A novel species, Apiospora papiliomyceticola sp. nov., is described from Guizhou Province, China. The species was isolated from the sclerotium of the cordycipitoid fungus Papiliomyces longiclavatus. Phylogenetic analyses based on a concatenated dataset of ITS, nrLSU, tef-1α, and tub2 sequences revealed that the new taxon forms a distinct lineage within Apiospora and is phylogenetically related to A. rasikravindrae, A. marinum, A. acutiapica, and A. pseudorasikravindrae. Morphologically, the species is characterized by globose to subglobose or ovate conidia and conidiogenous cells arising directly from hyphae, distinguishing it from related taxa. Detailed morphological comparisons with phylogenetically related species are provided. The integration of multigene phylogenetic analyses and morphological characteristics supports the recognition of A. papiliomyceticola as a distinct species.

Pteronia is a large genus of shrubs or woody perennials with more than 70 species. The genus is largely restricted to southern Africa, with one species in Zambia. The last taxonomic treatment of Pteronia was published in 1917 by J. Hutchinson and E. P. Phillips. In South Africa, where most of the species occur, the genus has been identified as one of the top priority genera for taxonomic research. Its taxa are poorly known in terms of their distribution and morphological variation within and among species. Morphological and anatomical studies revealed variation in characters such as leaf size, shape and vestiture, capitula shape, involucre shape, pappus series, cypselae shape, size and vestiture, presence or absence and type of trichomes, number of vascular bundles, type of secretory structure in the mesophyll, epidermal glands, epidermal cell shape in the leaves and cypselae (in transverse section) as well as the number of ribs and type of cells associated with vascular bundles at the ribs in the cypselae (in transverse section). A detailed taxonomic treatment is presented with descriptions, nomenclature, diagnostic characters, geographical distribution and maps, ecological information, as well as an updated key to the species. A total of 76 accepted and one imperfectly known species are recognised within the genus. Several species are treated as synonyms, and all names are typified, with justification presented for the choice of lectotypes.

Piper trujilloi, a new species from the northwestern Amazon basin, is described and illustrated, and its phylogenetic relationships are discussed. It occurs in the Amazon foothills (a region composed of low hills and plains systems) and the humid forests of the Andes of Colombia (on the eastern slope of the Eastern Cordillera) in the department of Caquetá. Piper trujilloi is a small suffrutex, morphologically similar to P. dunstervilleorum. It can be differentiated by its lamina shape and pubescence, length of inflorescence peduncles, and pubescence of the floral bracts. Molecular sequence data support its inclusion in Piper subgenus Pennistylosum, a group highly diversified in the NW Amazon basin. A key to Amazonian suffrutescent Piper species with small and narrow laminas is provided. This species is one of several taxa described from the department of Caquetá in the last decade, a species-rich region that continues to produce new taxa. Se describe e ilustra Piper trujilloi, una nueva especie del noroeste de la cuenca amazónica, y se discuten sus relaciones filogenéticas. Esta nueva especie se encuentra en las estribaciones (piedemonte) de los Andes y el Amazonas (una región compuesta por colinas bajas y sistemas de llanuras), en los bosques húmedos en la vertiente oriental de la Cordillera Oriental, departamento de Caquetá. P. trujilloi es un pequeño sufrútice morfológicamente similar a P. dunstervilleorum. Se puede diferenciar por la forma y pubescencia de su lámina, longitud de los pedúnculos de la inflorescencia y la pubescencia de las brácteas florales. Los datos de secuencias moleculares respaldan su inclusión en el subgénero Pennistylosum de Piper, un grupo muy diversificado en la cuenca noroeste del Amazonas. Se proporciona una clave para las especies de Piper sufrutescentes amazónicas con láminas pequeñas y estrechas. Esta especie es uno de los varios taxones descritos en el departamento de Caquetá en la última década, una región rica en especies que sigue produciendo nuevos taxones. Palabras clave: bosques tropicales, Caquetá, Noroeste de la Amazonia

Peperomia daironii is described and illustrated as a new species of Peperomia subgenus Tildenia from the Guiana Shield of Colombia. It is a geophytic, rupicolous herb with a tuberous root that grows embedded in rock crevices on understory rocky outcrops in the surroundings of Caño Cristales, Caño Barro, and the Serranía de la Lindosa, in the basins of the Guayabero and Orinoco rivers, municipality of La Macarena, in the transition zone between the Orinoquia and Amazon regions. The new species resembles Peperomia klopfensteinii in its rupicolous habit and peltate leaves but differs in its diminutive size (4–8 cm tall), leaf blades with venation lighter than the lamina, and spadices up to three times longer than the petioles. Specimens of subgenus Tildenia from Colombia collected above 2600 m elevation in Cundinamarca and Boyacá have previously been identified as Peperomia peruviana. However, P. daironii, recorded below 300 m elevation, differs markedly in leaf blade morphology. Se describe e ilustra Peperomia daironii como una nueva especie de Peperomia subgénero Tildenia del Escudo Guayanés de Colombia. Es una hierba geofítica, rupícola, con raíz tuberosa que crece incrustada en grietas rocosas en afloramientos rocosos del sotobosque en los alrededores de Caño Cristales, Caño Barro y la Serranía de la Lindosa, en las cuencas de los ríos Guayabero y Orinoco, municipio de La Macarena, en la zona de transición entre la Orinoquía y la Amazonía. La nueva especie se asemeja a Peperomia klopfensteinii en su hábito rupícola y hojas peltadas, pero difiere en su tamaño diminuto (4–8 cm de altura), láminas foliares con nervadura más clara que la lámina y espádices hasta tres veces más largos que los pecíolos. Los especímenes del subgénero Tildenia de Colombia, recolectados por encima de los 2600 m de altitud en Cundinamarca y Boyacá, se habían identificado previamente como Peperomia peruviana. Sin embargo, P. daironii, registrada por debajo de los 300 m de altitud, presenta una marcada diferencia en la morfología de la lámina foliar. Palabras clave: Colombia, Orinoquia, Peperomias, especies rupicola, Serranía de la Macarena

