Image quality plays a crucial role in improving the performance of image-based classification models, particularly when raw images exhibit noise, uneven illumination, and unclear object boundaries. This study proposes a hybrid segmentation approach to enhance object separation by reducing background interference and refining object contours. The method combines Otsu thresholding for initial object–background separation with elliptical morphological operations to improve region consistency and boundary definition.The segmented grayscale images are replicated into three channels and resized to 224×224 pixels before being used as input to an EfficientNetB4-based classification model optimized with the AdamW optimizer and fine-tuning. Experimental results under identical data splits, training settings, and fine-tuning protocols show that the proposed segmentation-based method achieves a final test accuracy of 97%, outperforming the baseline model trained on raw images (95% test accuracy) using the same EfficientNetB4-AdamW configuration. These results demonstrate that incorporating segmentation in the preprocessing stage effectively enhances discriminative feature learning and improves overall classification performance.

This study investigates a stage-structured predator–prey model consisting of prey, juvenile predators, and adult predators. The prey population follows logistic growth, while predation is described using a Holling type I functional response. Prey protection is incorporated through a protection parameter (1-m), representing the proportion of prey that successfully avoid predation by reducing the predation rate of adult predators. The model is analyzed by determining equilibrium points and examining their existence and stability. The results show four equilibrium points: total population extinction, prey-only equilibrium, juvenile predator extinction, and coexistence equilibrium. Predator extinction occurs when predation efficiency and predator reproduction are insufficient to compensate for predator mortality, whereas coexistence occurs when predation and conversion rates exceed mortality thresholds. Numerical simulations support the analytical results and demonstrate that increasing prey protection reduces predation pressure and may lead to predator decline, while appropriate predation efficiency promotes stable coexistence. These findings highlight the ecological importance of prey defense mechanisms in predator–prey interactions, particularly in rice–Leptocorisa oratorius.

Kekerasan terhadap anak tetap menjadi isu kritis di Indonesia, dengan Jawa Barat secara konsisten melaporkan jumlah kasus yang tinggi. Studi ini meneliti faktor-faktor sosioekonomi yang memengaruhi jumlah kasus kekerasan terhadap anak di 27 kabupaten dan kota, dengan fokus pada tingkat kemiskinan, rata-rata tahun sekolah, tingkat perceraian, Tingkat Partisipasi Angkatan Kerja (PFPR), dan Tingkat Pengangguran Terbuka (OUR). Tes diagnostik mengidentifikasi heterogenitas spasial dan overdispersi, yang mendukung penggunaan model Regresi Binomial Negatif Berbobot Geografis (GWNBR). Model GWNBR mengungguli model Poisson dan Binomial Negatif global, yang ditunjukkan oleh nilai Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) terendah sebesar 193,23, yang menunjukkan kemampuannya untuk menangani data hitungan spasial yang overdispersi. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan variasi spasial yang substansial dalam pengaruh faktor-faktor sosioekonomi. Rata-rata tahun sekolah dan tingkat perceraian signifikan di sebagian besar wilayah, sementara Kota Bandung adalah satu-satunya wilayah di mana kelima prediktor tersebut signifikan. Temuan ini menunjukkan struktur risiko yang bervariasi secara geografis yang tidak dapat ditangkap oleh model global. Studi ini menyoroti pentingnya pemodelan adaptif spasial dalam analisis sosial dan demografis serta menyarankan agar karakteristik spesifik wilayah dipertimbangkan dalam perumusan kebijakan. Temuan ini mendukung strategi perlindungan anak yang terarah dan selaras dengan SDG 3, SDG 4, dan SDG 16.

The prime graph of the ring R, (PG(R)) is a graph which set of vertices consists of elements of R and two different vertices are adjacent if their product in the ring is zero. We study the prime graph of cartesian product of the ring Z_(p_1 )×Z_(p_2 ) for distinct prime numbers p_1 and p_2. We find that some properties of PG(Z_(p_1 )×Z_(p_2 ) ) such as order, size, the number of triangles, and Wiener. Further, we construct the line graph of PG(Z_(p_1 )×Z_(p_2 ) ) and calculate the order, size, and Wiener index of L(PG(Z_(p_1 )×Z_(p_2 ) )).

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major public health challenge in Indonesia and generates significant mortality-related risk for the life insurance sector. This study develops an integrated Susceptible–Infected–Recovered–Deceased (SIRD) model to analyze TB transmission dynamics in Southeast Sulawesi and to estimate related life insurance claims. The model is calibrated using regional TB data from 2021–2023 and validated against 2024 observations. Analytical results include equilibrium analysis and the basic reproduction number, while long-term dynamics are examined through scenario-based simulations. Epidemiological outcomes are translated into actuarial projections by converting cumulative TB-related deaths into annual incremental deaths and expected insurance claims under optimistic, baseline, and pessimistic scenarios. Parameter sensitivity is assessed using Latin Hypercube Sampling and Partial Rank Correlation Coefficients. The results show that the transmission rate is the most influential determinant of the present value of TB-related insurance claims, followed by the recovery rate, whereas TB-induced mortality has a smaller but significant effect. These findings highlight that reducing transmission and improving treatment effectiveness can simultaneously mitigate public health impacts and lower long-term insurance liabilities, demonstrating the relevance of integrating epidemiological modeling with actuarial risk assessment.

