measures taken. International experience shows that effective anti-corruption mechanisms – open tender systems, civil society oversight, international monitoring bodies, and accountability mechanisms – are important tools for increasing the effectiveness and quality of infrastructure projects. Studying and implementing such experience in national practice is one of the urgent tasks for developing countries such as Uzbekistan. Violations identified during tenders in the road construction sector of Uzbekistan in 2022–2024, lack of transparency in public procurement, cases of misuse of financial resources, and their economic and social consequences were considered using the method of descriptive analysis. Recommendations of the World Bank, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, the UN Convention against Corruption, and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development were studied from international experience. The advantages of such electronic procurement systems as “ProZorro” in Ukraine, KONEPS (Korea ON‐line E‐Procurement System) in South Korea, and EKAP (Electronic Public Procurement Platform) in Turkey in ensuring openness, digital integration, and accountability were also analyzed. The author put forward specific proposals for increasing the effectiveness of the fight against corruption by harmonizing national legislation with international standards, developing electronic tender platforms, strengthening independent monitoring bodies, and involving civil society institutions.

The article examines the legal and procedural aspects of ensuring the rights and legitimate interests of individuals when obtaining samples for expert examination within the framework of the criminal proceedings of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The relevance of the topic is determined by the need to balance the tasks of criminal justice with the constitutionally guaranteed rights of citizens, including the right to personal inviolability, protection from arbitrary interference, and the right to judicial protection. Regulatory legal acts governing the procedure for obtaining samples are analyzed: the grounds, procedures, and permissible methods of selection are considered, taking into account the principles of legality, proportionality, and inadmissibility of degrading human dignity. Particular attention was paid to the problematic aspects of legal regulation related to the need to obtain the consent of a person, ensuring the participation of a defense attorney, as well as the implementation of judicial control during the compulsory sampling of samples. An important place in the article is given to the comparative legal analysis of the legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan and the legal systems of the Russian Federation, Estonia, Germany, the Republic of Kazakhstan, and the Kyrgyz Republic. Comparison allows for the identification of both general approaches and significant differences in regulating the sampling procedure, the degree of protection of individual rights, and the mechanisms for monitoring compliance with legality. Based on the analysis conducted, proposals have been formulated for improving national legislation aimed at strengthening the guarantees of individual rights and increasing the effectiveness of criminal proceedings in Uzbekistan.

This scientific article examines the key aspects of prosecutorial supervision of the protection of the reproductive health of citizens in modern realities. The relevance of the topic under consideration is determined by the need to ensure citizens’ rights to health and access to quality medical services related to reproduction, which is an important component of social policy and human rights protection. The author analyzes the existing legislative norms regulating prosecutorial supervision in the field of reproductive medicine, as well as effective mechanisms for its implementation. The study covers the main areas of prosecutorial activity, focusing on monitoring compliance with legislation in the field of health protection, protecting the rights of women and men to receive reproductive services, as well as preventing practices related to discrimination and misuse of medical technologies. In the context of the appeal to the practice of prosecutorial intervention, an example of successful implementation of supervision aimed at improving conditions in the field of reproductive health is considered, as well as cases of abuse and violations of citizens’ rights, which underlines the need for a more active role of the prosecutor’s office in this area. In addition, the article analyzes the problems faced by prosecutors in the process of supervision, including lack of information, issues of interdepartmental interaction and the influence of public opinion on the decision-making process. These factors significantly limit the effectiveness of prosecutorial activities, which require special attention from researchers and practitioners. In conclusion, the importance of strengthening prosecutorial supervision as a tool for protecting citizens’ rights is emphasized. The author makes recommendations for improving the regulatory framework and practice of prosecutorial activities in the field of reproductive health, focusing on the need to integrate the involvement of the prosecutor’s office in the field of health protection as a condition for creating a safer and fairer environment for citizens. The active involvement of the prosecutor’s office in issues related to reproductive health will contribute not only to improving law enforcement practice, but also to improving the level of medical care in this area.

This article analyzes the current state and implementation of artificial intelligence in legal proceedings, its legal consolidation in the European Ethics Charter (CEPEJ), and ethical guidelines for reliable artificial intelligence. The author considers the issues of using algorithms in the criminal procedure activities of some foreign countries. In addition, the dissertation substantiates the thesis that the inevitable digitalization of the criminal process should contribute to assisting the judge in organizational and legal activities, ensuring the openness and transparency of justice, guaranteeing the rights and interests of citizens, protecting their rights, simplifying proceedings, and accelerating the judicial process. It is impossible to replace a judge with artificial intelligence, since the judgment is connected with moral values, the judge’s professional and everyday experience, and it cannot be provided by an automated system. The author considers that some of the main directions of the use of artificial intelligence in criminal proceedings are carried out in accordance with the constitutional principles of the rule of law, and the most noteworthy aspect is that the introduction of artificial intelligence in the exchange and transmission of information between the subjects of criminal proceedings ensures a faster and more effective resolution of issues related to the resolution of criminal cases.

In the criminal legislation of our country, punishments are traditionally divided into main and additional punishments. Such a classification is also present in the criminal legislation of most foreign countries, which serves to improve criminal law policy and individualize punishment. As a result of this differentiation of punishments, there is a need to conduct scientific and theoretical discussions about the essence, purpose, tasks of additional punishments, as well as their socio-legal significance. Problems related to the essence and legal nature of additional punishments arise due to the general definition of punishment in the Criminal Code of the Republic of Uzbekistan, that is, its clear division into main and additional types. A similar situation is observed in the purposes of punishment, the procedure for its imposition, and the process of its application. The specifics of additional types of punishments are manifested within the framework of the conditions for imposing these punishments, their content, the procedure for their application, issues of exemption from serving a sentence, the status of convictions, amnesty and pardon processes. The normative-legal basis of punitive measures is established by the legislator, and their specific list can be considered as the main type of punishment of a criminal-legal nature. At the same time, the possibility of fully achieving all its goals as a result of applying any main punishment to specific circumstances of the commission of a crime is not always guaranteed. In this article, based on the above circumstances, the concept of additional punishment is discussed in detail, and the author’s conclusions and proposals on the topic are presented.

This article provides information about cybercrimes, their types, origin, and history of development. First of all, what crimes are meant by cybercrime, their classification and characteristics are interpreted. In addition, the reasons for the growth of cybercrime in the modern digital world and measures to combat it were discussed. The reasons for the commission of cybercrimes, the gaps in the security system that create the basis for them, the issue of responsibility for cybercrimes, as well as the current state of affairs in this area were discussed. The article also uses the copying method. That is, information related to cybercrimes, cases of cybercrimes, their detection and investigation, and the establishment of liability measures were studied based on the experience of foreign countries. Cooperation and information exchange are crucial in the fight against cybercrime. Methods for investigating cybercrimes include collecting digital evidence, analyzing network activity, forensic analysis, verifying personal data, and collaborating with experts. These methods are important for detecting and preventing crimes. At the same time, proposals were made on legislation aimed at improving the current situation, preventing cybercrime, and establishing responsibility for it.