This survey study presents data on the prevalence of, and the risk factors associated with post-COVID-19 complications for surviving patients with concomitant diseases during and after months of infection by coronavirus. A prospective, questionnaire-based study was conducted from May 2021 to June 2022. Patients who recovered from COVID-19 in 62 countries completed the online survey or did so during visits to hospitals and health centers. Individuals who recovered from COVID-19 were asked about their symptoms, adverse effects and adverse drug reactions. They were also asked if their concomitant diseases (diabetes, cardiovascular illness, asthma and GIT diseases) were affected after infection and if they had an uncontrolled treatment regimen. The severity of COVID was studied and the correlation coefficient to uncontrolled concomitant diseases was analyzed. Overall, 844 patients (44% female, 56% male) were assessed, and the highest percentage were suffering from long-term cough, dyspnea, constipation and uncontrolled concomitant diseases. A high significantly positive correlation between the severity of COVID infection and uncontrolled concomitant diseases was recorded. Many patients with mild to severe disease presentation reported persistent symptoms months later. Long-term complications to the lungs, heart, vascular system, kidneys, as well as metabolic disruption appear as uncontrolled treatment regimens for surviving COVID-19 patients.

Despite extensive existing literature on the role of machine learning (ML) in pharmacokinetics and drug development, there remains a gap in understanding its real-world implementation challenges, especially across diverse populations. This review aims to bridge this gap by focusing on specific case studies that illustrate the practical impact of ML on addressing the limitations of traditional pharmacokinetic (PK) methods. By leveraging large datasets and sophisticated algorithms, ML techniques provide improved predictions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) processes, offering an individualized approach to patient care. Unlike traditional PK modeling, ML allows for the handling of large-scale, multidimensional data, improving the prediction accuracy for diverse patient populations. This review delves into recent advancements in ML applications for PK, emphasizing their impact on early-stage drug discovery, dose optimization, and tailoring personalized treatment plans. Specific case studies illustrate the advantages of ML over conventional approaches, particularly in addressing the variability in drug responses among patients. The challenges and opportunities of using ML in PK modeling are discussed, highlighting the potential of these techniques to revolutionize pharmaceutical sciences. Słowa kluczowe: absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), machine learning (ML), pharmacokinetics (PK)

The human transcription factor NF-κB has an essential role in inflammatory responses and carcinogenesis. Ferulic acid (FA) is one of the plant phenolic compounds that shows therapeutic potential for anticancer, anti-diabetes, anti-aging, anti-inflammatory activities, etc. This study aims to develop novel FA-based NF-κB inhibitors. The docking study of FA analogs has revealed that FA74 (-7.3 kcal/mol), FA75 (-7.2 kcal/mol), and FA71 (-7.1 kcal/mol) are top NF-κB binders, in comparison with their parental compound, FA (-4.0 kcal/mol). Accordingly, FA74 establishes four hydrogen bonds with Arg 246 (p65), Gln 606 (p50), and Ser 546 (p50); FA75 and FA71 form three hydrogen bonds with Lys 541 (p50), Arg 246 (p65), and four hydrogen bonds with Arg 246 (p65), Lys 541 (p50), Ser 546 (p50) residues, respectively. FA forms four hydrogen bonds with Arg 33 (p65), Arg 187 (p65), and Gln 606 (p50) residues. The results suggest that FA analogs (FA74, FA75 & FA 71) show promising leads that may act as effective modulators of NF-κB activity through interaction with the p50 domain or p65 Nuclear Localising Sequence (NLS) or interference of gene expression. Further MD simulations, synthesis, and pre-clinical studies may elucidate the precise relationship between NF-κB and FA analogs. Słowa kluczowe: ferulic acid, NF-κB, docking, cancer, diabetes, inflammations

A new precise economical RP-HPLC analytical approach will serve as the basis for Luliconazole assay determination – both in bulk drug form and topical cream format. The separation took place on a HPLC device. The chromatographic separation was performed on a reverse-phase C-18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 µ) using 0.1% OPA: acetonitrile (75:25) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.10 mL/min. The wavelength of 298 nm was employed for detecting the effluents through the system. The physical measurement revealed that Luliconazole exists at 3.112 minutes, and the determined correlation coefficient value for Luliconazole measurement reached 0.996, while Luliconazole measurement in the formulation range from 98% to 102%. The study validated the Luliconazole (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of 1.31 µg/mL and 3.98 µg/mL, respectively. Its simplicity, accuracy, rapid execution and ease of implementation revealed a successful application of method for the analysis of Luliconazole in bulk drug and topical cream formulations. Słowa kluczowe: cream, luliconazole, method development, RP-HPLC, validation

The Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) is responsible for cell differentiation and proliferation upon activation when it binds to one of its ligands. It is thought to be involved tumorigenesis, which is implicated in cancers such as lung cancer and breast cancer. Over the past decades, the EGFR has become extensively examined as a target for the development of new anticancer agents. Several EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been identified and assessed in clinical trials as potential treatments for carcinoma. This review provides updated information on Novel heterocyclic scaffolds, which are now considered important pharmacophores that have demonstrated significant potency as EGFR inhibitors. Kinase inhibitors, in the last few years, have emerged as emerging anticancer agents with promising results. In this review, we briefly discussed heterocyclic scaffolds and the structural activity relationships of lead compounds such as substituted quinazoline, pyrimidine, quinoline and indole as EGFR kinase inhibitors, as well as their use as anticancer agents. Information on miscellaneous heterocyclics such as thiazolyl-pyrazoline derivatives, pyrazole derivatives and oxadiazole derivatives is also included. Słowa kluczowe: cancer, heterocyclic scaffolds, kinase inhibitors