This study presents the numerical implementation of the Black-Scholes interval model for determining the price of European call options under parameter uncertainty. Unlike the classic Black-Scholes model, which assumes fixed volatility and risk-free interest rates, this study represents both parameters as limited intervals constructed based on historical data. Daily stock closing prices obtained from Yahoo Finance and risk-free interest rate data from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis were used to define the parameter ranges. The interval Black-Scholes model was discretized in the asset price and time domains and solved numerically by formulating an optimization problem that minimizes the residual error of the interval partial differential equation with terminal payoff constraints. The numerical solution produces lower and upper bounds for option prices in the specified domain. Simulation results show that classic Black-Scholes option prices lie within the calculated interval price bounds, demonstrating numerical consistency between the deterministic and interval formulations.This study provides a structured numerical case study showing how the Black-Scholes interval model can be implemented to generate option price bounds under bounded parameter uncertainty

This study examines three-trophic-level ecological dynamics in rice field ecosystems involving rice as the producer, brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens) as herbivores, and Pardosa sp. spiders as top predators. Population interactions were modeled using logistic growth for rice and two response functions: the Holling type II response for planthopper predation on rice, and the Crowley–Martin response for Pardosa sp. predation on planthoppers to capture predatorinterference. The resulting model was formulated as a system of nonlinear differential equations.Analytically, four equilibrium points were obtained: total population extinction, extinction of planthoppers and Pardosa sp., extinction of Pardosa sp., and coexistence of all threespecies. Local stability analysis at each equilibrium point was conducted using the Jacobian matrix and the Routh–Hurwitz criterion. Numerical simulations were performed for severalparameter combinations by varying planthopper growth efficiency and Pardosa sp. predation intensity. The simulation results were consistent with the theoretical analysis and showed that small changes in biological parameters could shift the system from stable coexistence to near extinction of the planthopper population. Ecologically, the model demonstrates that rice field ecosystem balance is strongly influenced by the interaction between planthopperreproductive capacity and the predatory strength of Pardosa sp., providing a theoretical basisfor sustainable planthopper pest control strategies.

An equivalence relation on a set forms equivalence classes so that the concept of approximation is formed on that set (rough set). The concept of approximation on a set is developing very rapidly. Some papers replace the equivalence relation with other relations, one of which is the dominance relation. The symmetry property of the equivalence relation is replaced by the anti-symmetry property so that a dominance relation is formed. This paper reviews several papers related to approximation on a set $w.r.t$ equivalence and dominance relations by describing the approximation properties that hold in both relations in terms of the concept of 3 types of approximation on a set. This paper also provides the approximation properties that hold in the equivalence relation but do not hold in the dominance relations in terms of the concept of 3 types of approximation on a set. The main contribution of this paper is showing that the relationship between the concept of 3 types of approximation on a set $w.r.t$ the equivalence relation and the dominance relation.

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) remains a serious global health threat, with transmission dynamics significantly influenced by vector control strategies and human behavior. This study constructs and analyzes a differential equation-based mathematical model to investigate dengue transmission dynamics by integrating three control strategies: medical treatment, mass awareness, and the release of Wolbachia-infected mosquitoes. The basic reproduction number (R0) is derived using the Next Generation Matrix (NGM) method as a threshold quantity for disease transmission. Simulation results demonstrate that when parameter values satisfy the condition R0 1, the system trajectories converge to the disease-free equilibrium, implying that the disease will be eliminated over time. Conversely, modifying parameters δ and p such that R0 1 results in system stability at the endemic equilibrium, indicating disease persistence within the population. This study concludes the importance of controlling these key parameters through integrated interventions to reduce the value of R0 to less than unity

The Kapuas River plays an essential role in transportation, fisheries, tourism, and natural drainage in Pontianak, where river geometry and downstream tidal effects shape its flow conditions. These tidal forces produce variations in discharge and water level over space and time, which can exceed the river’s capacity and cause flooding. This study simulates the dynamics of discharge and water level along the Kapuas Kecil River segment. Researchers developed a mathematical flow model using the Saint-Venant framework, based on mass and momentum conservation principles. This study numerically solved the equations using a finite difference approach with a forward-time and central-space scheme. Researchers collected river width and depth data along a 5 km stretch from Pontianak Utara to Jungkat. The study presents simulation results as spatial and temporal profiles of water level and discharge. The results of this study show that water discharge increases along the channel, while water levels generally decrease over time in the direction of flow. These results provide insights into tidal-influenced river flows in urban environments and can support flood-related analysis and management efforts.