Bacterial infection and oxidative stress generation are significant obstacles to dermal wound healing. The present study undertakes the isolation of a sulfated polysaccharide from the Tunisian green algal "Chaetomorpha aerea" named PCA. The polysaccharide PCA was structurally characterized using Fourier Transformed Infrared (FT-IR), and monosaccharide analysis was carried out by HPLC-FID X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The antioxidant potential of polysaccharides extracted from the Chaetomorpha area was evaluated in vitro using various antioxidant assays, and the antibacterial activity of PCA against four Gram-negative bacteria was estimated. The wound healing capacity of PCA was evaluated in vivo using an excision wound model in rats. FT-IR spectra revealed the characteristic bands of polysaccharides. HPLC-FID revealed a heteropolysaccharide composed of arabinose, glucose, glucuronic acid, and galactose units. Indeed, the X-ray diffraction revealed a semi-crystalline structure of PCA. The obtained data showed a strong antioxidant capacity and an interesting antibacterial activity against four-gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. These biological data strongly support the beneficial effects of PCA in accelerating wound healing in rats. The in vivo study on rats demonstrated that PCA significantly accelerated the wound healing process over an 11-day treatment period. The application of PCA on wounds led to enhanced collagen fiber synthesis, as evidenced by histological staining, which showed increased collagen deposition at the wound site. Additionally, PCA treatment resulted in faster wound closure, with measurements showing a marked reduction in wound size compared to control groups. The present study highlights the promising pharmacological effects of PCA, suggesting its potential application in wound dressings due to its robust antioxidant, antibacterial, and wound-healing properties.

Salt stress is a major abiotic factor limiting crop productivity worldwide, as it disrupts plant growth, metabolism, and survival. In this study, we report that the genes PvPR10-2 and PvPR10-3 were significantly up-regulated in bean leaves and stems in response to combined salt and jasmonic acid (NaCl–JA) treatment. Foliar application of JA with salt induced physiological alterations, including stem growth inhibition, H2O2 accumulation, and activation of antioxidant enzymes. To investigate the role of PvPR10-3 in response to salt and phytohormones, we introduced this gene into Arabidopsis and found that its heterologous expression conferred salt tolerance to the transgenic lines. Interestingly, exogenous JA contributed to salt tolerance by reducing H2O2 levels, inducing ROS-scavenging enzymes, and promoting the accumulation of phenolic compounds and ABA. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of the transgenic lines revealed that PvPR10-3 expression under NaCl–JA stress is associated with the induction of JA-related genes like MYC2, JAZ2, JAZ11, and JAZ12, as well as SA-responsive genes, like ALD1 and TGA2, and two ABA-independent components DREB2A and ERD1, suggesting potential coordination between JA, ABA, and SA signaling in salt stress response. Additionally, key flowering regulators (FT, GI) were upregulated in transgenic lines under NaCl–JA treatment, suggesting a previously unexplored link between salt tolerance pathways and the regulation of flowering time. Taken together, our findings suggest a role of PvPR10-3 in enhancing salt stress tolerance and the involvement of exogenous JA in tolerance potentially by modulating ROS balance, hormone-associated gene expression, and protective secondary metabolites.

Various therapeutic approaches have been explored to speed up wound healing, with angiogenesis being a crucial factor in this process and skin repair. This study shows that a polysaccharide extracted from the red alga Osmundea pinnatifida (PSOP) can promote angiogenesis and accelerate healing. The structural properties of PSOP were investigated using various techniques, including scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet–-visible spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a refractive index detector. Additionally, the in vitro antioxidant activity of PSOP was evaluated using the reducing power assay, total antioxidant capacity measurement, and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging tests. The PSOP extract exhibited significant pro-angiogenic effects in the avian chorioallantoic membrane model. Furthermore, the efficacy of PSOP-based hydrogels for wound healing was assessed in vivo using an excision wound model in Wistar rats. The results indicated accelerated wound healing, increased collagen deposition, and enhanced tissue regeneration. Computational studies suggest that the observed wound healing and pro-angiogenic effects may be attributed to the affinity of the PSOP units for cyclooxygenase-2 and vascular endothelial growth factor. These findings support the potential use of PSOP as a bioactive agent in wound care.

