This article examines the dynamics of class formation from a historical sociology perspective after the formation of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG), roughly from 1991 to 2021. It then reviews the KRG period (1991-2021) to trace the process of class formation in the newly-born government. After that, the researchers explore the pattern and nature of class structure and the state in the Southern Kurdistan from 1991 to 2021. This article presents the role of the world economy and the Southern Kurdistan political parties in class formation. For example, the government relied on the selling of natural resources such as crude oil, and a small proportion of people received a tremendous amount of wealth from the government by utilizing political power, and their class position changed to a new one, which is a bourgeois class. As this is a historical sociology study, the following theories will be used: Dependency theory and the world-systems theory are essential in this article because they will evaluate the relationship between classes and compare the Southern Kurdistan with other countries in the capitalist world system. The qualitative methods which have been used in this article include critical analysis of written sources and secondary data, including official statistics of the KRG.

Hotel training is crucial to equipping staff with the knowledge and abilities they need to advance their performance and boost the standard of specialized hotel services، which will have positive effects on the professional، financial، and social spheres. The purpose of the study is to identify the training policies، programs، and standards used in Sulaymaniyah's four- and five-star hotels as well as the standards used to assess employee performance. It also seeks to pinpoint the major issues and roadblocks that prevent the four- and five-star hotels from implementing efficient training programs.
 The research covered both theoretical and practical issues، and the descriptive analytical approach was employed. On the theoretical side، a number of books، theses، and Arabic publications that focused on hotel training were used as references. The measurement tool (the questionnaire) was created and provided to a random sample of guests in those hotels on the field side.
 The validity of the hypotheses was examined using the SPSS statistical processing application and a five-point Likert scale.
 The research produced a number of recommendations and conclusions، the most significant of which is that there is uncertainty in the activation and implementation of hotel training policies in the public and private sectors، and that programs tend to be generally focused on generalization rather than specialization and diagnosis، as well as the absence of hotel professional centers in the public and private sectors.
 Moreover، there aren't any facilities for professional training dedicated to the growth and development of hotel staff.
 The necessity to pay attention to the function of hotel training in boosting the performance level of employees in Sulaymaniyah hotels as one of the dimensions to improving the performance of hotel services in Sulaymaniyah is one of the most crucial recommendations.
 The more readily available these programs are، the higher the level of performance of employees in Sulaymaniyah's hotels. This is in addition to working on the supply of appropriate training programs to increase the performance of the staff level of hotel services.

The research aims to identify the impact of the efficiency and effectiveness of financial control on improving financial performance in public institutions in Sulaymaniyah Governorate، and this study followed the descriptive analytical method.
 The study population consisted of workers in the financial and supervisory affairs in public institutions in Sulaymaniyah Governorate، and the study sample consisted of individuals who practice control and audit work in the Department of Financial Supervision Bureau in Sulaymaniyah Governorate، and (34) questionnaires were distributed from which (30) questionnaires were retrieved valid for analysis. The statistical figure represents (88%) of the study sample.
 Among the most prominent recommendations of the study is the need to develop a plan of priorities for the application of procedures and standards for financial control، defining a set of indicators to follow up the efficiency and effectiveness of the practices of the procedures of financial control bodies and their achievement of control objectives. This study also found that appropriate legislation and qualified cadres have a positive impact on improving financial performance in the financial departments of public institutions.
 Based on the previous results، the study recommends improving the legislation that governs the work of financial oversight bodies، as well as the supervisory legislation that governs financial operations and organizes their procedures in public institutions، and also recommends working to provide appropriate cadres to carry out financial control tasks for external financial regulators، financial departments and internal control units in public institutions، and preparing the budget in a way that leads to the largest possible reduction in deviations.

Balakayati and Warte region, an area of a considerable magnitude, It is located in northeastern part of Hawler province. Throughout the latter part of the nineties of twentieth century, the region had become the battleground of civil war between the political parties of Southern Kurdistan. Those wars have left a profound and lasting negative economic, societal, and educational impact. Which tens of people were killed and the social contacts were hugely damaged. On the other hand, Internal wars and conflicts had extermly impacted on education and health sectors, and led to poverty and destruction. It is worth mentioniy thet, this topic is neglected by history researchers. Therefore we decided to conduct research on this significant issue. This research paper includes an overview about Balakayaty and Werte, moreover two sections connected to economical and social negative impacts on the district.

The watershed of the Qandil River is located in the northeast of Sulaimani province and the east of the Kurdistan Region. Physio-graphically, the study area is considered to be a rugged mountainous area, astronomically located between the latitudes (36 13 14–36 31 15) north and the longitudes (44 53 52–45 06 13) east. The area of the watershed is (219 km2) The main objective of this study is to identify the environmental characteristics of the study area and draw specific maps for each of them in order to take the necessary steps to analyze the hydromorphometric area. At the beginning of the study, the natural environment of the watershed of the Qandil River and its effects on hydromorphometric factors such as (Geology, altitude, and climate were analyzed. This is by analyzing the characteristics of each of these genders and their effects at different levels at the level of water resources. In the second part, focused on each of the most important geomorphology and morphometry of watersheds of the Qandil river watershed, which consists of two watersheds. In the first topic, after preparing the map of the river irrigation network, the most important geomorphological features of the watersheds are discussed, such as main rivers, branches, irrigation systems, streams and their types. In the second topic, the most important morphometric measurements were doing for watersheds. On this topic, emphasis was placed on the study of their characteristics (area, shape, altitude, and river network). The results of the study show that the natural characteristics of the study area play a major role in the richness of water resources and the rapid flow of streams, tributaries, and the main river of the watershed.

