One of the applied geodetic tasks in geodynamics is the detection of anomalous deviations in GNSS time series, which may indicate deformations of the Earth's surface caused by various geophysical phenomena. It is important to note that geodynamic anomalies may be of a local nature, manifesting at a single GNSS station, or of a regional nature, occurring simultaneously across a group of GNSS time series. The objective of this article is to develop a method for detecting geodynamic anomalies in GNSS time series using machine learning algorithms. The method has been implemented in the Python environment and allows for the semi-automated analysis of large datasets. Among the machine learning methods, the Isolation Forest algorithm was selected for this study. The research provides a detailed step-by-step description of the program’s operation and its stages, enabling the analysis of both individual time series for identifying local anomalies and groups of time series for detecting concurrent regional geodynamic anomalies. The developed method was tested on data from 37 GNSS stations of the GeoTerrace network located in western Ukraine. As a result, seven distinct groups of horizontal and vertical anomalies were identified. One of the detected anomalies was established to correspond with previously investigated vertical crustal deformations caused by non-tidal atmospheric loading in December 2019. The study presents maps of the spatial distribution of the detected group height anomalies in November 2022 and January 2013. Some anomalies observed at certain GNSS stations are of unknown origin and may be due to unidentified local geodynamic factors or measurement errors. In addition to its relevance for geophysicists and geologists in detecting collective geodynamic anomalies, the proposed method also demonstrates potential for use in structural health monitoring of large engineering constructuctions using data from GNSS station networks.

The purpose of the research is differentiation of recent geodynamic processes within the Carpathian Mountains on the basis of freely available GNSS data. Methodology. The methodology included GNSS data collection, processing and analysis. An algorithm for processing was proposed, which consisted of 5 main stages: transformation of data into an internal format, verification of time series for compliance with requirements, determination of horizontal velocities, division of the GNSS network into triangles, and determination of deformation parameters. Results. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of recent geodynamic processes based on GNSS data freely available from the Nevada Geological Survey. Taking into account the requirements for time series, 50 GNSS stations were selected and processed. In general, absolute and regional velocities were obtained and analysed during 2000–2023. Regional velocities of horizontal movements were used to calculate the deformation tensor and deformation parameters. The results of the study are consistent and correlate well with the studies of other scientists. The obtained results confirm the presence of active geodynamic processes within the Carpathians. Originality. The proposed approach made it possible to estimate the main deformation parameters (value and direction of deformation axes, total shear and dilation) within the Carpathian Mountains. This makes it possible to analyse and predict recent geodynamic processes in the region. Practical significance. On the basis of the calculated values, maps of the distribution of vectors of absolute and regional horizontal velocities, total shear rates, dilatation rates, and rotation rates were constructed.

The main objective of our research is to: 1) conduct a correlation analysis of the relationship between geoid heights and topographic heights in the modern era using calculated moving correlation coefficients (MCC); 2) extrapolate the obtained correlation model to past geological epochs and determine the paleogeoid using known surface heights derived from paleoDEM continental reconstruction models (Scotese and Wright, 2018); 3) perform calculations of changes in "True Polar Wander" (TPW) based on the obtained paleogeoid height data sets resulting from the movement of lithospheric plates. Methodology. To investigate the correlation between geoid heights and lithospheric surface heights, data for 1ºx1º trapezoids from the EGM2008 model, topographic heights from ETOPO1, and paleoDEM paleoreconstruction models were used. The center of the moving window was shifted by 1º in both latitude and longitude within grids of 3ºx3º and 9ºx9º, reflecting the global nature of the correlation and mitigating local variations. By extrapolating the modern correlation model to past geological epochs, we investigate the dynamic paleogeographic evolution and its impact on the geoid structure. To study the dynamics of changes in the Earth's lithospheric shape, paleogeoid heights, and pole position, the concept of approximating their surfaces with a semi-parameterized biaxial ellipsoid was used. Results. Based on the calculated MCC values, a map of the correlation between geoid heights and topographic heights for the modern era was constructed. We conducted a detailed correlation analysis for different epochs – 200, 400, and 540 million years ago, as well as for intervals from the modern era to 540 million years ago, in 5 million-year steps, using paleogeoid models. This analysis was used to hypothesize about the secular movement of the Earth's rotational poles and the associated dynamics of the lithosphere. Scientific Novelty. The modeling of paleogeoid heights was performed for further assessment of the Earth's pole displacement. We also discuss the impact of gravitational and rotational forces on the internal structure of the Earth, from the lithosphere to the inner core, suggesting cyclic geodynamic instability manifested as secular variations in the Earth's shape and gravitational field. Our conclusions indicate a subtle understanding of the relationship between tectonic activity and paleogeoid anomalies, suggesting minimal direct influence of lithospheric plate movements on geoid height changes, but significant indirect influence through mantle convection over geological time. Practical significance. This study not only provides deeper insight into the historical configuration of the Earth's geoid and continents but also enhances our understanding of the dynamic processes shaping the current and future geodynamic evolution of the planet.

