No abstract is available for this article.

No abstract is available for this article.

ABSTRACT Introduction We examined the cross‐sectional association of BMI with limitations in instrumental (IADL) and basic (ADL) activities of daily living in surveys from middle‐ and high‐income countries in 2015–2018; we also compared changes in these associations from 2002–2006 to 2015–2018. Methods Data at the 2015–2018 wave were available on 152,856 participants aged ≥ 50 years in seven nationally representative surveys from middle‐ (Mexico, India, and China) and high‐income (the United States, SHARE–European countries, Israel, the United Kingdom, and Korea) countries. BMI was measured or self‐reported, and disability in IADL and ADL was defined as limitations in at least one out of five items, respectively. Results The prevalence of underweight in men/women ranged from 0.5/1.5 (UK) to 23.4%/20.6% (India), and that of obesity from 0.7/1.5 (Korea) to 35.6%/37.6% (US), respectively. Meta‐analyses showed underweight to be associated with a higher odds ratio (95% CI) of IADL (men, 1.78[1.26, 2.52]; women 2.07[1.38, 3.10]) and ADL (men, 1.89[1.22, 2.91]; women 1.72[1.16, 2.53]) disability. Obesity was associated with lower IADL limitations among men (0.80 [0.67–0.96]) but not among women (1.18 [0.94–1.49]), and with higher ADL (men, 1.38 [1.14, 1.65]; women, 1.59 [1.37, 1.84]). Associations of underweight with IADL and ADL, and obesity with ADL were stronger in high‐income countries. The association of BMI categories with IADL/ADL was similar in the 2002–2006 data, although the prevalence of obesity was higher in 2015–2018. Conclusion Both underweight and obesity are associated with higher IADL and ADL disability; the stronger associations in high‐income countries require further research.

ABSTRACTBackgroundEarly‐life exposures might negatively affect fetal and infant development, predisposing children to obesity. This study aimed to systematically identify and evaluate risk factors for childhood obesity in preconception, pregnancy, and infancy, and assess their potential for future prediction and prevention strategies.MethodsThis systematic review (PROSPERO, CRD42022355152) included longitudinal studies from selected electronic databases published between inception and August 17th, 2022, identifying maternal, paternal, or infant risk factors from preconception until infancy for childhood obesity between 2 and 18 years. Screening and data extraction were conducted using standardized forms. We assessed risk factor quality on modifiability and predictive power using a piloted criteria template from ILSI‐Europe‐Marker‐Validation‐Initiative.FindingsWe identified 172 publications from observational and five publications from intervention studies involving n = 1,879,971 children from 37, predominantly high‐income, countries. Average reported childhood obesity prevalence was 11.1%. Pregnancy and infancy risk factors were mostly studied. We identified 59 potential risk factors; 23 were consistently associated. Strongest risk factors were: higher maternal prepregnancy weight (n = 28/31 publications with positive associations), higher gestational weight gain (n = 18/21), maternal smoking during pregnancy (n = 23/29), higher birth weight (n = 20/28), large‐size‐for‐gestational‐age‐at‐birth (n = 17/18), no breastfeeding (n = 20/31), and higher infant weight gain (n = 12/12). Level of evidence was generally moderate due to unreliable exposure measurement, short follow‐up/loss to follow‐up, and risk of confounding.InterpretationWe identified seven early‐life risk factors, which were strongly associated with childhood obesity, and can contribute to future prediction and prevention strategies. These findings support the implementation of prevention strategies targeting these risk factors from a clinical and population perspective, where possible integrated with implementation studies.

No abstract is available for this article.

ABSTRACTIntroductionMexico faces a public health crisis due to the rising prevalence of obesity and noncommunicable diseases, primarily driven by unhealthy food environments.ObjectiveTo conduct a second implementation of the Food Environment Policy Index in Mexico to assess policy implementation levels related to healthy food environments and to compare progress made from 2016 to 2024.MethodsA national panel of 75 experts from three groups—64.0% from academia, 17.3% from government, and 18.7% from civil society organizations—assessed the level of policy implementation of 72 food environment‐related indicators against international best practices.ResultsThe highest levels of policy implementation were found in the Food Labeling domain (e.g., List of ingredients/nutrient declarations and Front‐of‐package labeling) and the Monitoring and Intelligence domain (e.g., National surveys used in policy design and modification). Eighteen indicators improved in 2024; differences in proportions were statistically significant. The Food Retail domain showed the highest improvement (e.g., Incentives to increase the offer of healthy foods in stores). The expert panel identified five priority indicators and made corresponding recommendations.ConclusionMexico has made progress in several aspects of the food environment; however, significant gaps in policy implementation remain and must be addressed to sustain momentum toward transforming the food system and improving nutrition and health for the entire population.