This research is an attempt to study identity in the novel “The Virgin of Sinjar” by Ward Badr Al-Salem in the light of a group of rhetorical dominions that practiced erasing all its details and composition towards the Yezidi Kurds, especially that the space of the novel has considered the human component as the axis of the geology of the narrative text, and for this the novel came to bear these dominations through a series of narrative sequences that employed the discourse within the circle of erasure.
 The nature of the research required an introduction in which he explained why we chose this novel to be the sample of the research, and paved for him with a preamble in which I talked about identity representation, followed by two sections, the first section was called “Erasing the Yazidi Identity,” while the second section was marked “Erasing the Kurdish Identity.” Both sections included several manifestations, including a conclusion, and a list of sources and references for the research.
 This study is based on textual critical reading by tracing the applied procedures of cultural criticism revealing the manifestation of identity representations behind rhetorical dominions in the textual structures of the novel.

In the contemporary philosophy and more specifically in philosophy of language, one of the essential issues of philosophical studies is the relationship between language, the World and knowledge about the world. Bertrand Russell as one of the leaders in logical analysis in contemporary philosophy considers logical foundation as significant pillar for language. He defines language, meaning knowledge in the context of logic and he forms the world in the logical facts. From here, a link between language and reality will be created, and thus there is an intention to break the other traditions.
 Bertrand Russell tried to write many books and essays and his literary heritage has become an important asset in philosophical discourses. This study aims under the Russell’s arguments to analyze the relationship between language and the world. It attempts from a different perspective to reach a different form of existence and world. This purpose helps in language activities in manifesting correct knowledge about the world that it has facts, events, state of affairs, reality and logic.
 Russell's attempts to connect between language and reality in the world produced many valuable arguments and thesis. This is on the foundation of logical analysis changes language to propositions and changes the world to facts instead of things. In addition, arranges all theories about meaning, descriptions, proper names and knowledge through the atomic propositions. Furthermore, he based his understanding to the external world, existing of things and the relations between them on logical language.

The University is considered an important academic center to prepare students for a better future. University students will face many changes during their studies, which may affecting their overall performance, study and decision-making. Their problems and adaptation mean high cognitive flexibility, as some students cannot adapt to their problems. This study aimed to determine statistical differences in cognitive flexibility among kindergarten students in Kurdistan Regional University. Knowing the different levels of cognitive flexibility statistics among kindergarten students according to university variables (Salahaddin, Sulaimani, Raparen, Halabja , Garmian). The determine statistical differences in cognitive flexibility between first and third- grade students of kindergarten departments in each of the Kurdistan Regional University. the researcher uses a quantitative descriptive method because it is appropriate to the nature of the research. Sample selection The researcher random sampling from the kindergarten department, which consisted of (345) students and they divided into five universities (Salahaddin, Sulaimani, Raparen, Halabja , Garmian), the researcher was able to prepare the measure of cognitive softness using the measure (Al-Mayahi, Razi, 2019), and the researcher used the SPSS program as a method to analyze the data. Results of the study cognitive flexibility among kindergarten students is at a high level, there is a difference in cognitive flexibility according to the university variable, there is no difference in cognitive flexibility between first and third grade students in kindergarten in each of the universities in the Kurdistan Region. Based on the results Obtained by the researcher, the researcher makes some suggestions and recommendations to the places related to the research.

This research is entitled "Philosophical Pessimism in Contemporary Kurdish Poetry with the Example of the Poems of (Jamal Ghambar, Barzan Hastyar, Abdullah Pashew)". The paper discusses philosophical pessimism as a multidimensional subject in modern Kurdish poetry and the root of pessimism in Kurdish and other languages. Specific concepts and themes of pessimistic philosophy such as nihilism, death-loving and doubt have also been theorized and practiced. Finally, we have reached several conclusions that philosophical pessimism in contemporary Kurdish poetry is a pessimism that has emerged under the influence of a number of literary movements such as Surrealism, Absurdism, Dadaism and Nihilism. However, philosophical pessimism in Kurdish poetry is more of an intellectual than an ideological issue for most poets.

In her novel "The Fifth Child", Doris Lessing illustrates the rigidity of a patriarchal society. The analysis of masculinity in this study shows that society as a whole, in addition to its criminal subcultures, are maintained by the masculine law and order, which encourages prejudice against those who do not fit into the norms of society, believe in authoritarian social systems, and favor rational solutions to moral judgments. Therefore, Lessing has fostered the complexities of social relationships between husband and wife from various socioeconomic strata in terms of a crippled child, Ben. Her unbiased insight into the thinking of society’s underprivileged women as well as those who represent the oppressive established society sheds light on various aspects of patriarchy. For this purpose, the current study intends to investigate Lessing’s treatment of women’s alienation and power. It aims to look at psychological conflicts, social alienation, and social status and power through the art of characterization and plot construction.