This paper discusses the fundamental elements of online banking in Serbia, with an emphasis on user demographics, preferences, and the frequency with which they need to physically visit bank branches. The survey gathered 209 responses between August and December 2024. Although online banking is growing increasingly popular, physical presence in banks has not faded entirely, as many customers continue to visit banks for certain services. The Mann-Whitney test results revealed that respondents' gender is not a statistically significant factor in the frequency with which they visit banks. On the other hand, the Kruskal-Wallis test results revealed that age had a significant impact on the frequency of visits to bank branches, with older respondents visiting the banks more frequently. In addition, there are statistically significant differences in respondents' educational levels, with those with greater education visiting banks more frequently. The study's findings provide important guidance for banks on how to build digital services while remaining competitive in the market.

The green transition is a long-term process that requires transforming the outdated fossil fuel-based economic model into a circular economy model. This paper analyzes the readiness of Western Balkan countries to implement green transition, in the context of obligations arising from the European Green Deal and the Green Agenda. The aim is to determine the capacities and challenges related to the regulatory framework, institutional infrastructure, energy mix, and the availability of sustainable financial instruments. A comparative analysis of secondary data has been applied, and the results indicate a high dependence on coal (over 70% in Serbia), limited use of renewable sources (less than 5% in most countries), and underutilization of EU financial mechanisms. Institutional capacities are uneven, and ESG standards are only in the early stages of implementation. The conclusion is that green transition is a strategic challenge, but also an opportunity for the modernization of regional economies, highlighting the need for a stronger re

Blockchain systems are ever more ubiquitous in all business sectors, but the primary user of these technologies is the financial industry. This paper aims to explore attacks on blockchain systems, specifically determining the intensity of these attacks in the past and the extent of their consequences. Throughout history, the types and methods of attacks on blockchain systems have evolved, and with that, the intensity of these attacks has increased. The results of attacks on blockchain systems are short-term instabilities that cause changes in cryptocurrency prices and a decrease in trust in them, but in the long term, attacks and abuses do not have a strong impact. In fact, there is an improvement of these systems after the attacks and abuses. The research shows that the most common type of attack is the 51% attack. The primary aim of the abuses was the misappropriation of funds, but also proving the weakness of the system on which the attacks were carried out.

Given that the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina does not have the legal authority to lend to residents, the country's monetary regime is deprived of a reference interest rate. Therefore, we approximated the monetary policy cycle in Bosnia and Herzegovina by using the ratio between the monetary aggregate M2 and gross domestic product. In this paper, we demonstrated the high persistence of the monetary cycle, confirmed its dependence on base money, and included in our analysis the interest rate differential between foreign and domestic rates, as well as the financial cycle. A significant portion of monetary conditions is shaped by domestic banks, which create secondary deposits through deposit-credit multiplication, thereby confirming the endogenous theory of money. As expected, the monetary cycle is also influenced by the interest rate differential, with this relationship being inverse. In order to increase the liquidity of the economy, that is, the value of the monetary cycle, we recommend implementing a policy of monetary regulation. This would include limiting the exposure of BH banks to foreign markets, while simultaneously introducing a negative fee on excess reserves held by banks at the Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

It is the goal of every central bank and government to keep prices stable. To this end, the object of its money supply management policy is to keep inflation-the rate at which the prices of goods and services change over time-always low, sustainable and predictable. The Bulgarian National Bank's (BNB) target is an inflation target of 2% in the medium term as a criterion from Maastricht and the upcoming adoption of the euro as the national currency. Additional limitations are the conditions of the currency board as a system that determines the possibilities of the central bank for interventions. Inflation as a process creates a sense of increased risk of loss of value, which leads citizens and economic agents to seek long-term sustainable investments. As a result, the demand for mortgage loans has increased. The level of inflation today can affect people's expectations of price developments in the future. If consumers and business owners form their policies with very low or very high inflation, they have an expectation that it will stay that way. These expectations are important. Citizens use them when making decisions about spending, borrowing and investing. Firms also consider these expectations when pricing their goods and services. When these expectations move away from the central bank's inflation target, it becomes very difficult for it to direct real price dynamics in the economy back to this target. The central bank can contribute to avoiding the creation of such expectations by having a clear target and keeping inflation close to it, using, albeit limited, its influence in such conditions. To study the development of these important macroeconomic variables, the methods of econometric analysis based on time series were used for the dynamics of inflation expectations of citizens, inflation, the instruments used by the central bank for influence and the dynamics of mortgage loans granted to citizens.

