Pluchea indica L. is a plant have some secondary metabolite compounds namely flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids, and phenols that have antioxidants activity. The purpose of this study was to compare the content of antioxidant compounds analyzed using LC-MS and determine the relationship of antioxidant activity through the DPPH test on P. indica leaves extracted by maceration and soxhlation. The extracts from maceration and soxhlation of P. indica leaves were analyzed using LC-MS to determine the composition of the compounds contained therein then continued with the antioxidant activity test using the DPPH method. In the antioxidant activity test using DPPH, each extract was made 3 variations of concentration, namely 10 ppm, 50 ppm, and 100 ppm, and measured based on the absorbance of DPPH at a wavelength of 515 nm using a UV-vis spectrometer. The results of analysis using LC-MS on macerated extracts of P. indica leaves are 112 compounds consisting of flavonoids 72.4841%, phenols 9.00625%, terpenoids 6.11827%, alkaloids 6.99075%, tannins 2.2256%, and saponins 2.04458%. The Soxhlet extraction contained 116 compounds consisting of flavonoids 67.14345%, phenols 8.95854%, terpenoids 13.82165%, alkaloids 5.35637%, tannins 2.53305%, and saponins 0.2969%. The results of the antioxidant activity test using DPPH on maceration extracts have an IC50 value of 76.7576 and soxhlation 62.580 ppm. Both maceration and soxhlation extracts of P. indica leaves contain compounds that have high antioxidant potential and have good antioxidant activity, namely in the strong antioxidant category. However, the soxhlation extract has more compounds and a lower IC50 value. Thus, the more antioxidant compounds contained in an extract, the lower the IC50 value so that the better the antioxidant activity.

The sweet orange peel (Citrus x sinensis L.) possesses antioxidant properties that can be harnessed for developing a pharmaceutical preparation based on natural ingredients, particularly in skin care products such as body scrubs. Meanwhile, coconut pulp (Cocos nucifera L.) has a textural quality that lends itself to use as a scrubbing agent, capable of removing dead skin cells. This study aimed to ascertain the antioxidant activity of body scrub formulations with varying concentrations of extract. The results of the phytochemical screening indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. Three formulations of body scrub were prepared, designated FI (1.25% extract), FII (2.5% extract), and FIII (5% extract). The results of the physical tests demonstrated that the organoleptic, pH, spreadability, and adhesion tests met the requisite standards. In the antioxidant activity test with the DPPH reagent, the IC50 value of each formula is as follows: The results demonstrated that the IC50 value of each formula was 7.28 ppm (very strong) for FI, 11.839 ppm (very strong) for FII, and 17.354 ppm (very strong) for FIII.

Nanoparticles are an innovative formulation designed to enhance the bioavailability of drugs with poor absorption while allowing for a more targeted release of active compounds to minimize the risk of side effects. This study aims to develop nanoparticle formulations of young areca nut extract. The ionic gelation method, utilizing 0.02% CaCl2 and 0.1% sodium alginate, was employed in the preparation process. The three formulas were developed with different concentrations and volumes of extract. The evaluation of nanoparticles included phytochemical screening, particle size analysis (PSA), zeta potential, % transmittance, and FTIR for functional group identification. The characterization results of the nanoparticles from young areca nut seed ethanol extract showed that formulas F1, F2, and F3 had particle sizes of 84.267±1.250 nm, 97.367±1.079 nm, and 82.333±0.723 nm, respectively. The polydispersity index values ranged from 0.254±0.046 to 0.325±0.02, suggesting good particle distribution. The zeta potential values, all below -30 mV, indicate the stability of the colloidal suspension system. FTIR analysis showed that the young areca nut seed extract nanoparticles in all formulas contained functional groups such as alcohol, alkene, and amide.

Stainless steel 316L is a metal that can be used for bone implants but exhibits low biocompatibility. The low biocompatibility can lead to inflammation, infection, or rejection within the body's tissue system. It is coated with hydroxyapatite-polycaprolactone to enhance the biocompatibility of stainless steel 316L. This study aims to examine the effects of stirring time, stirring speed, and the appropriate hydroxyapatite-polycaprolactone ratio on the shear strength of hydroxyapatite-polycaprolactone using the dip coating method and to determine the empirical model for the resulting shear strength of the hydroxyapatite-polycaprolactone layer. Hydroxyapatite and polycaprolactone were mixed using acetone and stirred at a speed of 150 rpm for 20 hours. Then, the stainless steel 316L substrate was immersed in the suspension and dried at 56°C for 1 hour. The process conditions optimization in this study employed a 2k modeling approach. The empirical shear strength model in this research is represented as y = -216.9 + 36.42A + 1.426B + 14.43C - 0.2345AB - 2.380AC - 0.08943BC + 0.01468AB*C, with an R2 value of 0.99. The variables with the most significant influence on shear strength, ranked from largest to smallest, are the HA-PCl ratio (A), followed by the two-way interaction between the HA-PCl ratio (A) and stirring speed (B), the three-way interaction between the HA-PCl ratio (A), stirring speed (B), and stirring time (C), followed by the two-way interaction between the HA-PCl ratio (A) and stirring time (C), stirring time (C), stirring speed (B), and the two-way interaction between stirring speed (B) and stirring time (C). The highest shear strength of the hydroxyapatite layer was achieved at a HA-PCl ratio of 5:1.5, stirring speed of 150 rpm, and stirring time of 20 hours, with a value of 5.71 MPa

Vitamin C is one of the substances needed by the human body which acts as an antioxidant that effectively overcomes the effects of free radicals that damage cells in the body, but vitamin C has properties that are easily oxidized so that innovation is needed to coat (encapsulate) vitamin C in the form of capsules as a drug delivery system. One polymer that can be used for vitamin C encapsulation is cellulose. The cellulose content can be found in the skin and nipah fruit and then synthesized into carboxymethyl cellulose as a vitamin C coating. The microencapsulation method was carried out by mixing 3 g of carrageenan-CMC mixture with variations in the ratio of 1:0; 1:0.5 and 1:1 (%b/b). The encapsulated small beads were made in 200 mL of 2M KCl-CaCl solution by extrusion technique. The microencapsulant was then drained and continued with the crosslinking stage using Glutaraldehyde (GA) 1%. In this in vitro oral simulation study, the encapsulation ratio that produced the best treatment with the highest percentage of drug solubility in the intestine was the ratio (1:0.5), followed by (1:1) and the smallest (1:0) with percentage values of 15.42; 14.06; and 1.67 percent, respectively.

Efikasi diri dan kemandirian belajar merupakan salah satu faktor penting pada meningkatkan prestasi belajar kimia dan faktor-faktor tersebut harus dikuasi oleh peserta didik. Angket efikasi diri dan kemandirian belajar setelah validasi menjadi 21 butir pernyataan. Angket tersebut dibagikan kepada seluruh sampel sebanyak 119 peserta didik yang dibagi menjadi 5 kelas di SMAN 15 Pekanbaru. hasil penelitian menunjukkan (1) Terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan efikasi diri secara parsial terhadap prestasi belajar kimia, (2) terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan kemandirian belajar terhadap prestasi belajar, (3) Terdapat pengaruh positif dan signifikan antara efikasi diri dan kemandirian belajar secara simultan terhadap prestasi belajar kimia.