The parameters and mechanisms of the source of modern earthquakes in the Eastern Baltic region are systematized. The predominant types of focal mechanisms of continental earthquakes are strike-slip and reverse. A generalized map of the orientation of maximum horizontal stresses in the East Baltic region and adjacent territories has been created. To create this map, we utilized the World Stress Map database and added the directions of maximum horizontal stresses in Estonia. The direction of maximum horizontal stresses changes from north (Estonia) to south (Kaliningrad region of Russian Federation) from 102º–114º to 157º–166º. The study investigated how the deep geological structure and gravitational forces in different parts of the earth's crust affect the direction of maximum horizontal stresses. It was observed that the direction of maximum horizontal stress changed when crossing only one of a deep tectonic fault. The direction of maximum horizontal stress showed the high correlation values with the gravitational effect of the sedimentary cover (negative correlation), the averaged difference gravitational field, and the gravitational effect of the crustal layer up to the Conrad boundary.

New research of two craters at Emmerting (No. 4 and No. 5), Germany, is presented. This paper should be the first part of two papers concerning presumed impact craters at Emmerting. The second paper will be about mineralogical/petrological, temperature and stress analyses. The enstatite-dominated meteoritic material, found in the crater No. 4 [Procházka et al., 2022; Procházka, 2023], is the subject of a separate detailed research. High-temperature effects and extreme deformation are significant in both craters. This deformation is explained with the effects of pressure wave(s) and later decompression in a target dominated by large but unconsolidated pebbles. Mutual collisions and secondary projectiles were documented. While most pebbles in the Crater No. 4 were thermally affected, the fine-grained fraction of the filling is poor in such material. It follows that small particles were volatilized and/or blown away during crater formation, or transported away later (e.g., by groundwater). Gamma-ray spectrometry has indicated that the walls of Crater No. 4 are significantly enriched in major natural radionuclides of Th, K and partly U, while the crater interior is depleted in these elements which are concentrated mainly in fine-grained fractions. This suggests a selective removal and volatilization of fine-grained material during the crater formation. The georadar measurements at both craters show that crater rims (walls) were partly pushed from below and partly heaped up from above with material that came from the crater interior. Georadar detected a compact body below the crater floor which is supported by results of resistivity measurements. A set of geophysical, geochemical, microscopic and mineralogical measurements proved that the craters at Emmerting are of impact origin. Extreme high temperature (HT) conditions inside the crater and small diameter of both craters indicate possible existence of very small meteoroids that are able to penetrate Earth´s atmosphere with high impact velocity (more than 30 km/s). This fact should challenge current models of bolide penetration through atmosphere.

The paper analyzes the recent trends of horizontal and vertical displacements of Ukraine's territory based on the GeoTerrace and System.Net GNSS network data. This includes the construction of relevant movement maps and the selection of deformation zones of the upper crust. The object of research is horizontal and vertical deformations of the upper crust. The goal is to identify and analyze deformation zones in Ukraine's territory. The source data includes the horizontal and vertical displacement rates of GNSS stations from the GeoTerrace network for 2018 to 2023 and the System.Net network for 2021 to 2023. This data is complemented by known tectonic map of the territory, sourced from the National Atlas of Ukraine, along with descriptive materials. The methodology includes comparison and analysis of recent deformations of the Earth's crust in the region with its known tectonic structure. New maps of recent horizontal displacement velocities of Ukraine's upper crust have been created, along with vertical displacement velocities of GNSS stations. These studies indicate that the recent horizontal movements within Ukraine are complex and closely linked to the known tectonic structure. Additionally, these movements were compared with regional model values derived from the ITRF-2020 model. Most GNSS stations have vertical subsidence trend, likely due to denudation processes. This study outlines the recent movements of the Earth's crust, however, a detailed interpretation should incorporate additional data from specialists in the Earth sciences. When observed over extended time intervals, the measured velocities of GNSS stations will help identify the spatial distribution characteristics of Earth's crust movement across Ukraine. This, in turn, will facilitate the development of regional geodynamic models for specific tectonic structures or regions, including Ukraine as a whole. Such models hold practical significance for advancing accurate navigation through precise positioning using networks of active GNSS stations.