This research investigates the impact of financial technology on the financial performance of Islamic banks in Saudi Arabia from 2010 to 2023, focusing on four banks that fully adhere to Sharia principles-Al Rajhi, Al Jazeera, Al Bilad, and Al Inma-as a pure model of Islamic banking. We utilized the Panel Quantile Model to analyze and measure the impact of financial technology on net income. The results reveal that an increase in ATMs is associated with higher net income, particularly in smaller banks, while the impact of POS termi-nals is positive for smaller banks but negative for larger ones. Furthermore, the adoption of secondand thirdgeneration technologies negatively affects net income due to high implementation costs. The study emphasizes the importance of evaluating each technology individually to understand its specific impact on financial performance.

In an effort to put into practice a modern approach whereby internal audit becomes a 'trusted advisor', the article discusses the obstacles that internal auditors face. A conceptual strategic model is then offered in which internal auditors can write their findings by defining observed problems as instabilities that need to be stabilized and as such consists of: a situation (instability), realistically possible consequences of the situation (risk), and a community-oriented perspective. Proposed model offers four tactical approaches to defining an audit finding: an approach focused on the detriment that instability brings to the community (that is, the benefits brought by solving the problem), an approach based on destabilizing the status quo, an approach based on an omission in practice or regulation, and an approach based on error. Through well-chosen and balanced formulation, the essence of the observed problem, internal auditors help the community to take further steps in its development.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in the banking sector has revolutionized how financial institutions operate, interact with customers, and manage risks. This systematic literature review explores the evolution of AI applications in banking, highlighting technological advancements, implementation challenges, and future directions. By analyzing research from the past decade, this review provides insights into how AI technologies have transformed banking operations, customer service, and financial products. The banking sector has witnessed significant transformations due to AI, with innovations aimed at enhancing efficiency, customer experience, and security. The introduction of AI in banking is not just a recent phe-nomenon but a continuous evolution that has accelerated in the past decade, influenced by advancements in machine learning, natural language processing, and data analytics technologies. The evolution of AI in the banking sector is a testament to the transformative potential of technology in finance. While challenges remain, the ongoing advancements in AI promise a future where banking is more efficient, secure, and customer centric. The continued research and development in AI technologies will be crucial in shaping the next generation of banking services. 

Sustainable business has become a global phenomenon in recent decades. An increasing number of banks and financial institutions are implementing the concept of social responsibility in their operations. Banks in the domestic banking market lag behind international banking institutions in applying the concept of sustainability and realizing economic, environmental and social goals. Accordingly, this paper deals with analyzing of the concept of sustainable business in the banking sector with special reference to the practice of Banca Intesa a.d. Belgrade. The goal is to determine to what extent the realization of environmental and social goals through socially responsible, sustainable business contributes to the realization of economic goals. The activities of Banca Intesa in the field of environmental protection, social responsibility and management (ESG), as well as the effects of these activities on the bank's reputation and competitiveness, are presented. The research is based on the analysis of basic indicators of sustainability, in regard to the economic value realized by the bank for the observed period. Special emphasis is placed on green financial products, credit policy and social inclusion. The paper concludes that sustainable business is not only ethics but also a long-term competitiveness strategy. 

This study investigates the impact of Basel III capital adequacy regulations on the liquidity positions of commercial banks across thirteen Basel Committee member countries between 2014 and 2021. Using panel data analysis, the Fixed Effects Model (FEM) emerged as the most suitable estimation technique, outperforming both the Random Effects and Pooled Regression models in terms of explanatory power (Adjusted R² = 0.83) and statistical robustness (Hausman test p = 0.003). Empirical results confirm a significant inverse relationship between Tier 1 capital ratios and bank liquidity, validating the theoretical trade-off posited by the Basel III framework. Additionally, credit risk, risk-weighted assets, and profitability were found to exert measurable influences on liquidity behavior. The study recommends a tiered, risk-sensitive capital adequacy approach and the development of integrated early warning systems and composite liquidity indices. These findings offer valuable policy insights for tailoring prudential regulations that balance solvency and liquidity across heterogeneous banking institutions.