Medical staff in general and front-line medical staff in particular work in difficult working conditions, and it is expected that this will affect their sense of happiness in the work environment. Therefore, in these difficult circumstances, they need the availability of workplace of spirituality that motivates them to perform their tasks efficiently. This descriptive study contributes to reducing the gap in the experimental studies conducted in this field by examining the impact of workplace spirituality including meaningful work, sense of community, and alignment with organizational values on the frontline medical staff's sense of happiness in the workplace. This study adopts a quantitative approach using a survey questionnaire to collect data from 237 frontline medical staff in four public hospitals in Duhok city, Kurdistan region of Iraq. The results showed that all dimensions of workplace spirituality have a significant positive impact on sense of happiness in the workplace among frontline medical staff. The results also support the acceptability of the proposed model. The study recommended that the hospital administrations surveyed should work to enhance the medical staff on the front lines’ sense of happiness in the workplace.

The purpose of this empirical study is to investigate the impact of chameleon leadership style on employee grievances from the perspective of employees in Komar University in Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The data was gathered from primary sources by using a survey questionnaire from 60 employees, then, statistical analysis has been performed. The results show that, chameleon leadership has a detrimental impact on the number of grievances filed by workers. In accordance with the proposal, the business ought to make it a priority to acquire an understanding of the distinctions between the various types of leadership, focusing in particular on the chameleon leadership style because they will have a better understanding of the positive effects that will be realized as the result of organizational or structural changes, employees will be able to accomplish a variety of tasks without making negative comments. It is important to have a social atmosphere at work in order to improve the level of mutual understanding that exists between the institution and its staff. By examining the relationship between chameleon leadership and employee grievances, this study offers a novel perspective in the field of organizational behavior, filling a significant gap in current research and paving the way for future investigations into this intriguing leadership style.

This paper offers a delicate understanding of the responsibility to protect (R2P) principle and analyses the status of this significant principle within the international law. The place of the use of force is evaluated within R2P doctrine. The R2P norm and the pillars contained therein will be analysed to set out the legal responsibilities it contains towards member states and the international community, assessing the legality of the responsibilities held by states towards its population in addition to responsibilities owed by states to populations in other states and the obligation from the international community to intervene. Identifying the issues surrounding the principle of R2P in international law and the message it delivers with what it involves and what responsibilities it carries. It also illustrates the importance of the evolution of the concept, and the advances evolving around the principle including the use of military force for humanitarian ends.

Critical thinking goes beyond memorization, promotes independent thinking and reasoned judgment. It is a crucial element in connecting ideas, solving problems, and creating knowledge. Schools are considered to be among the initial steps in developing critical thinking where pedagogical methods would guarantee the formation of it. Critical thinking in schools develops the intellectual capability instead of using it as a memory bank of information where mind does not have any role to play. This work is an attempt to demonstrate role and effect of practicing critical thinking in primary school and analyse reflection and ability of practicing critical thinking in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. The study relies on deep interview and observation of eighth-grade students and teachers in two prominent schools in Erbil, focusing on four different subjects. Type of questions raised by teachers and students during the lectures have been examined, and a detailed analysis of the reflection and ability to practice critical thinking is presented.

Nepotism is considered an ugly feature of corruption and is currently one of ‎the most common plagues ‎in the Syrian economy. The ‎infestation of nepotism in public sector ‎organizations is causing a major ‎setback to the much-needed growth. This study examines ‎the effect of ‎nepotism on employee performance in the Syrian public sector and how the ‎‎training and development of employees can curb this issue. Data were ‎collected from the General ‎Organization of Tobacco in Latakia, Syria‎. A total of 280 ‎questionnaires were distributed ‎among the organization’s staff, and Regression Analysis was applied to test the hypotheses. The ‎‎findings showed that the Syrian public sector employees were conscious of the undesirable ‎effects of nepotism ‎on job performance. In addition, employees who have the chance to participate in training and development ‎programs tend to increase their job performance. ‎Finally, the result indicates that nepotism has a ‎noteworthy harmful impact on employee training and development in the Syrian public sector. ‎The current results ‎contribute valuable information to the existing literature on human resources.