There is an increase in the number of obese patients in burn units. Obesity is strongly associated with metabolic syndrome and chronic diseases, including cardiovascular and gastrointestinal disorders and diabetes. However, there is evidence that moderate obesity and overweight have a potentially protective effect on mortality among severely burned patients. The “obesity paradox” may result from the protective effect of adipose tissue due to its thermal conductivity and the regenerative potential resulting from the presence of mesenchymal stem cells in the subcutaneous tissue. This review aims to summarize available data showing correlation between Body Mass Index (BMI; kg/m2) and clinical outcome of the treatment of burns, including its impact on mortality. We pointed out direction of further research that should be conducted to more precisely examine the relationship between weight and course of treatment of burn patients. A systemic search was conducted of the relevant literature up to and including July 2024 – using database PubMed. The presented articles confirm the J-shaped and U-shaped correlation between BMI and mortality in burn patients. Being overweight or moderately obese proved to be protective compared to having a normal BMI or more severe obesity. Obesity is undoubtedly associated with several adverse health effects and requires additional challenges for health care in the process of treating its undesirable effects. However, the presented articles prove that overweight and obesity can have a protective effect on patients with severe burns. Słowa kluczowe: obesity, body mass index, burns, mortality

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition that can lead to various complications, including cataracts, a chief cause of visual impairment. There is growing promise in the use of natural compounds as preventive and therapeutic agents for cataracts. Oxidative stress has been implicated as a significant factor in cataract development. Natural compounds with antioxidant properties show potential in combating oxidative stress and preventing the formation of cataracts. Among these compounds, Spirulina platensis has been chosen for investigation in this study due to its well-established antioxidant properties. Additionally, this study aims to explore Spirulina platensis as a potential inhibitor of human aldose reductase (hAR), which is proven to show a fundamental role in cataract development. In the course of the work, Spirulina platensis underwent Soxhlet extraction with methanol, yielding four-column fractions (eluotropic solvent series). Each extract was subjected to HR-LCMS metabolite screening. Molecular docking studies were conducted to identify potential hAR inhibitors, and in vitro, anti-cataract activity was assessed using a goat lens model. The methanol fraction (500 μg/ml) showed the most significant anti-cataract activity, with a lens morphology grade 1 and improvements in superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity (1.565±0.10 U/mg of tissue, p<0.001), catalase (CAT) levels (6.59±0.25 U/mg of tissue, p<0.001), glutathione (GSH) concentrations (21.19±21.19 nmoles/100 mg, p<0.001) and protein content (255.5±5 mg/dl, p<0.001). Molecular docking identified Dubamine (methanol fraction, docking score: -11.0 kcal/mol) as a potential hAR inhibitor with the highest binding affinity. These results demonstrate the molecular pathways underlying Spirulina platensis therapeutic potential against cataracts. Keywords: Spirulina platensis, HR-LCMS, molecular docking, anti-cataract activity, biochemical parameters

Despite their effectiveness as analgesics, antitussives, antispasmodics and constipation drugs, opioids possess many side effects. Moreover, their easy availability contributes to the problem of addiction. In the following review, we focused on the toxicity and side effects of the four most common opioids – morphine, Codeine, Noscapine and Papaverine – to provide reliable information for students, doctors and pharmacists. Their pharmacological effects, as well as side effects have been described. Słowa kluczowe: opioids, toxicity, codeine, morphine, noscapine, papaverine

Quality of life is an important indicator that should be treated on par with medical health indicators. Among COVID-19 survivors, a decline in quality of life is often observed due to persistent, long-term symptoms affecting physical and mental functioning, as well as social activity. A major factor improving the quality of life and health of patients is multidimensional rehabilitation. The aim of the presented study was to analyze changes in quality of life and self-assessment of health status influenced by rehabilitation, the quality of life of patients after rehabilitation, and the health problems experienced by COVID-19 survivors. A self-authored questionnaire and the WHOQOL-BREF scale were employed in the study. Questionnaires were collected from a total of 166 patients who had been diagnosed with a positive COVID-19 test and had undergone rehabilitation after recovery. It was found that the respondents most frequently experienced cognitive, musculoskeletal and respiratory disorders. Moreover, a positive impact of rehabilitation on the quality of life (p<0.001) and health status (p<0.001) of recovered patients was demonstrated. Rehabilitation, with particular emphasis on therapeutic exercises and respiratory rehabilitation, is therefore an important factor in improving the functioning of patients and their ability to perform daily activities. Słowa kluczowe: quality of life, rehabilitation, COVID-19

Fetal cardiac arrhythmias and conduction disorders represent the second most commonly identified issue within the circulatory system. Extrasystoles make up 80% of all prenatal arrhythmias, whereas tachyarrhythmias account for 10% and bradyarrhythmias range from 5-10%, making them less prevalent. The diagnosis of the specific type of arrhythmia is conducted through echocardiography. A 27-year-old woman, who was in the 38th week of a normal pregnancy, was referred to the Medical University of Lublin's Department of Obstetrics and Pathology of Pregnancy for a fetal echocardiography exam. The expectant mother consumed a daily infusion of raspberry leaves, totaling 3-4 cups (330 ml). Raspberry ketone (RK) is under investigation for its potential heart protective effects; however, there is no established safe dosage prior to delivery. After discontinuing the treatment, the fetal heart rate returned to a normal rhythm. This study is the first to link raspberry consumption with occurrences of fetal arrhythmias. Effective diagnosis of fetal heart rhythm disturbances relies on comprehensive echocardiography of the fetal heart and thorough interviewing of the pregnant patient. Premature delivery due to fetal heart rhythm issues, without a detailed analysis via echocardiography, is a significant oversight. Słowa kluczowe: pregnancy, fetal heart rate, cardiac arrhythmias, raspberry leafs