Morphological and molecular evidence, including phylogeny and plastome structural features, together with the geographic distribution and phenological data, strongly support the recognition of three distinct lineages within the traditional circumscription of Tillandsia myosura, here named T. myosura s.str. and two newly described species, T. cleistopetala and T. pachyphylla. Tillandsia myosura is redefined as a morphologically and ecologically narrower species endemic to Argentina (from the northwest to the central region), and closely related to T. andicola and T. retorta. Tillandsia cleistopetala sp. nov. instead occurs in Uruguay and central-eastern Argentina, showing an allopatric and ecologically distinct distribution compared to T. myosura s.str. Tillandsia cleistopetala sp. nov. is sister to T. crocata and is reproductively characterized by consistently cleistogamous flowers. Tillandsia pachyphylla sp. nov. is morphologically well differentiated from T. myosura s.str. by several vegetative and reproductive characters. Tillandsia myosura s.str. and T. pachyphylla sp. nov. are partially sympatric but are phenologically differentiated. Tillandsia pachyphylla sp. nov. is distributed in central Bolivia and from northwestern to central Argentina and is part of a clade that includes T. castellanii, T. hirta, and T. mandonii. A taxonomic treatment of the two new species and T. myosura s.str. is presented, including detailed morphological descriptions, information on geographical distribution, habitat, phenology, and conservation status, along with representative photographs and illustrations of floral parts. A lectotype for Tillandsia nappii is designated.

The biodiversity crisis, driven by accelerated habitat conversion, climate change, and other human-induced threats, significantly increases the need for comprehensive taxonomic research aiming for effective conservation strategies. Species conservation initiatives have faced challenges recently, especially in hyperdiverse regions, due to insufficient surveys and misidentification, highlighting the crucial role of taxonomy to address these issues. Lamiaceae, includes about 8,100 species, many with significant economic importance. However, certain lineages within it, such as the South American genus Glechon, remain understudied. Glechon comprises seven species and is primarily distributed in southern Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay. This study focuses on Glechon hoehneana, a rare and understudied species, endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. We conducted extensive herbarium and field work and report new localities for G. hoehneana, within the Mantiqueira mountain range, extending the known distribution further north, into Minas Gerais state. A detailed taxonomic description is provided, accompanied by a key to Brazilian species of Glechon, as well as an updated distribution map, and an IUCN conservation status assessment, highlighting its main threats. A clarification on the typification of the genus and its type species is also presented. We call for the increase of botanical inventories and protection of narrow endemic species, particularly in biodiversity-rich but under-protected regions.

Solanum altoserranum, a new species restricted to the high-altitude grasslands of the Calilegua and Santa Ana mountain ranges, Sub-Andean mountain system, from North-western Argentina in the altitudinal range that oscillates between 2600 and 3600 m a.s.l., is described and illustrated. The new taxon is characterized by having erect stems warty from prominent leaf bases and uniseriate, simple, eglandular, antrorse-appressed trichomes, purplish-green petioles up to 1 cm long., simple leaves with elliptic to oblong, patent, shiny lamina, purple on the abaxial surface, with notable venation that gives it a bullate appearance, apparently lateral inflorescences with 10–20 flowers, articulated pedicels, deflexed, 0.7–1 cm long, campanulate corolla, greenish-white at the base and lilac distally. Photographs, distribution information, conservation status assessment, and comparisons with similar species are also provided.

Based on morphological examination and phylogenetic analyses of ITS and nrLSU sequences, four new species and one new record of Entoloma were identified from Jilin Province, China. The four new species are described as Entoloma hongshiense and E. bulbocystum (subgen. Leptonia), E. cirratum (subgen. Pouzarella), and E. changbaiense (subgen. Cyanula). Additionally, E. roseoflavum (subgen. Cyanula) is reported as a new geographical record for China, accompanied by its first DNA sequence data. Detailed morphological descriptions, line drawings, and phylogenetic trees are presented to support the establishment of these taxa.

Cattleya ramosii sp. nov. is described here from the campo rupestre vegetation of the Diamantina Plateau, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The new species is a small rupicolous taxon of Cattleya ser. Parviflorae that is morphologically close to C. haroldoi, C. porphyrascens, and C. vandenbergii. We compiled a multi-categorical dataset from cultivated specimens and quantified dissimilarity using coincidence frequency, followed by Ward clustering and Principal Coordinate Analysis, to validate phenotypic discontinuity among the four taxa. The analyses recovered four coherent clusters consistent with species boundaries, with floral characters most contributing to their separation. The species is currently known from a single locality, where it grows in rock fissures on cliffs; it flowers mainly in October–November. Given its limited distribution, the low number of individuals recorded, and evidence of anthropogenic fires affecting nearby outcrops, C. ramosii is provisionally assessed as Data Deficient (DD). An identification key and comparative notes are provided to facilitate recognition of the new taxon and its similar congeners.