This study aimed to screen the phytochemical composition of the leaves of Allium subhirsutum L. methanolic extract (ASE) by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, the antioxidant, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects were examined using combined approaches: in silico, in vitro and in vivo on carrageenan-induced acute inflammation in rats. Inflammatory biomarkers (C-reactive protein and fibrinogen) oxidative injury parameters (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, advanced oxidation of protein products, catalas, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase) levels were assessed in the inflamed paws and compared to controls. The identified compounds in ASE possessed acceptable pharmacokinetic and ADMET (for absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) properties. They bound the targeted receptors (Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase and Gyrase of S. aureus, Human peroxiredoxin 5 and Cyclooxygenase-2) with acceptable affinities and established strong molecular interactions. ASE exhibited bacteriostatic and fungistatic action against different tested microbial strains. Moreover, histological examinations of paw edema revealed that ASE (given by gavage at 100 mg/kg BW for 10 days) ameliorate inflammation and oxidative stress status as outlined by anti-edematous, antioxidant and inflammatory biomarkers. Our investigation provided evidence that ASE could be useful in the management of oxidative stress, bacterial infections and acute inflammation. The results of the in silico assay supported these effects.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-18825-x.

The purpose of this paper is introduce and give some constructions results and examples of transposed Hom-Poisson and Hom-pre-Lie Poisson algebras. Also, we establish the bimodules and matched pairs of transposed Hom-Poisson algebras. Their related relevant properties are also given. Finally, the notion of $\mathcal{O}$-operator is exploited to establish the relations between transposed Hom-Poisson and Hom-pre-Lie Poisson algebras.

This study investigates the integrated impact of high penetration renewable energy sources specifically photovoltaic (PV) farms and wind turbine generators (WTGs) based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generators (DFIG), Squirrel Cage Induction Generators (SCIG), and Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSG) on power grid performance under both normal and fault conditions. A hybrid renewable energy system architecture is developed and simulated using MATLAB/Simulink to analyze its dynamic behavior, fault ride-through capability, reactive power demand, and harmonic distortion. The methodology includes detailed modeling of PV arrays, WTGs, and associated power electronic converters, enabling the assessment of system performance during symmetrical (LLLG) and asymmetrical (LG) faults. Results reveal that while DFIGs and PMSGs deliver efficient active power generation, SCIGs exhibit higher reactive power consumption and lower dynamic stability. The study also evaluates total harmonic distortion (THD) and short-circuit ratio (SCR) for each generator type, showing that PMSGs achieve the lowest THD and maintain operational resilience under weak grid conditions (low SCR). These findings offer practical guidance for enhancing grid compliance, stability, and performance in future multi-source renewable energy systems.

This study is designed to investigate the dynamic risk transmission processes between clean energy ETFs and ESG indices in the BRICS countries—Brazil, India, China, and South Africa—while excluding Russia due to the lack of consistent data availability during the study period, which coincides with the Russia–Ukraine conflict. The analysis is conducted on daily data obtained from DataStream, spanning from 27 October 2021 to 5 January 2024. By applying a time-varying parameter vector autoregression (TVP-VAR) modeling framework, we considered examining the global market conditions and economic shocks’ effects on these indices’ interconnectedness, including COVID-19 and geopolitical tensions. In this context, clean energy ETFs turned out to stand as net shock transmitters throughout volatile market spans, while ESG indices proved to act as net receivers. Moreover, we undertook to estimate both of the minimum variance and minimum connectedness portfolios’ hedging efficiency and performance. The findings highlight that introducing clean energy indices into investment strategies helps boost financial outcomes while maintaining sustainability goals. Indeed, the minimum connectedness portfolio consistently delivers superior risk-adjusted returns across varying market circumstances. In this respect, the present study provides investors, regulators, and policymakers with practical insights. Investors may optimize their portfolios by integrating clean energy and ESG indexes, useful for achieving financial and sustainability aims. Similarly, regulators might apply the findings to establish reliable green investment norms and strategies. Thus, this work underscores the crucial role of dynamic portfolio management in optimizing risk and return in the globally evolving green economy.

This study investigates the electrical characteristicsof a CdFe2O4/p-Si diode by integrating experimentaltechniqueswith machine learning (ML) approaches. The CdFe2O4 thin films were synthesized using the sol–gel spin coatingmethod and deposited on a chemically treated p-Si substrate. Structuraland morphological characterizations confirmed the formation of a polycrystallinefilm with randomly distributed grains. Electrical measurements wereperformed using the Fytronix 9000 Semiconductor Characterization System.Traditional analysis methods were complemented by ML models, includingArtificial Neural Networks (ANN), and hybrid techniques, to enhancedata interpretation and uncover complex, nonlinear behaviors withinthe device. The results demonstrate that ML techniques significantlyimprove parameter extraction and behavioral prediction accuracy andefficiency compared to conventional methods. The coefficient of determinationis equal to 0.9999, indicating a perfect correlation between experimentaland predicted values. The optimal power and transition frequency weredetermined using an ANN model, demonstrating strong consistency withexperimental data.