This study examined the relationship between on-job and off-job training on employee job satisfaction at Mbarara University of Science and Technology (MUST) in Western Uganda. To be able to realise the study objectives, a cross-sectional survey design, quantitative in nature was adopted. The targeted population comprised the employees of MUST where a sample of 230 respondents was chosen guided by Krejcie and Morgan sample determination table. Primary data was collected using structured questionnaires through telephone interview in order to adhere to Corona Virus pandemic guidelines related to social distancing. Simple random sampling technique was adopted during sample selection. Data collected was analysed using the analysis function of the Statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS version 20). The study findings indicate a moderate positive and significant relationship between on-job training/off-job training and job satisfaction. On-job training predicted job satisfaction to the tune of 14% compared to 9% variation in job satisfaction caused by off-job training. On the basis of observation that the case institution does not organize trainings for supervisors on how to conduct appraisals, the study recommends that human resource (HR) practitioners and policy makers inculcate trainings for supervisors on how to conduct performance appraisals in order to equip supervisors with sufficient performance appraisal skills to be able to appropriately identify employee training needs. Future research may carry out a long tudinal study to test how on-job and off-job training predict job satisfaction in a private higher learning institution setting in another country.

Career adaptability (CA) in terms of concern, control, curiosity, and confidence exhibited like a mediator between servant leadership and positive affectivity and is the main focus of the present study's conceptual model. In Sulaymaniyah city in Kurdistan Region of Iraq, hotel workers collected information. Structural equation modeling was used to assess the collected data from five-star hotel workers at Sulaymaniyah. The constructs are meaningful and dependable via exploratory factor analysis with reliability testing. Factor analysis demonstrates high convergent and discriminative validity of the results. A complete mediator linking servant leadership and good effectiveness were found to be the CA. In hotel business, embracing a servant leadership approach may enhance personal resources and improve career adaptability.

Private sector development (PSD) has been a vital part of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG)’s economic development policy since the very beginning of the development of the region. The objective of this paper is to critically analyse private sector development in post-conflict Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). A qualitative method of critical review to the development of private sector in the use of official documents is used from 2006 to 2016. It is concluded that because of the key challenges facing the private sector and a weak synergy between private and public sector, the KRG polices, and the experience of private sector were not effective in favour of the economy of Kurdistan. This was possibly due to the failure of the KRG in monitoring and evaluating the impact of those polices, political consideration in the way of doing business, internal conflict, and poor institutional system of the region. Public policy implication of this study is that there must be a close tied up of PSD programme to governance and interventions of peacebuilding. Most importantly, promoting the rule of law in the way that political actors should have neither influence on legal system nor on businesses.

This research determines the impact of content marketing (user-generated content (UGC) and firm-generated content (FGC)) on the consumer buying process for telecommunication products and services in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). The study attempts to compare the impact of UGC and FGC on the consumer buying process. To achieve this aim, the study utilized a descriptive quantitative methodology. The population of interest for this research is all consumers of telecommunication products in the KRI. Primary data was collected from 402 online questionnaires from a convenience, snowball, sample from the main provinces of Kurdistan. The results indicate that all FGC marketing dimensions have a statistically significant positive direct effect on the consumer buying process, while only content valence and information richness of UGC dimensions have a statistically significant positive direct effect. FGC valence has the greatest impact on the consumer buying process, closely followed by FGC trustworthiness, and then FGC information richness. Between the two examined types of content, FGC has a greater impact than UGC on the consumer buying process for telecommunication products and services. Telecommunications marketers and management should thus prioritize the identified FGC dimensions in their marketing strategies for optimum resource allocation efficiency. Further discussion is provided.