The inclusion of skewed statistical distributions in the stochastic process for composing music contributes to clarify the effect of some pitch patterns for generating new pieces of music. The aim of this study was to compare and measure the effect of using skewed statistical distributions instead of using the common uniform distribution applied in Markov chains. We applied an explorative data analysis related to the Shannon entropy and the Monte Carlo approach, to generate and compare different stochastic realizations associated with a particular exponential and uniform distributions and two types of note selection based on intervals. Findings suggested that the presence of an exponential statistical distribution may generate a wide range of entropy values that could be associated with the diversity concept in complex systems. On the other hand, the presence of the uniform distribution may generate a narrow range of entropy values possibly associated with less diverse behaviors in simple systems. Therefore, the use of skewed statistical distributions, in particular the exponential, in the stochastic process for musical composition sets ground for the emergence of articulated musical patterns.

this essay examines diglossia within the Javanese community, highlighting a complex, tiered language structure reflective of social hierarchies, expanding upon Fasold's concept of double overlapping diglossia.classic diglossia, as outlined by Ferguson, is contrasted with broader interpretations by Fishman, which have been criticized for overgeneralization.Javanese society showcases an intricate model of diglossia, where Bahasa indonesia and various forms of Javanese are utilized across different social domains.the study explores the use of High and Low language varieties within Javanese society, specifically in educational and community settings.research indicates that language use is adaptive, with choices reflecting the interplay between formality, social relationships, and educational contexts.Despite the depth of current studies, further exploration is needed to understand the impact of global languages on traditional diglossic practices, especially among the youth.this essay proposes investigating how global trends and digital communication influence the Javanese language's future trajectory, aiming to provide a comprehensive understanding of linguistic evolution in Javanese society amid globalization.

this article aims to investigate the development of undergoer voice construction in Javanese from 10 th century to 21 st century.this research discusses the development of undergoer voice constructions by focusing on affix markers and the presence of agent arguments, especially agents in the form of first-person personal pronouns.the method employed in this research is a qualitative approach by utilizing corpus linguistic methods for data collection.the data sources used are taken from literary texts written include prose and poetry from the 10 th to the 21 st century.there are 12 texts that are used as data sources in this research.the literary works vary both temporally and regionally.the results claim that Javanese does not have completely the same type of construction as Filipino has the same type as indonesian in respect to the presence of proclitic in the undergoer voice construction.the findings indicate that agents in the form of first and second-person personal pronouns are crucial in the study of undergoer voice construction in austronesian languages as they determine the development of undergoer voice constructions.this study provides opportunities for similar research with data sources other than literary works to further strengthen conclusions regarding the disappearance of intransitive undergoer constructions in the Javanese language.

Abstract In traditional society, economic development and wealth accumulation will generally lead to a significant improvement in the overall moral level of the society, and vice versa. During the period of British industrial revolution, there was a historical phenomenon contrary to it, economic modernization brought about the general moral anomie of British society. The industrial revolution is the period of British social transformation, the causes of moral anomie are complex, and most of the existing studies focus on institutional and economic factors. During the industrial revolution in Britain, there were also secular religious beliefs, utilitarian ideas and laissez faire changes in school education. In the long process of religious secularization, it has caused a vacuum and distortion of morality and ethics. The utilitarianism of ideas breeds extreme egoism and money worship, and aggravates moral anomie. The laissez faire of British school education leads to the backwardness and utilitarianism of British education, which makes education unable to play the role of moral education. The moral dilemma is caused by these reasons, therefore, in order to realize the two-way growth of economic modernization and social moral modernization, we should pay attention to ideological and moral construction while developing economy. Combined with the actual situation of our country, we should actively establish moral norms matching the economic level and realize moral modernization from the aspects of establishing a good social atmosphere, transforming excellent traditional culture and reasonable government intervention in education.

Abstract The current study aimed to examine the realization of the speech act of request by Saudi EFL learners, in Arabic as their first language and English as their foreign language. To this end, 240 Saudi undergraduates completed a discourse completion task consisting of 12 situations, six of which were presented in Arabic while the other six were presented in English. The participants’ responses were coded for the request strategies in addition to internal/external modifiers and initiators. The results showed a clear dominance for the conventionally indirect strategy of “query preparatory” in both languages. However, other statistically significant differences emerged. For instance, while the participants used more direct requests in Arabic than in English, they employed more nonconventionally indirect requests in English than in Arabic. Additionally, the participants apologized significantly more often in English than in Arabic whereas they promised and offered prayers to the hearer more frequently in Arabic than in English. Moreover, the participants used a significantly higher number of downgraders in English than in Arabic. Regarding social variables, the participants exhibited sensitivity to social dominance in the two languages.