The study aims to characterize the modern morphodynamics in the quarries of crystalline rocks of the Middle Pobuzhzhia (Hnivanskyi, Sabarivskyi, and Novosyniavskyi quarries). General geographical and geomorphological research methods were used. General geographical methods include cartographic and remote sensing, while geomorphological methods involve morphographics, morphometrics, and morphodynamics. In the granite quarries of Middle Pobuzhzhia, we can identify both major and minor anthropogenic processes. The major processes shape the primary elements and forms of the relief in the quarries and dumps, while the minor processes add complexity to the structure of the anthropogenic relief. The main anthropogenic processes include: 1) blasting operations in quarries; 2) selection of crushed rock by excavators; 3) formation of overburden ledges; 4) formation of hydraulic dumps and dams; 5) filling of overburden dumps; 6) dumping within processing plants; 7) formation and modification of quarry roads. Anthropogenic processes are mainly represented by two groups of processes: gravity and water erosion. Gravity processes are common on quarry walls and embankment slopes. These processes include collapses, landslides, and slumps, primarily on hard crystalline rock layer, and landslides on loose bedrock layer. Water erosion processes are represented by linear and planar erosion. They are common in the upper parts of quarry walls, where the ledges of loose overburden are exposed, and on the slopes of overburden dumps and processing plants. Planar erosion can be in the form of total and small-scale flushing and accumulation at the foot of ledges and slopes of embankments. Linear erosion consists of the formation of gullies and small ravines, rather short with a significant slope of the longitudinal profile. For the first time, the main and secondary anthropogenic geomorphological processes for mining areas are identified and characterized. Anthropogenic processes in crystalline rock quarries were studied based on our field research, . For the first time, modern geomorphological processes in the quarries of the Middle Pobuzhzhia were examined from a regional perspective. The practical significance of the research is that its results can serve as a basis for predicting anthropogenic and anthropogenically determined processes within quarries.

The aim of the work was to find out the dynamics of naphthidogenesis in the Devonian deposits of the Dobrudja Foredeep. The studies were conducted using retrospective analysis based on the fluid-dynamic concept of catagenesis. As a result, a difference in the catagenesis regime in different parts of the depression was established for the first time. The generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the Tuzliv Depression and the Furmanivsk-Prymorsk region exhibit distinct characteristics. The primary phase of oil formation in the Tuzliv Depression is associated with the first cycle of accumulation. In contrast, gas formation in the Furmanivsk-Prymorsk region is linked to the second cycle of catagenesis. Features of spatial and age heterogeneity of hydrocarbon accumulation were predicted. During the first cycle of catagenesis, the most intense flows of petroleum fluids were directed toward the centricline of the Tuzliv Depression, which consists of Middle Devonian deposits. This flow pattern likely played a significant role in the formation of the East Sarata deposit. Additionally, it supports a positive assessment of the prospects for the surrounding areas, including the Saratska, Yaroslavska, Rozivska, Hryhorivska, and Saryyarska structures. At the same time, early-generation gas was formed in the Furmanivsk-Prymorsk Depression. During the second cycle of catagenesis, it is predicted that oil deposits will form in the Lower Devonian sediments on the northern side and in the Upper Devonian sediments on the southern side. Additionally, gas deposits are expected to occur in the Silurian and ancient layers along the western centricline. In the final cycle of catagenesis within the Tuzliv Depression, the processes leading to oil accumulation in the Middle Devonian deposits at the periphery of the depression and gas accumulation in the Lower Devonian formations along the centricline decreased. Conversely, the accumulation of gas hydrocarbons in the Lower Devonian and underlying formations became more pronounced in the Furmanivsk-Prymorsk Depression. The hydrocarbon deposits predicted in the Lower Devonian sediments and older formations may act as intermediate reservoirs. This would allow hydrocarbons from deeper layers to migrate upward into overlying formations via the extensively developed disjunctive faults in the region. The scientific novelty lies in the establishment of lateral heterogeneity of the catagenesis regime and the corresponding heterogeneity of oil and gas formation processes. The practical significance lies in the identified specificity of the development of oil and gas accumulation zones and the localization of promising areas.

Research is aimed at developing methodological principles for preliminary detection of the seismic signal arrival registered by a three-component seismic station (TCSS), taking into account polarization properties of background and signal components. Methods. Seismic signals were recorded using the GURALP CMG seismic observation network of the Main Special Control Center (MSCC) of the State Space Agency (SSA) of Ukraine. Result. The main difference between a signal component of a three-component seismic record and a background is polarization properties. Considering these characteristics makes it possible to detect seismic signals and determine their components. Traditional methods for analyzing polarization in a three-component seismic record often involve significant computational effort and are typically employed for processing and analyzing seismic data in real time. In this study, we propose a new approach that evaluates the linearity of the implemented methods and determines the angles of seismic wave arrivals. This is particularly crucial for monitoring potential emergency sources, such as hazardous objects and seismically active areas. Our method can also be applied in real-time scenarios. Scientific novelty. Considering the properties of polarization, as opposed to relying solely on amplitude detection criteria, enables the detection of signals with a lower signal-to-noise ratio. This increases the sensitivity of the Transient Coherent Seismic Source (TCSS) to magnitudes. By utilizing polarization analysis in seismic signal detection, we not only enhance detection capabilities but also gain additional information about the parameters of seismic signal components, such as their azimuth and angle of arrival at the surface. This information can be instrumental in identifying the seismic signal components and determining the location of the seismic event source in relation to the observation point (OP). Significance of research. This approach makes it possible to increase the magnitude sensitivity of OP and the observation system as a whole. The relative simplicity of implementation makes it possible to apply it in real time. Determining angular characteristics of seismic wave arrival allows applying the proposed approach in a continuous monitoring loop for potential emergency sources.