This article discusses the implementation of cultural products in alternative medical practice at the Pesantren Suryalaya.The medical practice that is carried out has a great influence on the cultural structure of the pesantren, especially the basic structure and values of Tariqa Qadiriyah wa Naqsyabandiyah (TQN) 1 teachings.The implementation of cultural products from medical practice cannot be separated from the construction and series of medical practice processes carried out for patients who come to Pesantren Suryalaya.This research has used ethnographic methods and involves various interdisciplinary approaches between health sciences, alternative medicine, health anthropology, cultural studies, and relevant social sciences.The results showed that the implementation of cultural products carried out by patients, students, worshipers, and the community was presented in different ways, according to their respective roles in the realm of water treatment practices at Pesantren Suryalaya.

This article examines the safeguarding and implementation of the ICH convention using a case study approach in the United Republic of Tanzania context. The study investigated safeguarding measures employed after independence in 1961 and since 2011 when the country became a signatory to UNESCO (2003) convention. The study revealed that the country has still not achieved much in terms of identifying and safeguarding intangible cultural heritage (ICH). The country has neither developed a national inventory nor inscribed any element on the UNESCO Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage. This situation is due to the failure to understand the philosophical background of the ICH Convention. The negative beliefs of some people that many cultural elements such as rituals and witchcraft are outdated or evil has influenced challenges in safeguarding ICH in Tanzania. Furthermore, fear of bringing identity problems and tribalism issues while there is a feeling that Tanzanians are unified by the Kiswahili language which leads to Swahili culture has also brought negative perspectives towards safeguarding and implementing ICH in the country. Finally, this paper contributes to the discourse on the best practices in safeguarding and implementing ICH.

The present article attempts to investigate David Markson’s Wittgenstein’s Mistress through the lens of cognitive narratology. To understand “the whole mind” of Kate, the protagonist of the novel, this study endeavors to explore her intermental thoughts (interpersonal relationships), intramental thoughts (inner speech), and dispositions. The central questions of the present study are: How does Kate, the major female character of Wittgenstein’s Mistress reconstruct the minds of others in her own thought, and how does her mental state is manifested in her narration of episodic traumatic memories and qualia? And how does her internal world emerge from a combination of collective minds as far as Alan Palmer’s conception of “intermental thought” is concerned? Alan Palmer’s humanizing approach to postclassical narratology, which provides the theoretical backbone of the present research, underscores the mental interactions of fictional characters and explores actions, dispositions, and interpersonal relationships. The article concludes that Kate’s internal world is constructed out of a combination of collective minds and her “intermental thoughts.”

Literary stories as a means of communication highlight the deep connection between human and non-human entities and the association of matter and mind. Ahmad Alhokail’s Turq wa Mudan/Roads and Cities, a contemporary Saudi novel published in 2019, elucidates the idea of “storied matter” and the creative and narrative agency of non-human entities. This work draws a narrative map of stories that trace the physical map of Riyadh and the neighboring villages of northern Najd. This map aims to connect culture to nature and thus gives insights to the dynamic relationship between places (non-humans) and their inhabitants (humans). Drawing on material ecocriticism, Barad’s agential realism and the question of creativity, this study attempts to investigate the human and non-human “intra-actions” and highlight the narrative agency of places encountered throughout the novel as well as the storied bodies of traditional poetry and storytelling. It maintains that places and nature are vibrant, agentic matter that have the capacity to embody the history, memories and traditions of the inhabitants of Najd region.

This study examined the similarities and differences in the distribution and quantitative use of engagement resources in the English news texts of two phases which are demarcated by an important document issued by the Chinese government in constructing the Greater Bay Area (GBA) by drawing on the engagement framework of the appraisal system in Systemic Functional Linguistics. Sixty English news reports of these two phases, each with a length of 800–1200 words, were collected and all the engagement resources were coded and calculated on the UAM corpus tool (version 6) before comparisons were made in terms of the quantitative use and distribution of each sub-category. The findings show that more dialogic expansion resources are present in the English news texts on GBA than dialogic contraction resources and that the most used and the least used strategies in the news reports are entertain resources and distance resources respectively. Moreover, in terms of the comparison of the sub-category, the distribution of the endorse strategy is significantly different in these two phases.